AP European History Enlightenment Test
reduced nobles' power over their serfs
to improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
Pierre Bayle
who wrote the influential "Historical and Critical Dictionary"(1687)?
Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria
why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s?
the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
was opposed by both nobles and peasants
Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education
Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
a military coup
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
empiricism
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe
the discipline of natural philosophy focused on
simplifying Prussia's laws
the enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues
the idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
postulated as sun-centered view of the universe
Copernicus's theory of the universe
"Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World"
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled
a striking feature of the salons was that
they established academics of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
how did governments respond to the new science?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
how did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted
in "Historical and Critical Dictionary," Pierre Bayle demonstrated that
he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government
in general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
human development is determined by education and society
in his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding," John Locke claimed that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
the most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that
interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished
what change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
the emergence of scientific racism
what helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
a cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia
what was the Republic of Letters?
the methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
what was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
to discover what actually occurred in the nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
what was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
"change the general way of thinking"
according to its editor, the fundamental goal of the "Encyclopedia" was to
the first translation of Newton's "Principia" into French
although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published
"The Persian Letter"
which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?
Spain
which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
how did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
it synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system
how did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
rococo
soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually
the concept of the reading revolution refers to the
Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century
which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the "Encyclopedia"?
Cesare Beccaria
who was the author of "On Crimes and Punishments," a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?