AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MIDTERM (with French Revolution and No Pictures Sets)

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The Medici Family

During the 15th century, beginning with Cosimo, this Florentine banking family emerged as the wealthiest in Europe and became great patrons of artists and intellectuals -- They dominated the government of Florence, and Cosimo's grandson Lorenzo supported men such as Michelangelo and Pico della Mirandola

Puritans

During the 16th and 17th centuries, these English Protestants were dissatisfied with Elizabeth I's religious settlement and the Church of England -- They hoped to remove all remaining Catholic elements from the Church of England and replace the episcopal system of church government with the presbyterian system

Amsterdam

During the 17th century this Dutch city became the most important banking and trading city in Europe

The Netherlands (the Dutch)

During the 17th century this country developed the fastest, most efficient sailing vessels and therefore came to dominate world trade

The Netherlands (the Dutch)

During the 17th century this country took over most of the Portuguese spice trade routes between Asia and Europe

The Netherlands (The Dutch Republic)

During the 17th century this northern European republic was largely controlled by its wealthy merchant class

The Netherlands (The Dutch Republic)

During the 17th century, this country's dominance of shipping and trade made it Europe's greatest commercial power

Portugal

During the Age of Exploration explorers and traders from this country became the first to establish direct contact with China and Japan

Africa

During the Age of Exploration, Portugal focused most of its initial efforts in the 15th century on locating a sea route around this continent

Pepper

During the Age of Exploration, this was the Asian spice most in demand among Europeans

Indulgences

During the Catholic Reformation it was ruled by the Council of Trent that while these could no longer be sold, they could still be issued

The Levellers

During the Commonwealth of Oliver Cromwell this movement called for freedom of religion and universal malehood suffrage; Cromwell suppressed it ruthlessly

Lord Protector

During the Commonwealth period in England, the constitution adopted by the republic granted Oliver Cromwell this title for life and the right to name his successor

The Levellers

During the Commonwealth period this group of lower class Englishmen sought to increase the degree of democracy in England, calling for annual elections to Parliament, salaries for members of Parliament, and the vote for all male heads of households -- Oliver Cromwell rejected their demands

Independents

During the English Civil War these more extreme Puritans favored executing Charles I and granting each church congregation complete control over their own doctrine and practices

Presbyterians

During the English Civil War, these were the moderate Puritans who wanted to replace the episcopal system of church government with the more democratic, decentralized presbyterian system -- They also favored sparing the life of Charles I

Monasteries

During the English Reformation Henry VIII seized the land and possessions of these Catholic institutions and sold much of it to the English nobility

The Catholic Church

During the French Revolution the new government sought to solve the country's financial problems by seizing and selling all of the land within France belonging to this institution

Olympe de Gouges

During the French Revolution this female playwright and political activist demanded that women be granted full equality with men -- Her criticism of the revolutionary government and the Reign of Terror led to her arrest and execution in 1793

Sans-culottes

During the French Revolution this term referred to the working classes of the cities who supported the most radical policies, such as a greater degree of democracy, price controls on food, and the ruthless punishment of those opposed to the Revolution -- They played key roles in such events as the assault on the Bastille and the Women's March on Versailles

Guillotine

During the French Revolution, this new method of execution was introduced as a means of making death more humane and equal for all Frenchmen, regardless of class -- It was put to regular use during the Reign of Terror

Emigres

During the French Revolution, this term was used to refer to those counterrevolutionary nobles, such as Louis XVI's brother, who had fled the country and were plotting to return with foreign assistance to restore the power of the monarchy

The Jacobins

During the French Revolution, young military officer Napoleon Bonaparte became a republican and a supporter of this radical political faction -- Robespierre's brother Augustin was his most powerful patron until he was killed in the Thermidorean Reaction

The Guise Family

During the French Wars of Religion, this family led the extreme Catholic party that refused to make compromises with the Huguenots

The Valois

During the French Wars of Religion, this was the ruling family of France -- Italian noblewoman Catherine de Medici had married into this family and become the queen of France

Ambassador

During the Italian Renaissance the role of these government officials was redefined; whereas at first they had worked for the welfare of all Christendom, in the Renaissance they began working more to advance the interests of the particular states they represented

Charles V

During the Lutheran Reformation, this Holy Roman Emperor unsuccessfully sought to suppress the new faith

The Crusades

During the Middle Ages many Europeans were exposed to the luxury goods of the Middle East as a result of these ultimately unsuccessful efforts to retake the Holy Land

The Anabaptists

During the Reformation, members of this religious group tried to return literally to early Christian teachings and practices, advocating complete separation of church and state and arguing that a true Church was a voluntary association of believers who had undergone a spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized

Olympe de Gouges

During the Reign of Terror, this woman, the author of the Declaration of the Rights of Women & a fierce advocate of women's rights, lost her head to the guillotine

Erasmus

During the Renaissance this famous Christian humanist, in such works as Praise of Folly, was highly critical of Catholic clergymen for being overly focused on ceremony, wealth, and politics -- He was therefore said to have laid the egg that Luther hatched

The Heliocentric System

During the Scientific Revolution this model of the solar system, in which the sun is at the center and all planets revolve around it, was endorsed by scientists like Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo and eventually displaced the long-accepted earth-centered model of the solar system

Cardinal Richelieu

During the Thirty Years War, this first minister of French king Louis XIII was so eager to undermine the power of the Habsburg family that he provided funds and troops to support the Protestants, even though he was a Catholic cardinal

France

During the Thirty Years' War this Catholic country pursued a policy of supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Habsburgs

Henry, the Duke of Guise

During the War of the Three Henries, Henry III of France had this rival assassinated because he feared that he had become too powerful and thereafter formed an alliance with Henry of Navarre

Politique

During the late 16th century, this term referred to a leader who believed that politics was more important than religion and who preferred peace and stability to religious war

Cosimo de Medici

During the mid-15th century this man used his banking wealth to establish his family's long dominance over the city-state of Florence without actually holding a formal political position -- He was also a generous supporter of the arts, patronizing great artists like Donatello and Brunelleschi

The Committee of Public Safety

During the radical stage of the French Revolution, this 12-man body ruled as the de facto government of France and presided over the Reign of Terror

The Revolutionary Tribunal

During the radical stage of the French Revolution, this court was established by the Convention to try enemies of the revolution -- The accused were denied the right to a defense lawyer and prevented from calling witnesses, and there were only two possible outcomes of every trial: acquittal or death

The Book of Common Prayer

During the reign of Edward VI this Protestant liturgy book was written and required to be used by all congregations in the Church of England

The Baltic Sea

During the reign of Peter the Great Russia acquired significant amounts of territory on this body of water

Edward VI

During the reign of this son of Henry VIII, the Church of England adopted much Protestant doctrine and practice, in contrast to the policies of his father, who had made few substantial changes in Catholic ritual and beliefs following his break from Rome

Politique

During the religious conflicts of the 16th century, this term referred to a ruler, such as Catherine de Medici or Elizabeth I, who was willing to compromise on matters of religion in order to secure peace, stability, and control over his/her kingdom

The Enlightenment

During this 18th-century movement, intellectuals attempted to apply the concepts of the Scientific Revolution to the study of man, seeking to identify the natural laws governing such realms as politics, economics, history, criminal justice, and religion

The German Peasants' Revolt

During this revolt in the 1520s, Luther surprised many by urging the nobility to suppress it quickly and ruthlessly

"The Virgin Queen"

Elizabeth I of England was known by this nickname because of her decision not to marry -- Her refusal to take a husband had many reasons, including the fear of being dominated by a male, her desire to use marriage negotiations as a diplomatic tool, and her personal memories of her father's marriages

The Spanish Armada

England's 1588 victory over Spain in this conflict was a major blow to Spanish prestige and ensured that England would remain Protestant

Christian (or Northern) Humanism

Erasmus and Thomas More are the most famous figures in this school of thought, which sought to utilize the ideas of classical civilization in reforming the Catholic Church

Game Laws

European commoners greatly resented these traditional laws that prohibited hunting on lands reserved exclusively for the use of the nobility

India

Europeans finally opened up the direct sea route to the spices of Asia in 1498 when Vasco da Gama landed on the shores of this modern country

Sugar

Europeans used slave labor to grow a wide range of profitable crops on the islands of the Caribbean; this was the most important and profitable of these crops

Gave Birth

Every time they did this, as many as 10% of women died during the Renaissance

Circumnavigate the world

Ferdinand Magellan is famous because he commanded the first expedition to do this:

Castile & Aragon

Ferdinand and Isabella were never the rulers of a unified Spain. Name the two kingdoms that they actually ruled

Giotto

First artist to imitate nature in its likeness. Early Renaissance artist.

Republic

Following the August 1792 attack on the Tuileries palace and the overthrow of the French monarchy, the revolutionaries on September 22, 1792 proclaimed that France would thereafter have this form of government:

The Glorious Revolution

Following this 1688 event, the actual power of the English monarchy began a long decline, eventually assuming its present figurehead role with little actual authority to govern

Aristotle

For over 1,500 years after his death in the 4th century BC, the beliefs of this Greek philosopher provided the basis for a wide range of scientific fields in Europe -- Only with the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries were his ideas seriously challenged (and often overturned)

The Physiocrats

Francois Quesnay was the leader of this group of 18th-century French thinkers who believed that land was the source of all wealth and sought to reduce government regulation of the economy

Relics

Frederick the Wise of Saxony, Martin Luther's patron and protector, was said to have amassed a collection of over 5,000 of these which might reduce one's time in Purgatory by 1,443 years

Robert Walpole

From 1721 to 1742 this Parliamentary leader was the most powerful figure in British politics, and he is regarded as England's first prime minister -- He used his control over patronage to promote the interests of the Whig Party (those who favored putting the House of Hanover on the throne in 1715) over those of the Tories (who had wanted to offer the throne to the Stuart son of James II)

From African merchants

From whom did the European slave traders acquire most of their African slaves?

Copernicus

Galileo was condemned for heresy by the Inquisition in 1633 for publicly supporting this man's heliocentric system

The Prince by Machiavelli

Give the author and title of the 1513 Renaissance work that advised rulers to be prepared to do evil when necessary to maintain their power

Sweden

Gustavus Adolphus, the king of this country, intervened in the Thirty Years' War on the side of the Protestants and led them to many victories before dying in battle

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church in large part so that he would be free to marry this lady-in-waiting at his court, who had promised that she could give him his much-desired son

His brother (Arthur)

Henry VIII required a dispensation from the pope before he could marry Catherine of Aragon because she had been married to ...

Gold & Silver (Bullion)

Historians long believed that it was the importation of massive amounts of this into Europe from the New World that caused the Price Revolution of the 16th century

Population increase

Historians now believe that this was the primary cause of the increased inflation rate experienced by Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries

Seven

How many prisoners were actually liberated during the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789?

Adoration of the Magi (1476) Botticelli Early Renaissance