AP European History Unit 3

Intendant system

Intendant, administrative official under the ancien régime in France who served as an agent of the king in each of the provinces, or généralités. From about 1640 until 1789, the intendancies were the chief instrument used to achieve administrative unification and centralization under the French monarchy.

Schönbrunn Palace

Schönbrunn Palace is a former imperial summer residence located in Vienna, Austria. The 1,441-room Baroque palace is one of the most important architectural, cultural, and historical monuments in the country.

Habeas Corpus Act, 1679

1679 - The Habeas Corpus Act. The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, was passed during the reign of the restored monarchy of Charles II after the English Civil War. It strengthened the ancient and powerful writ which had been a feature of English Common Law since before Magna Carta.

Cabinet system

A Cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers, an Executive Council or Executive Committee.

Boyars

A boyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Kievan, Moscovian, Wallachian and Moldavian and later, Romanian aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th century to the 17th century.

Corvée

A day's unpaid labor owed by a vassal to his feudal lord.

Protectorate

A protectorate, in its inception adopted by modern international law, is a dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still retaining the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state. ... Therefore, a protectorate remains an autonomous part of a sovereign state.

Strelski

A renegade group of cossacks who rebelled against Peter the Great in 1698.

Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural revolution may refer to: First Agricultural Revolution (circa 10,000 BC), the prehistoric transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture (also known as the Neolithic Revolution).

Interregnum

An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order. Archetypally, it was the period of time between the reign of one monarch and the next (coming from Latin inter-, "between" and rēgnum, "reign", and the concepts of interregnum and regency therefore overlap. Historically, the longer and heavier interregna were typically accompanied by widespread unrest, civil and succession wars between warlords, and power vacuums filled by foreign invasions or the emergence of a new power. A failed state is usually in interregnum.

Bourbon dynasty

Bourbonic kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg currently have monarchs of the House of Bourbon.

Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac, commonly referred to as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman. He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607 and was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616.

Cardinal Mazarin

Cardinal Jules Raymond Mazarin, Duke of Rethel, Mayenne and Nevers (French: 14 July 1602 - 9 March 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the Chief Minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death.

Catherine the Great

Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader.

Charles I

Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

Charles II

Charles II was king of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and king of England, Scotland and Ireland from the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 until his death.

Charles VI

Charles VI, called the Beloved and the Mad, was King of France from 1380 to his death. He was a member of the House of Valois. Charles VI was only 11 when he inherited the throne in the midst of the Hundred Years' War.

Constitutionalism

Constitutionalism is "a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law". ... It may therefore be said that the touchstone of constitutionalism is the concept of limited government under a higher law.

Cossacks

Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic-speaking people who became known as members of democratic, self-governing, semi-military communities, predominantly located in Ukraine and Russia. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek, and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Ukraine and Russia.

Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner, FRS was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" are derived from Variolae vaccinae, the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox.

Enlightened Despotism

Enlightened despotism, also called benevolent despotism, a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

Balance of power

European balance of power. The European balance of power referred to European international relations before the First World War, which evolved into the present states of Europe. ... It is often known by the term European State System.

"First servant of the state"

Frederick II (the Great) was king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, and he stands as one of the greatest of the Enlightened Despots. He was an absolute ruler, but he lived under the principle that he was the "first servant of the state."

Frederick the Great

Frederick II was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king. His most significant accomplishments during his reign included his military victories, his reorganization of Prussian armies, his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment in Prussia, and his final success against great odds in the Seven Years' War. Frederick was the last titled King in Prussia and declared himself King of Prussia after achieving full sovereignty for all historical Prussian lands. Prussia had greatly increased its territories and became a leading military power in Europe under his rule. He became known as Frederick the Great and was affectionately nicknamed Der Alte Fritz by the Prussian and later by all German people.

Frederick William I

Frederick William I (German: Friedrich Wilhelm I) (14 August 1688 - 31 May 1740), known as the 'Soldier King,' was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death, as well as the father of Frederick the Great. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the principality of Neuchâtel.

Frederick William, the "Great Elector"

Frederick William was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia - and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia - from 1640 until his death.

James I

James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.

Bishop Bossuet

Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet was a French bishop and theologian, renowned for his sermons and other addresses. He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist.

Jaques-Louis David

Jacques-Louis David was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.

James II

James II and VII was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Jansenists

Jansenism was a Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. The movement originated from the posthumously published work of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen, who died in 1638.

Jean Bodin

Jean Bodin was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty; he was also an influential writer on demonology.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister.

Joseph II

Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Francis I, and was the brother of Marie Antoinette.

Junkers

Junker is a noble honorific, derived from Middle High German Juncherre, meaning "young nobleman" or otherwise "young lord" (derivation of jung and Herr). The term is traditionally used throughout the German-speaking, Dutch-speaking and Scandinavian-speaking parts of Europe.

"King of Prussia"

King of Prussia (also referred to as KOP) is a census-designated place in Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 19,936. The community took its name in the 18th century from a local tavern named the King of Prussia Inn, which was named after King Frederick the Great of Prussia.

Polish Kingdom

Kingdom of Poland was the name of Poland under a series of former monarchial governments, from c.1000/1025 CE to 1795: Kingdom of Poland (1025-1385) — from the early Piast dynasty.

5. What is limited government? What is the connection between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

Limited government is where government is restricted by law. The could be done through Commandments just like in the Bill of Rights or the Constitution. This leads to the restricted power of monarchs which is better for the country because if the people are not happy with their government, they have the power to overthrow it. An example of this would be the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution(s) because this is the point where the people decided that they do not like their government so they will overthrow it. Another example would include the Bill of Rights; which were passed to limit the king's power in England.

Louis XIII

Louis XIII was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.

2. Describe The strategies of Louis XIV in consolidating power and developing an absolute regime. How was Versailles critical in his political ambitions?

Louis XIV had kept power for seventy-two years, which is the longest raining king to date. Louis XIV did not make everyone happy during his rule, but he had several ways in order to keep his power. One of those ways was when he made a secret police, which allowed him to weaken political enemies and hunt down subversives. He moved his police to Versailles; because it was easier for the people to revolt and overthrow him in Paris and this way he would know if they were coming. He learned this tactic in his early age when Cardinal Mazarin lost control of the peasants. Versailles was critical in his political ambitions because he made one of the largest palaces and was in a safer city compared to Paris.

Louis XIV, "Sun King" ("L'état, c'est moi")

Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

1. What are the four primary features of absolute monarchies?

Many absolute monarchs noticed that if they wanted to keep power absolute they had to have four primary features. The first feature was to establish bureaucracies to take the power and give it to people elected by the king. The second feature was to maintain large standing armies. The second feature would allow you to have control over the entire nation and any uprising could easily be crushed. The third feature is to take away church power and give it to the absolute monarchs because if it did not happen, people could look towards the church for guidance and if the church does not agree with the monarch it could lead to a lot of trouble. The final feature is to have a secret police force so that you could weaken political enemies. Examples of all of these features would include Louis XIV who controlled the church, had one of the most powerful armies, and had a secret police to promote his popularity and to hunt down subversives.

Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome.

Parliamentary sovereignty

Parliamentary sovereignty is a principle of the UK constitution. It makes Parliament the supreme legal authority in the UK, which can create or end any law. Generally, the courts cannot overrule its legislation and no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change.

Peter the Great

Peter the Great, Peter I or Peter Alexeyevich ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V.

Prussia

Prussia was a prominent historical German state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and centred on the region of Prussia.

Pugachev Rebellion

Pugachev's Rebellion of 1773-75 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762. It began as an organized insurrection of Yaik Cossacks headed by Yemelyan Pugachev, a disaffected ex-lieutenant of the Russian Imperial army, against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire. After the initial success, Pugachev assumed leadership of an alternative government in the name of the assassinated Tsar Peter III and proclaimed an end to serfdom. This organized leadership presented a challenge to the imperial administration of Catherine II.

Prime Minister Robert Walpole

Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, KG, KB, PC, known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Cavaliers & Roundheads

Roundheads were supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against Charles I of England and his supporters, the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings.

Serfdom

Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage, which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century.

St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg is a Russian port city on the Baltic Sea. It was the imperial capital for 2 centuries, having been founded in 1703 by Peter the Great, subject of the city's iconic "Bronze Horseman" statue. It remains Russia's cultural center, with venues such as the Mariinsky Theatre hosting opera and ballet, and the State Russian Museum showcasing Russian art, from Orthodox icon paintings to Kandinsky works.

Sovereignty

Supreme power or authority.

Robot

System of forced labor used in eastern Europe. Peasants usually owed three of four days a week of forced labor. The system was abolished in 1848.

Anglo-Dutch Wars

The Anglo-Dutch wars were a series of conflicts fought, on one side, by the Dutch States and, on the other side, first by England and later by the Kingdom of Great Britain/the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Act of Settlement, 1701

The Act of Settlement is an Act of the Parliament of England that was passed in 1701 to settle the succession to the English and Irish crowns on Protestants only. The next Protestant in line to the throne was the Electress Sophia of Hanover, a granddaughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England.

Act of Union, 1707

The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland.

Slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly from Africa to the Americas, and then their sale there.

Bank of England

The Bank of England, formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694, it is the second oldest central bank in operation today, after the Sveriges Riksbank. The Bank of England is the world's 8th oldest bank. It was established to act as the English Government's banker and is still one of the bankers for the Government of the United Kingdom. The Bank was privately owned by stockholders from its foundation in 1694 until it was nationalised in 1946.

Edict of Fountainbleu

The Edict of Fontainebleau (22 October 1685) was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes (1598) had granted the Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state.

Great Northern War

The Great Northern War was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe.

Fronde

The Fronde was a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635.

"Glorious Revolution"

The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange.

Muscovy

The Grand Duchy of Moscow, or Grand Principality of Moscow, was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.

House of Commons

The House of Commons is the most important. Its members, called Members of Parliament (MPs), are elected by the British people. The Parliament of the United Kingdom is a bicameral, or two-chambered, legislature composed of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

Romanov dynasty

The House of Romanov was the second dynasty to rule Russia, after the House of Rurik, reigning from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.

Janissary Corps

The Janissaries were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards and the first modern standing army in Europe. The corps was most likely established during the reign of Murad I.

"Middle Passage"

The Middle Passage refers to the part of the trade where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies.

"Long Parliament"

The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament which had been held for three weeks during the spring of 1640, and which in its turn had followed an 11-year parliamentary absence.

Navigation Acts

The Navigation Acts were a series of Acts passed in the English Parliament in 1651, 1660 & 1663. The colonies represented a lucrative source of wealth and trade. The Navigation Acts were designed to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect duties (taxes) in the Colonies.

Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army

The New Model Army of England was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and was disbanded in 1660 after the Restoration.

Nine Years' War

The Nine Years' War (1688-97) - often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg - was a conflict between Louis XIV of France and a European coalition of Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Spain, England and Savoy. It was fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, Ireland, North America and in India.

Nobility of the sword/robe

The Nobles of the Sword (French: noblesse d'épée) were the noblemen of the oldest class of nobility in France dating from the Middle Ages and the Early Modern periods but still arguably in existence by descent. It was originally the knightly class, owing military service (usually to a king, who might be the king of France or the king of England), in return for the possession of feudal landed estates.

Versailles Palace

The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France. It is now open as a museum and is a very popular tourist attraction.

Petition of Right, 1628

The Petition of Right is a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing.

Pragmatic Sanction

The Pragmatic Sanction (Latin: Sanctio Pragmatica) was an edict issued by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, on 19 April 1713 to ensure that the Habsburg hereditary possessions, which included the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom ... etc.

"Rump" Parliament

The Rump Parliament was the English Parliament after Colonel Thomas Pride purged the Long Parliament, on 6 December 1648, of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.

Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War.

Seven years' War

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763. It involved every European great power of the time and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines.

Test Act, 1673

The Test Acts were a series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and nonconformists.

Toleration Act, 1689

The Toleration Act 1689 (1 Will & Mary c 18), also referred to as the Act of Toleration, was an Act of the Parliament of England, which received the royal assent on 24 May 1689.

Treaty of Utrecht

The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, is a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession.

War of Austrian Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg Monarchy.

War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II.

Absolutism

The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

Restoration

The action of returning something to a former owner, place, or condition.

Triangular Trade

The best-known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade, that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North ... etc.

6. How did the class structure of the European countries shift due to the Enlightenment?

The class structure of the European countries used to be that the king had all the power but the people eventually started to have the upper-hand due to the Enlightenment. It used to be that whatever the king said goes but eventually the people realized that if they were not happy with the king they can get rid of him. This occurred in England when King Charles I was executed; resulting in the Bill of Rights. So in a way the class structure of the European countries shifted to the Bill of Rights; which allowed the government to restrict power and allowed the people to have the upper hand. This meant that the king now had to make the people happy otherwise he could lose the power he has. The people have more power over the king due to the Enlightenment.

4. Compare and contrast the varying views and theories of government and how they can be seen in the competing forms of Constitutional Monarchies v. Absolutism.

The difference between the power in a king vs. a parliament is very serious. When it comes to the monarch, they usually think about themselves. Parliament, on the other hand, has multiple people. This works best for the country because it is not just one person. An example of this would be England who had a war between the Roundheads (parliament) and the Cavaliers (king). In the end, the Cavaliers were making bad decisions, which the Roundheads did not agree with. This led to the execution of Charles I.

"Divine right" of kings

The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. Written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power.

"Window on the West"

The idea of the new city was anything but dark or brooding. It was, in Peter the Great's terms, enlightened, his big and bright window on the western world. Until the founding of St Petersburg, Russia had seemed, at least to western Europe, a rather frightening Byzantine labyrinth.

Liberum veto

The liberum veto (Latin for "free veto") was a parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Polish partitions

The partitions were conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures. The First Partition of Poland was decided on August 5, 1772.

"Sparta of the North"

The soldier King, King Williams I, cuts expenditures of the Prussian state, improves bureaucracy and army, 80% GDP goes to military, Sparta of the North.

Quakers

The theological beliefs of Quaker yearly meetings vary considerably. Tolerance of dissent widely varies among yearly meetings. Most Friends believe in continuing revelation, which is the religious belief that truth is continuously revealed directly to individuals from God.

3. What are the structural differences between an absolute monarchy with centralized political power in one person (the king) and a constitutional form of government with shared political authority between a king and a legislature?

Whether it is going to war to expand land or make laws that keep his family in power, the king looks for what is best for him. Although a king with a parliament is more restricted because he has to get approved by the people who look out for the interests of others. An example of this would be Louis XIV. Louis XIV went to war for more power. During this the parliament of England was looking out for England. Louis killed their king because he was trying to do what was best for him. This shows that both styles are effective but one is more efficient than the other.

William and Mary

William and Mary refers to the coregency of King William III and Queen Mary II. It often specifically refers to: William and Mary style, a furniture design common from 1700 to 1725 named for the couple.