AP European History Terms, Short Answer Questions, and Final Review

Ace your homework & exams now with Quizwiz!

Platonism

The philosophy of Plato or his followers. Any of various revivals of Platonic doctrines or related ideas, especially Neo-Platonism and Cambridge Platonism (a 17th-century attempt to reconcile Christianity with humanism and science).

Henry of Navarre

Legal heir to the throne, descendent of Louis IV, he was kind and modest, had wit and charm, was a politique, and greatly adored by his people.

Diet of Augsburg

Meetings of the imperial diet of German Augsburg, led by humanist Philipp Melanchthon

Anabaptist

Members of any various Protestant sects.

Six Articles

Muslim doctrine "6 articles of faith", fundamental beliefs every Muslim abides to.

Waterloo

NB raises an army and at this battle Duke of Wellington defeats NB and NB is exiled again but this time to St. Helena in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

Admiral Horatio Nelson

On October 21, 1805, this British Admiral destroyed the combined naval forces of France and Spain. He died in the battle, but it was a great victory for Britain and none of their ships were lost.

Electors

One of the German princes entitled to elect the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Act of Uniformity

Parliament that set the order of prayer to be used in the English Common Book of Prayers.

demanded representation in the cabinet. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, won the French election in 1848, and named himself emperor Napoleon III in 1852 Vesuvians The most radical group of women, they demanded full domestic household equality between men and women, the right of women to serve in the military, and the similarity in dress for both sexes. Louis Kossuth (1802-1894) A Hungarian nationalist and a member of the Hungarian diet who attacked Austrian domination, called for the independence of Hungary, and demanded a responsible ministry under the Hapsburg dynasty. Pan-Slavism The movement to create a nation or federation that would embrace all the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. Grossdeutch Favored Austria's inclusion in a united Germany. Poor Law - forced the destitute to enter into workhouses where conditions were purposefully miserable to discourage people from seeking assistance What were the effects of Industrialization on the labor force? Skilled workers were being replaced by unskilled machine workers Workers jobs became more repetitive as they repeated the same step over and over, became bored, injuries increased, and work was tiring. How did industrialization affect european families? Industrialization had a major impact on women and family life. Women who could not afford servants had always worked, but mostly with the family. Early into industrialization, most young women who sought paid employment became domestic servants in spite of the low wage, drudgery, and risk of sexual abuse by male employers. Into the industrialization women took factory jobs. Husbands and wives increasingly worked in different places. Parents thought children should contribute to upkeep, brought them to work. Employers preferred children workers because they were cheaper, docile, and smaller than adults. They worked long hours and were beaten if they made mistakes or fell asleep. How did the role of women change in the new industrial age? Middle class women could work until they got married but then were consigned to caring for the home and children. Working-class women formed a majority of the workers in the textile industries and in domestic service, they also needed to keep homes and raise children. With industrialization came a "cult of domesticity" to justify removing middle-class women from contact with the business world. Instead they became responsible for the home, servants, education of children, and the family's social life. What other major social changes took place from 1830-1850? Why? The Second Industrial Revolution produced a Western European society that was more urban, less family-oriented, and filled with uncertainty. The rise of the centralized factory system that characterized the Second Industrial Revolution produced a Western European society that was much more urban. In the eighteenth century, the majority of British population lived in the countryside

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese Explorer

William of Orange

Prince of Orange, stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Over Ijssel. King of England, Ireland, and Scotland.

Geneva Academy

Private school with 7 classes for youth, taught Latin and Greek grammar, literature and logic; public school where students were taught philosophy, Hebrew , Greek and theology

Antitrinitarian (???)

Reject the mainstream Christian Doctrine of the Trinity.

Quadruple Alliance

Russia, Prussia, Britain, and Austria form it to last for 20 years to preserve whatever settlement they agreed on

Ann Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII - beheaded.

Indulgence

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Bullion

Silver and gold in bulk before turning it into coints

Jesuit

Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius of Loyola.

Augsburg Confession

Statement of belief and doctrines of the Lutherans

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss priest who led the protestant movement in Switzerland

Sir Walter Scott

Tales of the Crusades author. He depicted the happenings in the middle east. The exotic people were very interesting to people in the Romantic movement.

Counter Reformation

The 16th century movement of reformation in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation

Marie Louise

The 18 year old Napoleon married

Protestant Persistence Theory

The discussion of whether or not it was acceptable for Protestants to resist the monarchy and government.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

The massacre of 3,000 Protestants by the Guise family and followers.

Avignon Papacy

The period from 1309 to 1377, during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in today's France) rather than in Rome. The situation arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown.

John Wesley

began Methodism

Mary I

"Bloody Mary". Queen of England and wife of Philip II of Spain. Daughter of Henry VIII

Treaty of Lodi

Agreement between Milan, Naples, and Florence.

Wordsworth

An English Romantic writer. He wrote many poems and ballads. He feared the loss of his poetic vision. He also feared the loss of his childhood imagination. He said our peak of creativity comes in our childhood.

John Tetzel

Archbishop Albert hired John Tetzel to sell indulgences to the people. Tetzel even made up an advertising scheme for the sale of indulgences. He drew up a chart with the prices for the forgiveness of sins.

Third Coalition

Austria and Russia join Great Britain

Chapter 2 Pretest Answers

B A D A D B A A D B A B B C A C

Napoleon Bonaparte

Born poor, became an artillery officer, later became emperor of France

Thomas Carlyle

British historian, social commendation, attributed new qualities to Muhammad

Chapter 1 Pretest Answers

C A C A C C D A B B D B D B C

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

American Revolution

Causes - Outcomes -

Seven Years' War

Causes - Outcomes -

War of Austrian Succession

Causes - Outcomes -

War of Jenkin's Ear

Causes - Outcomes -

War of Spanish Succession

Causes - Outcomes -

Tragedy

Classification of drama written by Shakespeare that has a protagonist with some sort of flaw.

Conquistadores

Conquerors deriving from Mexico and Peru.

Diet of Worms

Council held in Worms where Luther was condemned as a heretic

Baldassare Castiglione

Count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author, who is probably most famous for his authorship of The Book of the Courtier.

campaigned for Catholic Emancipation Great Reform Bill

Britain's electoral system was antiquated because internal migrations to cities during industrialization had created "rotten" or "pocket" boroughs. Reformers wanted to reassign parliamentary seats based on equitable representation of populations. Lower classes agitated and reform was finally made to avoid civil war. The reforms strengthened industrial and commercial elites in towns and enfranchised most of the middle class. John Stuart Mill- had utilitarian views - wrote Principles of Political Economy in which he says it may be necessary for the state to intervene and helps workers achieve economic justice Laissez-faire - laissez-faire Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy. Thomas Malthus 1. British economist 2. Author of - Essay on the Principles of Population 3. Population will always grow faster than the food supply 4. Gov't should not help poor and hungry people because this result in higher pop 5. Misery and poverty are the law of nature David Ricardo 1. British economist 2. Author of - Principles of Political Economy 3. Higher population = lower wages 4. The more people there are the lower wages will go 5. Wages will fall below subsistence level then people will starve and pop will do down and wages up Carlsbad Decrees- Even after the defeat of Napoleon many young Germans continued to cherish nationalist and liberal expectations - University students dreamed of a united Germany - Formed the Burschenschaften (or student associations): Served numerous social functions = to replace provincial attachments with loyalty to the concept of a United German state => later in the 19 Century these clubs became extremely anti semitic - Karl Sand, a Burschenschaft member assassinated conservative dramatists August von Kotzebue, who ridiculed the Burschenschaft movement - Sand was tried and publicly executed and became a nationalist martyr -Metternich used the incident to suppress institutions associated with liberalism - Carlsbad Decrees dissolved the Burschenschaften and also provided university inspectors and press censors Combination Acts - banned union activity, outlawed workers' organizations Coercion Acts - - temporarily suspending habeas corpus (legal right that keeps the gov't from holding you indefinitely) and extending existing laws against provocative gatherings Six Acts - December, 1819. Parliament adopted these repressive acts: British, laws that gave the government power to search citizens homes and forbade unauthorized meetings, Etc. attempted to prevent radical leaders from agitating and gave the government enhanced power. Cato Street Conspiracy - under leadership of Arthur Thistlewood, a group of extreme radicals plot to blow up entire British cabinet, plot is foiled and the conspirators are hanged Irish famine (1845-1847) Half a million Irish peasants without land or small plots simply starved when disease blighted the potato crop Capital industries Led to the formation of vast industrial fortunes that would be invested in still newer enterprises. Wage-labor Force during the nineteenth century in which labor became a commodity of the labor marketplace. Proletarianization - term describing the entry of workers into a wage economy and a gradual loss of ownership of the means of production Chartism - A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons. Production Unit - a separate small group of employees producing a product. English Factory Act - 1) no child labor under nine 2) limit work day 3) education must be provided for children 9-13 Family wage economy Parents and children now came to depend on sharing wages often derived from several sources, rather than on sharing work in the home or factory. Transportation policy Transportation to the colony of New South Wales in Australia was regarded as an alternative to capital punishment. Auburn system Prisoners were separated from each other during the night but could associate while working during the day. Philidelphia System - the prison reform system where prisoners were kept separated at all times Zollverein - A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members Utilitarianism - A theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Bentham argued that this principle should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system. Corn Laws - 1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Repealed in 1846. Utopian Socialism - Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively. anarchism A political theory favoring the abolition of governments and industries Saint-Simonianism - Began by saint Simon a liberal French aristocrat. He wanted to abolish private property, by which experts would manage wealth, property and enterprise in order to alleviate poverty and economic inequalities. Owenism Socialist tradition created by Robert Owen which stated that if human beings were placed in the correct surroundings, they and their character could be improved. He founded a few industrial communities to test his philosophies. Fourierism A Utopian socialist movement started by Charles Fourier. He wanted to counter the current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day. Marxism - The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded. Communist - Implied the outright abolition of private property, rather than a less extensive rearrangement of society. Class conflict Provided the engine for historical development. Louis Blanc Led the working-class groups in Paris

Atahualpa

Emperor of Incan tribe(?) when he defeated and executed his older half-brother Huascar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease (possibly smallpox).

Samuel Coleridge

English Writer his imagination was God at work in the mind as he expressed his views, the imagination was "a repetition in the finale mind of the eternal act of creation in infinite I AM. Master of gothic poems.

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval).

Thomas More

English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist.

William Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist

William Tyndale

English translator and Protestant martyr. Translated Bible to English and was burned at the stake.

Canton

European gov't political subdivisions in Europe; convenient administrative subdivision for purposes of elections, tax collection and gendarmerie

Grimm Brothers

Followers of Herder. They were the authors of famous fairy tales. These fairy tales rejected the logical and orderly fashion of the Enlightenment.

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Christian de Pisan

French Author

Huguenots

French Calvanists

Johann Guttenberg

German printer who invented the printing press and printing with movable type, so that the letters could be reused after one page.

Neo

Gothicism - A revival of medieval architecture during the Romantic Movement. Prominent in many churches and schools.

Reuchlin Affair

Historical scene that united the German Humanists.

Chiaroscuro

The treatment of light and a shade in drawing and painting

Apprentice

Training in art, trade or craft under a legal agreement that defines the duration and conditions of the relationship between master and apprentice

Gabelle

Unpopular tax on salt in France.

Tip*

When searching for a specific term, hold control and F. A search bar will come up and you can type the term in it. It will highlight the term you are looking for if it is there.

Catherine de Medici

Wife of Henry II of France, mother of Charles IV, Henry III, and Victoria Joan, Queen of France

Isabella of Castile

Woman who married and joined two kingdoms and inaugurated the modern Spanish state.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Romanticism

a reaction in early 19th century literature, philosophy, and religion against what many considered the excessive rationality and scientific narrowness of the Enlightenment

Treaty of Tilsit

after complete collapse of Prussian army, Russian tsar Alexander l decides it is time to make peace with France this treaty results in Prussia being saved from destruction but it was reduced to 1/2 its size and was forced to become an ally of France in its struggle against Britain

Methodism

an English religious movement begun by John Wesley that stressed inward, heartfelt religion and the possibility of attaining Christian perfection in this life

Nationalism

a political outlook, nationalism is the relatively modern concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by the bonds of a common language, as well as common customs, culture, and history, and who, because of these bonds, should be administered by the same government Nationalism opposed the principle upheld at the Congress of Vienna Did not want monarchies or dynasties b/c they wanted political unity Nationalists: Did not want smaller states I.E. Germany and Italy Nationalism = popular sovereignty people were sometimes confused b/c Europe was not actually organized into groups of people sharing one idea or one nationality Small groups of nationalist writers started recruiting historians to record people's past and give people a sense of cultural and ethnic identity Small groups of intellectuals also began to write about the idea of nationhood and nationalism Which language to use in governments and schools were always a point of obsolete for the nationalists because a chosen language would make dialects obsolete Some nationalists tried to revive the purer and archaic form of the national language The growth of a uniform language had people start to think of themselves (whereas previously they had not) as more nationalistic Nationhood: Nationalists used a variety of arguments and metaphors to express the significance of this word Ex: Gathering Italians into a unified Italy or Germans into a unified German state would promote economic or administrative efficiency 6 areas of major conflict: England (Ireland wanted freedom), German (wanted own identity separate from Prussia and Austria), Italy (Drive out the Austrians), Poland (Drive out Russian rulers), Eastern Europe (Separate from the Austrian Empire = be independent), Balkan Peninsula (Independent from the Ottoman Empire) The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation to replace the defunct Holy Roman Empire Liberal- Nineteenth-century European conservatives often regarded as liberal almost anyone or anything that challenged their own political, social, and religious values. Political goals: Legal equality, religious toleration, freedom of press Who were liberals? Educated and relatively wealthy people Did not necessarily want democracy but rather representation extended to the propertied class Advocated free trade and really liked Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations Conservatism- A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion. Friedrich Hegel - believed ideas developed in an evolutionary fashion that involves conflict Metternich - Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna Burschenschaft - 1800s

Magdeburg

city in Germany full of Huguenots who were fighting the Catholics

with the rise of Industrial cities came the rise of working

class slums. Fathers, wives, and children often worked in different factories.The Second Industrial Revolution destroyed the certainties of the traditional society. In the agricultural economy, there was no such thing as unemployment

Peace of Schonbrunn

deprives Austria of its substantial territory and 3.5 million subjects

Frederick the Wise

elector of Saxony; one of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther, Protestantism and the reformation

Consulate

french gov't dominated by Napoleon from 1799-1804 ended the revolution in France

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

important german philosopher, came up with thesis, antithesis, and synthesis

Berlin Decrees

issued by NB, forbidding his allies from importing British goods

the rise of the workhouses and poor houses in Britain. The Second Industrial Revolution destroyed the traditional rural, family

oriented, society of certainty and created a new urban, individualized society of uncertainty. The power of the Holy Alliance was one major reason that there were a number of uprisings among Europe. This is because the countries quarreled with each other, and other countries who weren't okay with their power were revolting. The Enlightenment had little to do with the uprisings between 1848-1849 because it's heaviest impact occurred between the 1680's and 1815. This isn't to say that it's ideas weren't still circling around, just less significantly so. Socialism was a backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community. More specifically, it was a countermovement to the Industrial Revolution, when many people were against one another, working hard to keep their jobs and lives. People soon came to believe that technology and science were the root of their problems, and found that they could cause uprising against them together. By forming strikes and uprisings, they formed one of the earliest socialist behaviours.

John Wycliffe

(1330-1384) -believed the church should only follow scripture --This view foreshadowed Martin Luther's reformation in the early 16th century -wrote English translation of Bible -followers called Lollards

Hundred Years' War

(1337-1453) -Cause: English crown lay claim to the duchy of Aquitaine in France -French king confiscated that territory from English control -Most of the war was fought intermittently in France and in the Low countries -By 1415 the major battles had been won by England and Paris itself was now threatened -Aside from loss of territory France was threatened by the rise of a new state in its eastern territory Burgundy that allied with England

Black Death

(1347) -carried by fleas on Asian black rats and brought to Europe on ships returning from Asia -overcrowding in cities and homes facilitated the spread of the disease -poor sanitation in cities -widespread malnutrition prior to the plague led to the poor health -loss of 1/3 of European population

Great Schism

-(1377-1417) -Further conflict occurred in 1377 with election of two popes--one in Rome one in France--neither recognized the other -further hurt prestige of church

Joan of Arc

-French Peasant girl claimed she heard voices of saints and persuaded king to allow her to be with the troops -in 1429 led the French army to victory at Orleans during a crucial stage of the war -French heir to the throne was crowned as a result and govt was strengthened -captured by English and burned in 1431

Napoléonien Code

-called the civil code of 1804, kept privileges based on birth abolished, safeguarded all forms of property, gender rolls stayed, right of eldest son to inherit parents property stays abolished, workers organizations remained abolished, french laws were universal, basically civic equality for a brief period of time, liberation of the labor class for a little bit, super revolutionary

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.

Reformation

16th century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to establishment of Protestantism

protector of Peru Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. "The Liberator" Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla - Parish priest in Mexico who led a peasant rebellion against the colonial rule. He was later captured by the more conservative Creoles and executed, but his rebellion kept going for 3 years after his death. He is now the symbol of Mexican Independence. And the day he started his revolt, Sept. 16, 1810, is now Mexico's principal national holiday. Dom Pedro - second and last ruler of Brazil. (r. 58 years) Decembrist Revolt - Alexander I died in 1825 and restless groups in Russian army supported Constantine as Tsar over Nicholas I (because former had proposed innovations). Proclaimed him Tsar at St. Petersburg - wanted Constantine and constitution. But Constantine had declared in favor of Nicholas. Five officers were hanged. This was the first modern revolutionary movement in Russia. Nicholas I - symbolized the most extreme form of 19th century autocracy - he was afraid of change - his only significant reform was the codification of Russian law in 1833 July Monarchy - the new regime that was more liberal politically than the restoration gov't - was dominated by wealthy bourgeoisie - Catholicism becomes religion of majority and not the "state religion" - Louis Philippe is the ruler and he is known as the "king of the french" not the "king of France" The Convention of 1839- grants Belgian neutrality Daniel O'Connell - Irish political leader

Johann Gottfried Herder

A German writer. He rejected the ideas of the Enlightenment. Criticized Colonialism. He urged the collection of distinct German songs and saying.

Humanism

A Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.

Golden Bull

A decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, most notably by the Holy Roman Emperors.

Mesta

A government backed organization that ran Castile's sheep farming industry.

Encomienda

A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

Hacienda

A large estate or plantation with a dwelling house.

Marburg Colloquy

A meeting at Marburg Castle which attempted to solve dispute between Martin Luther and Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ.

Tiano

A member of an extinct Arawak people formerly inhabiting the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas.

Benefices

A position of post granted to an ecclesiastic that guarantees a fixed amount of property or income.

Conciliar Movement

A reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an Ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon.

War of the Roses

A series of wars for control for the throne of England: They were fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, those of Lancaster and York.

Baroque

A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines, that flourished between 1550 - 1750/ It was especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Rosetta Stone

A translation of ancient languages found by Napoleon

Aztec

American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Thomas de Torquemada

Dominican friar, friar Grand inquisitor in Spain's movement to homogenize popular religious practice with the Catholic Faith.

Ludocivo il Moro

Duke of Milan

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

Battle of Trafalgar

Horatio Nelson dies, this battle ultimately destroyed French fleet and any chance of it landing in England

Medici Family

Italian Noble family who produced three Popes, two queens of France, and the first family to rule Florence.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and author.

Francesco Petrarch

Italian Scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, one of the earliest humanists.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian artist, scientist, and engineer

Raphael

Italian painter and architect

Michelangelo

Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of western art.

Giovanni Boccaccio

Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist.

Philip II

King of Spain, Portugal, Napes, and Sicily. Husband of Mary I, tried to become the husband of Elizabeth I. Briefly the King of England and Ireland, Duke of Milan.

Act of Succession

Made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne.

Civic Humanism

Modern term for the moral, social and political philosophy that in the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries began to be articulated in Italian city-states and most notably in Florence.

Counter-Reformation

Movement of the church to repel the movement of the Protestants and to regain the Catholic prestige.

Presbyters

People who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations.

Christopher Marlowe

Playwright, Shakespeare's predecessor

Predestination

Predestination the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power

Edict of Nantes

Proclaimed religious settlements, granted religious freedoms, recognized minority religions, and let France proclaim Catholic. Nothing more than a religious truce. Gave Huguenotsds freedom of 'public' worship (only inside their settlements, and outside had to be private), and gave them admission of public offices and universities, let them maintain fortified towns.

Bohemian Period