AP European History Terms, Short Answer Questions, and Final Review
Platonism
The philosophy of Plato or his followers. Any of various revivals of Platonic doctrines or related ideas, especially Neo-Platonism and Cambridge Platonism (a 17th-century attempt to reconcile Christianity with humanism and science).
Henry of Navarre
Legal heir to the throne, descendent of Louis IV, he was kind and modest, had wit and charm, was a politique, and greatly adored by his people.
Diet of Augsburg
Meetings of the imperial diet of German Augsburg, led by humanist Philipp Melanchthon
Anabaptist
Members of any various Protestant sects.
Six Articles
Muslim doctrine "6 articles of faith", fundamental beliefs every Muslim abides to.
Waterloo
NB raises an army and at this battle Duke of Wellington defeats NB and NB is exiled again but this time to St. Helena in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
Admiral Horatio Nelson
On October 21, 1805, this British Admiral destroyed the combined naval forces of France and Spain. He died in the battle, but it was a great victory for Britain and none of their ships were lost.
Electors
One of the German princes entitled to elect the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Act of Uniformity
Parliament that set the order of prayer to be used in the English Common Book of Prayers.
demanded representation in the cabinet. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, won the French election in 1848, and named himself emperor Napoleon III in 1852 Vesuvians The most radical group of women, they demanded full domestic household equality between men and women, the right of women to serve in the military, and the similarity in dress for both sexes. Louis Kossuth (1802-1894) A Hungarian nationalist and a member of the Hungarian diet who attacked Austrian domination, called for the independence of Hungary, and demanded a responsible ministry under the Hapsburg dynasty. Pan-Slavism The movement to create a nation or federation that would embrace all the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. Grossdeutch Favored Austria's inclusion in a united Germany. Poor Law - forced the destitute to enter into workhouses where conditions were purposefully miserable to discourage people from seeking assistance What were the effects of Industrialization on the labor force? Skilled workers were being replaced by unskilled machine workers Workers jobs became more repetitive as they repeated the same step over and over, became bored, injuries increased, and work was tiring. How did industrialization affect european families? Industrialization had a major impact on women and family life. Women who could not afford servants had always worked, but mostly with the family. Early into industrialization, most young women who sought paid employment became domestic servants in spite of the low wage, drudgery, and risk of sexual abuse by male employers. Into the industrialization women took factory jobs. Husbands and wives increasingly worked in different places. Parents thought children should contribute to upkeep, brought them to work. Employers preferred children workers because they were cheaper, docile, and smaller than adults. They worked long hours and were beaten if they made mistakes or fell asleep. How did the role of women change in the new industrial age? Middle class women could work until they got married but then were consigned to caring for the home and children. Working-class women formed a majority of the workers in the textile industries and in domestic service, they also needed to keep homes and raise children. With industrialization came a "cult of domesticity" to justify removing middle-class women from contact with the business world. Instead they became responsible for the home, servants, education of children, and the family's social life. What other major social changes took place from 1830-1850? Why? The Second Industrial Revolution produced a Western European society that was more urban, less family-oriented, and filled with uncertainty. The rise of the centralized factory system that characterized the Second Industrial Revolution produced a Western European society that was much more urban. In the eighteenth century, the majority of British population lived in the countryside
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese Explorer
William of Orange
Prince of Orange, stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Over Ijssel. King of England, Ireland, and Scotland.
Geneva Academy
Private school with 7 classes for youth, taught Latin and Greek grammar, literature and logic; public school where students were taught philosophy, Hebrew , Greek and theology
Antitrinitarian (???)
Reject the mainstream Christian Doctrine of the Trinity.
Quadruple Alliance
Russia, Prussia, Britain, and Austria form it to last for 20 years to preserve whatever settlement they agreed on
Ann Boleyn
Second wife of Henry VIII - beheaded.
Indulgence
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Bullion
Silver and gold in bulk before turning it into coints
Jesuit
Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
Augsburg Confession
Statement of belief and doctrines of the Lutherans
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss priest who led the protestant movement in Switzerland
Sir Walter Scott
Tales of the Crusades author. He depicted the happenings in the middle east. The exotic people were very interesting to people in the Romantic movement.
Counter Reformation
The 16th century movement of reformation in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation
Marie Louise
The 18 year old Napoleon married
Protestant Persistence Theory
The discussion of whether or not it was acceptable for Protestants to resist the monarchy and government.
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
The massacre of 3,000 Protestants by the Guise family and followers.
Avignon Papacy
The period from 1309 to 1377, during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in today's France) rather than in Rome. The situation arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown.
John Wesley
began Methodism
Mary I
"Bloody Mary". Queen of England and wife of Philip II of Spain. Daughter of Henry VIII
Treaty of Lodi
Agreement between Milan, Naples, and Florence.
Wordsworth
An English Romantic writer. He wrote many poems and ballads. He feared the loss of his poetic vision. He also feared the loss of his childhood imagination. He said our peak of creativity comes in our childhood.
John Tetzel
Archbishop Albert hired John Tetzel to sell indulgences to the people. Tetzel even made up an advertising scheme for the sale of indulgences. He drew up a chart with the prices for the forgiveness of sins.
Third Coalition
Austria and Russia join Great Britain
Chapter 2 Pretest Answers
B A D A D B A A D B A B B C A C
Napoleon Bonaparte
Born poor, became an artillery officer, later became emperor of France
Thomas Carlyle
British historian, social commendation, attributed new qualities to Muhammad
Chapter 1 Pretest Answers
C A C A C C D A B B D B D B C
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
American Revolution
Causes - Outcomes -
Seven Years' War
Causes - Outcomes -
War of Austrian Succession
Causes - Outcomes -
War of Jenkin's Ear
Causes - Outcomes -
War of Spanish Succession
Causes - Outcomes -
Tragedy
Classification of drama written by Shakespeare that has a protagonist with some sort of flaw.
Conquistadores
Conquerors deriving from Mexico and Peru.
Diet of Worms
Council held in Worms where Luther was condemned as a heretic
Baldassare Castiglione
Count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author, who is probably most famous for his authorship of The Book of the Courtier.
campaigned for Catholic Emancipation Great Reform Bill
Britain's electoral system was antiquated because internal migrations to cities during industrialization had created "rotten" or "pocket" boroughs. Reformers wanted to reassign parliamentary seats based on equitable representation of populations. Lower classes agitated and reform was finally made to avoid civil war. The reforms strengthened industrial and commercial elites in towns and enfranchised most of the middle class. John Stuart Mill- had utilitarian views - wrote Principles of Political Economy in which he says it may be necessary for the state to intervene and helps workers achieve economic justice Laissez-faire - laissez-faire Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy. Thomas Malthus 1. British economist 2. Author of - Essay on the Principles of Population 3. Population will always grow faster than the food supply 4. Gov't should not help poor and hungry people because this result in higher pop 5. Misery and poverty are the law of nature David Ricardo 1. British economist 2. Author of - Principles of Political Economy 3. Higher population = lower wages 4. The more people there are the lower wages will go 5. Wages will fall below subsistence level then people will starve and pop will do down and wages up Carlsbad Decrees- Even after the defeat of Napoleon many young Germans continued to cherish nationalist and liberal expectations - University students dreamed of a united Germany - Formed the Burschenschaften (or student associations): Served numerous social functions = to replace provincial attachments with loyalty to the concept of a United German state => later in the 19 Century these clubs became extremely anti semitic - Karl Sand, a Burschenschaft member assassinated conservative dramatists August von Kotzebue, who ridiculed the Burschenschaft movement - Sand was tried and publicly executed and became a nationalist martyr -Metternich used the incident to suppress institutions associated with liberalism - Carlsbad Decrees dissolved the Burschenschaften and also provided university inspectors and press censors Combination Acts - banned union activity, outlawed workers' organizations Coercion Acts - - temporarily suspending habeas corpus (legal right that keeps the gov't from holding you indefinitely) and extending existing laws against provocative gatherings Six Acts - December, 1819. Parliament adopted these repressive acts: British, laws that gave the government power to search citizens homes and forbade unauthorized meetings, Etc. attempted to prevent radical leaders from agitating and gave the government enhanced power. Cato Street Conspiracy - under leadership of Arthur Thistlewood, a group of extreme radicals plot to blow up entire British cabinet, plot is foiled and the conspirators are hanged Irish famine (1845-1847) Half a million Irish peasants without land or small plots simply starved when disease blighted the potato crop Capital industries Led to the formation of vast industrial fortunes that would be invested in still newer enterprises. Wage-labor Force during the nineteenth century in which labor became a commodity of the labor marketplace. Proletarianization - term describing the entry of workers into a wage economy and a gradual loss of ownership of the means of production Chartism - A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons. Production Unit - a separate small group of employees producing a product. English Factory Act - 1) no child labor under nine 2) limit work day 3) education must be provided for children 9-13 Family wage economy Parents and children now came to depend on sharing wages often derived from several sources, rather than on sharing work in the home or factory. Transportation policy Transportation to the colony of New South Wales in Australia was regarded as an alternative to capital punishment. Auburn system Prisoners were separated from each other during the night but could associate while working during the day. Philidelphia System - the prison reform system where prisoners were kept separated at all times Zollverein - A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members Utilitarianism - A theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Bentham argued that this principle should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system. Corn Laws - 1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Repealed in 1846. Utopian Socialism - Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively. anarchism A political theory favoring the abolition of governments and industries Saint-Simonianism - Began by saint Simon a liberal French aristocrat. He wanted to abolish private property, by which experts would manage wealth, property and enterprise in order to alleviate poverty and economic inequalities. Owenism Socialist tradition created by Robert Owen which stated that if human beings were placed in the correct surroundings, they and their character could be improved. He founded a few industrial communities to test his philosophies. Fourierism A Utopian socialist movement started by Charles Fourier. He wanted to counter the current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day. Marxism - The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded. Communist - Implied the outright abolition of private property, rather than a less extensive rearrangement of society. Class conflict Provided the engine for historical development. Louis Blanc Led the working-class groups in Paris
Atahualpa
Emperor of Incan tribe(?) when he defeated and executed his older half-brother Huascar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease (possibly smallpox).
Samuel Coleridge
English Writer his imagination was God at work in the mind as he expressed his views, the imagination was "a repetition in the finale mind of the eternal act of creation in infinite I AM. Master of gothic poems.
Henry VIII
English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval).
Thomas More
English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist.
William Shakespeare
English poet and dramatist
William Tyndale
English translator and Protestant martyr. Translated Bible to English and was burned at the stake.
Canton
European gov't political subdivisions in Europe; convenient administrative subdivision for purposes of elections, tax collection and gendarmerie
Grimm Brothers
Followers of Herder. They were the authors of famous fairy tales. These fairy tales rejected the logical and orderly fashion of the Enlightenment.
Ignatius Loyola
Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
Christian de Pisan
French Author
Huguenots
French Calvanists
Johann Guttenberg
German printer who invented the printing press and printing with movable type, so that the letters could be reused after one page.
Neo
Gothicism - A revival of medieval architecture during the Romantic Movement. Prominent in many churches and schools.
Reuchlin Affair
Historical scene that united the German Humanists.
Chiaroscuro
The treatment of light and a shade in drawing and painting
Apprentice
Training in art, trade or craft under a legal agreement that defines the duration and conditions of the relationship between master and apprentice
Gabelle
Unpopular tax on salt in France.
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Catherine de Medici
Wife of Henry II of France, mother of Charles IV, Henry III, and Victoria Joan, Queen of France
Isabella of Castile
Woman who married and joined two kingdoms and inaugurated the modern Spanish state.
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Romanticism
a reaction in early 19th century literature, philosophy, and religion against what many considered the excessive rationality and scientific narrowness of the Enlightenment
Treaty of Tilsit
after complete collapse of Prussian army, Russian tsar Alexander l decides it is time to make peace with France this treaty results in Prussia being saved from destruction but it was reduced to 1/2 its size and was forced to become an ally of France in its struggle against Britain
Methodism
an English religious movement begun by John Wesley that stressed inward, heartfelt religion and the possibility of attaining Christian perfection in this life
Nationalism
a political outlook, nationalism is the relatively modern concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by the bonds of a common language, as well as common customs, culture, and history, and who, because of these bonds, should be administered by the same government Nationalism opposed the principle upheld at the Congress of Vienna Did not want monarchies or dynasties b/c they wanted political unity Nationalists: Did not want smaller states I.E. Germany and Italy Nationalism = popular sovereignty people were sometimes confused b/c Europe was not actually organized into groups of people sharing one idea or one nationality Small groups of nationalist writers started recruiting historians to record people's past and give people a sense of cultural and ethnic identity Small groups of intellectuals also began to write about the idea of nationhood and nationalism Which language to use in governments and schools were always a point of obsolete for the nationalists because a chosen language would make dialects obsolete Some nationalists tried to revive the purer and archaic form of the national language The growth of a uniform language had people start to think of themselves (whereas previously they had not) as more nationalistic Nationhood: Nationalists used a variety of arguments and metaphors to express the significance of this word Ex: Gathering Italians into a unified Italy or Germans into a unified German state would promote economic or administrative efficiency 6 areas of major conflict: England (Ireland wanted freedom), German (wanted own identity separate from Prussia and Austria), Italy (Drive out the Austrians), Poland (Drive out Russian rulers), Eastern Europe (Separate from the Austrian Empire = be independent), Balkan Peninsula (Independent from the Ottoman Empire) The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation to replace the defunct Holy Roman Empire Liberal- Nineteenth-century European conservatives often regarded as liberal almost anyone or anything that challenged their own political, social, and religious values. Political goals: Legal equality, religious toleration, freedom of press Who were liberals? Educated and relatively wealthy people Did not necessarily want democracy but rather representation extended to the propertied class Advocated free trade and really liked Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations Conservatism- A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion. Friedrich Hegel - believed ideas developed in an evolutionary fashion that involves conflict Metternich - Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna Burschenschaft - 1800s
Magdeburg
city in Germany full of Huguenots who were fighting the Catholics
with the rise of Industrial cities came the rise of working
class slums. Fathers, wives, and children often worked in different factories.The Second Industrial Revolution destroyed the certainties of the traditional society. In the agricultural economy, there was no such thing as unemployment
Peace of Schonbrunn
deprives Austria of its substantial territory and 3.5 million subjects
Frederick the Wise
elector of Saxony; one of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther, Protestantism and the reformation
Consulate
french gov't dominated by Napoleon from 1799-1804 ended the revolution in France
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
important german philosopher, came up with thesis, antithesis, and synthesis
Berlin Decrees
issued by NB, forbidding his allies from importing British goods
the rise of the workhouses and poor houses in Britain. The Second Industrial Revolution destroyed the traditional rural, family
oriented, society of certainty and created a new urban, individualized society of uncertainty. The power of the Holy Alliance was one major reason that there were a number of uprisings among Europe. This is because the countries quarreled with each other, and other countries who weren't okay with their power were revolting. The Enlightenment had little to do with the uprisings between 1848-1849 because it's heaviest impact occurred between the 1680's and 1815. This isn't to say that it's ideas weren't still circling around, just less significantly so. Socialism was a backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community. More specifically, it was a countermovement to the Industrial Revolution, when many people were against one another, working hard to keep their jobs and lives. People soon came to believe that technology and science were the root of their problems, and found that they could cause uprising against them together. By forming strikes and uprisings, they formed one of the earliest socialist behaviours.
John Wycliffe
(1330-1384) -believed the church should only follow scripture --This view foreshadowed Martin Luther's reformation in the early 16th century -wrote English translation of Bible -followers called Lollards
Hundred Years' War
(1337-1453) -Cause: English crown lay claim to the duchy of Aquitaine in France -French king confiscated that territory from English control -Most of the war was fought intermittently in France and in the Low countries -By 1415 the major battles had been won by England and Paris itself was now threatened -Aside from loss of territory France was threatened by the rise of a new state in its eastern territory Burgundy that allied with England
Black Death
(1347) -carried by fleas on Asian black rats and brought to Europe on ships returning from Asia -overcrowding in cities and homes facilitated the spread of the disease -poor sanitation in cities -widespread malnutrition prior to the plague led to the poor health -loss of 1/3 of European population
Great Schism
-(1377-1417) -Further conflict occurred in 1377 with election of two popes--one in Rome one in France--neither recognized the other -further hurt prestige of church
Joan of Arc
-French Peasant girl claimed she heard voices of saints and persuaded king to allow her to be with the troops -in 1429 led the French army to victory at Orleans during a crucial stage of the war -French heir to the throne was crowned as a result and govt was strengthened -captured by English and burned in 1431
Napoléonien Code
-called the civil code of 1804, kept privileges based on birth abolished, safeguarded all forms of property, gender rolls stayed, right of eldest son to inherit parents property stays abolished, workers organizations remained abolished, french laws were universal, basically civic equality for a brief period of time, liberation of the labor class for a little bit, super revolutionary
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.
Reformation
16th century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to establishment of Protestantism
protector of Peru Simon Bolivar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. "The Liberator" Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla - Parish priest in Mexico who led a peasant rebellion against the colonial rule. He was later captured by the more conservative Creoles and executed, but his rebellion kept going for 3 years after his death. He is now the symbol of Mexican Independence. And the day he started his revolt, Sept. 16, 1810, is now Mexico's principal national holiday. Dom Pedro - second and last ruler of Brazil. (r. 58 years) Decembrist Revolt - Alexander I died in 1825 and restless groups in Russian army supported Constantine as Tsar over Nicholas I (because former had proposed innovations). Proclaimed him Tsar at St. Petersburg - wanted Constantine and constitution. But Constantine had declared in favor of Nicholas. Five officers were hanged. This was the first modern revolutionary movement in Russia. Nicholas I - symbolized the most extreme form of 19th century autocracy - he was afraid of change - his only significant reform was the codification of Russian law in 1833 July Monarchy - the new regime that was more liberal politically than the restoration gov't - was dominated by wealthy bourgeoisie - Catholicism becomes religion of majority and not the "state religion" - Louis Philippe is the ruler and he is known as the "king of the french" not the "king of France" The Convention of 1839- grants Belgian neutrality Daniel O'Connell - Irish political leader
Johann Gottfried Herder
A German writer. He rejected the ideas of the Enlightenment. Criticized Colonialism. He urged the collection of distinct German songs and saying.
Humanism
A Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.
Golden Bull
A decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, most notably by the Holy Roman Emperors.
Mesta
A government backed organization that ran Castile's sheep farming industry.
Encomienda
A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.
Hacienda
A large estate or plantation with a dwelling house.
Marburg Colloquy
A meeting at Marburg Castle which attempted to solve dispute between Martin Luther and Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ.
Tiano
A member of an extinct Arawak people formerly inhabiting the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas.
Benefices
A position of post granted to an ecclesiastic that guarantees a fixed amount of property or income.
Conciliar Movement
A reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an Ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon.
War of the Roses
A series of wars for control for the throne of England: They were fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, those of Lancaster and York.
Baroque
A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines, that flourished between 1550 - 1750/ It was especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Rosetta Stone
A translation of ancient languages found by Napoleon
Aztec
American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century.
Act of Supremacy
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
Thomas de Torquemada
Dominican friar, friar Grand inquisitor in Spain's movement to homogenize popular religious practice with the Catholic Faith.
Ludocivo il Moro
Duke of Milan
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
Charles V
Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
Battle of Trafalgar
Horatio Nelson dies, this battle ultimately destroyed French fleet and any chance of it landing in England
Medici Family
Italian Noble family who produced three Popes, two queens of France, and the first family to rule Florence.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and author.
Francesco Petrarch
Italian Scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, one of the earliest humanists.
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian artist, scientist, and engineer
Raphael
Italian painter and architect
Michelangelo
Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of western art.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist.
Philip II
King of Spain, Portugal, Napes, and Sicily. Husband of Mary I, tried to become the husband of Elizabeth I. Briefly the King of England and Ireland, Duke of Milan.
Act of Succession
Made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne.
Civic Humanism
Modern term for the moral, social and political philosophy that in the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries began to be articulated in Italian city-states and most notably in Florence.
Counter-Reformation
Movement of the church to repel the movement of the Protestants and to regain the Catholic prestige.
Presbyters
People who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations.
Christopher Marlowe
Playwright, Shakespeare's predecessor
Predestination
Predestination the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power
Edict of Nantes
Proclaimed religious settlements, granted religious freedoms, recognized minority religions, and let France proclaim Catholic. Nothing more than a religious truce. Gave Huguenotsds freedom of 'public' worship (only inside their settlements, and outside had to be private), and gave them admission of public offices and universities, let them maintain fortified towns.
Bohemian Period
Religions - Causes - Justifications - Outcomes -
Danish Period
Religions - Causes - Justifications - Outcomes -
England and Spain
Religions - Causes - Justifications - Outcomes -
French War
Religions - Causes - Justifications - Outcomes -
Swedish Period
Religions - Causes - Justifications - Outcomes -
Swedish-French Period
Religions - Causes - Justifications - Outcomes -
War in Spain
Religions - Causes - Justifications - Outcomes -
Flagellants
Religious Fanatics who beat themselves because they believed that the plague was a sin, and that if they were punished as Jesus had been, they would be rid of the plague.
Pico Della Mirandola
Renaissance nobleman and philosopher
Politiques
Rulers or people in position of power who put the success and well being of their states above all else.
Edward VI
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, King of England from 1547 to 1553.
Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros
Spanish Cardinal, religious figure, and statesman
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
Spanish novelist and short story writer.
Modern Devotion
believe in living with more piety, acting more like Jesus, religious being more individualized, and allowing clerics to marry
Calvinism
set of beliefs that puritans followed, resulted in Calvinist followers wanting to practice religion & it brought about wars between Huguenots and Catholics that tore France apart
1819
one group kills conservative writer- causes backlash against them, prosecuted leader, Carlsbad Degree (banished group) Corn Laws - passed to maintain high prices for domestically produced grain by taxing import duties on foreign grain - imposed high tariffs on imported grain to support domestic growers Peterloo Massacre - 1819, Cavalry attacked a crowd of protesters (working-class men protesting about the rising prices of bread) at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. This led Parliament to become more repressive and begin to restrict such meetings. Louis XVIII - (1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate). The Charter - grants freedom of religion and other freedoms from the revolutionary period, it angered many royalists by confirming land purchases made from nationalized church property - allowed for a constitutional monarchy with a chamber of peers and a chamber of deputies Concert of Europe - A series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions Congress System - A series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions Protocol of Troppau - Metternich wants support of the other great powers to put down revolts like the one in Naples so he calls the rulers of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and creates this protocol which states that the great European powers had the right to intervene in revolutionary situations Ferdinand VII of Spain - Returned to Spain in 1814 and promised to rule with a constitution, except...he didn't-didn't want to limit his power. This angered liberals. Treaty of Adrianople - Russia gains control of Romanian territory - the second version of this treaty declares Greece an independent kingdom Toussaint L'Ouverture - Led Haitian rebellion against French, former slave, defeated armies of 3 foreign powers
by the end of the nineteenth century, the majority of British population lived in cities. Rise of Manchester, Sheffield, and Birmingham from small villages to industrial cities. The Second Industrial Revolution created a Western European society that was less family
oriented. Eldest sons and daughters moved to cities to seek factory work
The Hundred Days
period of NB's return that frightened the great powers and made peace settlement harsher for France
the establishment of juntas ended the privileges of these people, whose welfare had always depended on the favors of the Spanish crown Junta
political committees José de San Martin - South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile
Congress of Vienna
something created to keep France or any other European country from overpowering itself, so that no one person/country can try and take over Europe, mostly Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria did stuff, purpose is to create lasting peace
Friedrich Schleiermacher
started romantic religious ideal - speeches on religion to its cultured despisers
Sturm und Drang
storm and stress movement which rejected influence of french rationalism on german literature
François René de Chateaubriand
supports catholic revival, writes the genius of christianity
Categorical Imperative
the internal sense of moral duty or awareness possessed by all human beings (a.k.a. an inner command to act in every situation as one would have all other ppl act in the same situation)
Spain France and Britain Péninsulaires
while people born in Spain
Ninety-five Theses
written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences
Immanuel Kant
wrote critique of pure reason. critique of practical reason
Friedrich Schlegel
wrote progressive novel Lucinde, attacks female prejudice during teh romantic era
What problems in het church contributed to the Protestant Reformation?
◦The suspensions were emphasized rather than the laws. ◦Consequences needed to be more severe so people would stop committing crimes. ◦Priests weren't trained properly ◦Indulgences were eccentric, and needed to be restrained
What was the response of the Catholic church to the Protestant Reformation?
◦They traveled to other monasteries to spread their ideas ◦Recognized Protestants ◦Council of Trent ◦Stopped corruption ◦Pope Pius brought them out of debt ◦Humanist education was taught along with religion ◦Persecution of people who didn't believe their religion ◦Lots of propaganda ◦They censored what they didn't believe in ◦Tortured people to make them confess what faith they were ◦Rejected arguments of the Lutheran faith ◦Shot down art styles and science ◦Overly strict punishments, even on little crimes/all crimes were equal