AP EXAM

What two inventions allowed the Allies to better track German ships and planes?

Radar and sonar

Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans

Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth

"Fireside Chats"

a series of thirty evening radio speeches given by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944.

Virginia Plan

bicameral congressional representation based on population

Black Power, Stokely Carmichael

black rights leader, heavily influenced by Malcolm X (advocated black separatism rather than integration)

James Meredith

black veteran escorted to be enrolled in Univ. of Miss. by military (school reluctant, cf. Little Rock Nine)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

blacks denied admission to all-white school; overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, negating "separate but equal", ordered integration of schools as soon as possible; white southerners protested (refused to attend integrated schools)

Haymarket Bombing

bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers' unions

"Bleeding Kansas"

border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attacked Lawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre

Bracero program

brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs, concentrated in southern CA, given extremely poor working conditions (as they were not American citizens)

Reaganomics

capitalism would become productive when uninhibited by taxes and regulation

Tariff of 1832

a tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

Sputnik

caused American hysteria (1957), fear that Soviets were technologically superior; led Ike to order more rigorous education program to rival Soviets (National Defense Education Act)

Brain trust

a term for a group of close advisors to a political candidate or incumbent, prized for their expertise in particular fields. The term is most associated with the group of advisors to Franklin Roosevelt during his presidential administration. More recently the use of the term has expanded to encompass any group of advisers to a decision maker, whether or not in politics.

Marshall Plan

US provided financial assistance to recover economies in Europe; aimed towards anti-communist governments in France, Italy, and Germany; Eastern European nations prohibited from receiving help from US

Washington Disarmament Conference (1921)

US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to reduce naval tonnage and halt construction for 10 years; US and Japan to respect Pacific territorial holdings, Kellog-Briand Pact to "outlaw war"

What popular book in the North showed people the evils of slavery?

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Nine Power Treaty

a treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as per the Open Door Policy, signed by all of the attendees to the Washington Naval Conference on 6 February 1922.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Vietnam War

United States aided South Vietnam in its war of power struggle against North Vietnam, the Vietcong, USSR, and China

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Samuel Gompers

United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

Eugene Victor Debs

United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist (1855-1926)

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

James Fenimore Cooper

United States novelist noted for his stories of Native Americans and the frontier life (1789-1851)

Gilbert Stuart

United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)

What is the term for controlling all steps of the production and distribution process?

Vertical integration

Who argued for immediate civil rights for African Americans in the early 1900s?

W.E.B. DuBois

War of 1812

War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism

What was known as the "Second War for Independence"?

War of 1812

What scandal ultimately forced Nixon to resign?

Watergate

Whiskey Rebellion

Western Pennsylvanian farmers' violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent

What idea was James Polk a major supporter of?

Westward expansion

Lockout

When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached.

Proprietary colony

When one or more private land owners retain rights that are normally the privilege of the state, and in all cases eventually became so

What political party of the early 1800s was strongest in northern cities?

Whig party

What were three main reasons for the end of Reconstruction?

Whites regained control of Southern governments, lack of commitment in the North, Panic of 1873

Immigration Act of 1965

abolished national origins quotas, dramatically increased immigration (especially from Asia and Latin America)

Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life

activist government to serve all citizens (cf. Alexander Hamilton); founded New Republic magazine

Literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause

all methods that were used to keep African Americans from voting

Robber Baron

an American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means.

Quartering Act

an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

The Glorious Revolution

William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures

Pollock case

With a ruling of 5-4, was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the unapportioned income taxes on interest, dividends and rents imposed by the Income Tax Act of 1894 were, in effect, direct taxes, and were unconstitutional because they violated the provision that direct taxes be apportioned. The decision was nullified in 1913 by Amendment XVI to the US Constitution.

What decision from the Supreme Court did Jackson ignore?

Worcester v. Georgia

Edward Bellamy

Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many. A character wakes up in 2000 after napping and says socialism will be on top in the end

What type of newspaper writing created enthusiasm for the Spanish-American War?

Yellow journalism

What type of people worked in the first factories?

Young, single women

Wagner Act/ NLRB

a 1935 United States federal law that limits the means with which employers may react to workers in the private sector who create labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. The Act does not apply to workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act, agricultural employees, domestic employees, supervisors, federal, state or local government workers, independent contractors and some close relatives of individual employers.

Panama Canal

a 77 kilometres (48 mi) ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. Built from 1904 to 1914. The canal had an enormous impact on shipping between the two oceans, replacing the long and treacherous route via either the Strait of Magellan or Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of South America.

Sit down strikes

a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at a factory or other centralized location, take possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their stations, effectively preventing their employers from replacing them with strikebreakers or, in some cases, moving production to other locations.

CIO

a job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an enterprise responsible for the information technology and computer systems that support enterprise goals. The title of Chief Information Officer in Higher Education may be the highest ranking technology executive although depending on the institution, alternative titles are used to represent this position. Generally, the CIO typically reports to the chief executive officer, chief operations officer or chief financial officer. In military organizations, they report to the commanding officer.

Glass-Steagall Act

a law that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in the United States and introduced banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation.

Cotton gin

a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Gold standard

a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of gold

Gold Standard

a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold.

Albany Plan of Union

colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, "Grand Council"); never took effect

What reform was associated with Horace Mann?

compulsory (mandatory) education

Commerce Compromise

congress could tax imports but not exports

What policy originated with George Kennan?

containment

Ho Chi Minh

contending communist politician in Vietnam, had more popularity than Diem, took power upon Diem's death

Butler v. U.S.

court case, killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on continuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs

Roe v. Wade

court case, unconstitutionalized all state laws prohibiting women's rights to have an abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy

Schechter v. U.S

court case, unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegation of legislative authority from Congress to executive

Schenk v. U.S.

court case, upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act; Congress right to limit free speech during times of war

American Federation of Labor

craft unions that left the Knights (1886), led by Gompers, women left out of recruitment efforts

Jazz

dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation and ragtime; jazz migrated along with blacks in the Great Migration

President Lyndon B. Johnson

dealt with Vietnam War, "Great Society" program for improvement of American society, antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs

United States vs. EC Knight Company

decision under Sherman Anti-Trust Act shot down by Supreme Court — sugar refining was manufacturing rather than trade/commerce

Battle of Tippecanoe

decisive victory in the War of 1812 by Harrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison's campaign for presidency

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin

depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South

Secretary of State John Hay

ex-Lincoln secretary; worked to gain Open Door Notes' acceptance from the major powers

Rosenbergs

executed for leaking atomic secrets to Soviets, avowed communists

"City on a Hill"

exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs

Gifford Pinchot

head of federal Division of Forestry, contributed to Roosevelt's natural conservation efforts

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

New Freedom

ideas of Wilson: small enterprise, states' rights, more active government, trust busting, left social issues up to the states

Interchangeable parts

identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring

Ralph Waldo Emerson

in Brook Farm Community, literary nationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God and freedom), wrote "The American Scholar"

New Nationalism

federal government to increase power over economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed by Roosevelt (after presidency)

Theodore Roosevelt

first "modern" president, moderate who supported progressivism (at times conservative), bypassed congressional opposition (cf. Jackson), significant role in world affairs

Humanitarian diplomacy

fought for human rights in Africa, Panama Canal returned to Panama, relations with China resolved

Dixiecrats, 1948

fought for old Southern way of life (states' rights), attempted to gain higher standing within Democratic party; aimed to deny Truman enough electoral votes to avoid his reelection by nominating Strom Thurmond (SC governor)

Tories (Loyalists)

fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy

Treaty of Paris (1783)

full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland

What did the 15th Amendment do?

gave African Americans the right to vote

What did the 14th Amendment do?

gave African Americans the rights of citizenship

Elastic Clause ("necessary and proper")

gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution

California Gold Rush

gold discovery in Sutter's Mill in 1848 resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the West

Erie Canal

goods able to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

government to buy silver to back money in addition to gold

Dollar Diplomacy"

government would protect America's foreign investments with any force needed; under president Taft

The Loyal Nine

group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

halted sale of tribal lands, enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands; repealed Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; helped secure Indians' entry into New Deal associations; led by John Collier

Sugar Act

halved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strenghtened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court

Moral Diplomacy

intervention in Mexican Revolution (Madero overthrew dictator Diaz) to overthrow Madero out of fear of property confiscation, General Huerta (seen as "brute" by Wilson, sought new leader) replaced Madero

President Franklin Roosevelt

introduced his "New Deal," won election by a relative landslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust)

Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury

introduced the "trickle-down" economics theory in order to promote business and increase money available for speculation

John Smith

introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks

Pocahontas

key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617

Herbert Hoover's Food Administration

relied on voluntary compliance (no formal laws), propaganda; high prices set on commodities to encourage production, Prohibition

Second Great Awakening

religious movements, traveling "meetings," rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G. Finney

AAA

restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby a portion of their fields lie fallow. The money for these subsidies was generated through an exclusive tax on companies which processed farm products. The Act created a new agency, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, to oversee the distribution of the subsidies. It is considered the first modern U.S. farm bill.

What important right did the U.S. get as a result of Pinckney's Treaty?

right of deposit in New Orleans

Causes of the depression

rise in stock prices and speculation, decline of construction industry, mistaken "trickle-down" economics, reliance on credit

Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class

satirized wealthy captains of industry, workers and engineers as better leaders of society

TR mediates Russo-Japanese War

secretly sponsored peace negotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly on Asia; concerned with safety of Philippines

What is the main idea of Federalist #51?

separation of powers will work to limit power of government

Hoovervilles

sets of cardboard box houses that epitomized the country's blame on Hoover for the cause of the Depression

Affirmative Action

sets of programs geared towards minorities and oft-discriminated populations

William Penn and the Quakers

settled in Pennsylvania, believed the "Inner Light" could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers

Indentured servants

settlers to pay the expenses of a servant's voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over; headright system

Nativism

severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate against foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned American values

Declining death rate

sewer systems and purification of water

Townshend Act (1767)

similar to Navigation; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries

Henry George, Progress and Poverty

single tax on speculated land to ameliorate industrialization misery

Wilmot Proviso

slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from Mexico; never fully passed Congress

Dred Scott v. Sandford

slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state

Social Reciprocity

society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminantly

Open Door Policy

sought to eliminate spheres of influence and avoid European monopolies in China; unaccepted by the powers in mind

Non-Intercourse Act

sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing

Nullification Controversy

southern states (especially South Carolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal laws unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them

"Silent Majority"

speech symbolized polarization between conservatives and liberals

"Red Summer," race riots (1919)

spurred by Great Migration, large-scale riots, lynchings, &c.

Marcus Garvey

started the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) — "Back to Africa" movement for racial pride and separatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backwards

state-run economy to provide conflict-free society

Manifest Destiny

stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk

Nullification

states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional

Articles of Confederation

states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes

What idea did Jefferson propose in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts?

states rights (nullification of federal laws by states)

Cuban Missile Crisis

storage of Soviet missiles in Cuba (threat of nuclear war); Krushchev demanded that US never invade Cuba and remove forces from Turkey; mutual compliance with each other's demands

Federalism

strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution

James Madison

strong central government, separation of powers, "extended republic"

Conformity in the 1950s

strong patriotism and need to conform to try to avoid blame during red scare, non-churchgoers, unmarried, and critics suspected as communists

Changes in the Constitution from the Articles

stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simple majority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federal courts, easier amendment process

Truman Doctrine

support people oppressed by communism and non-democratic governments; worked with democratic governments in Greece, Turkey, and Israel

Industrial Workers of the World

supported Socialists, militant unionists and socialists, advocated strikes and sabotaging politics, aimed for an umbrella union similar to Knights of Labor, ideas too radical for socialist cause

Hudson River School

taught American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects

Supply-side economics, tax cuts

tax cuts to increase population spending (help economy), drastic cutting back on government programs due to lack of funds

Kansas-Nebraska Act

territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed by Stephen A. Douglas

Eleanor Roosevelt

the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women.

John Lewis

the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 5th congressional district, serving since 1987. He was a leader in the American Civil Rights Movement and chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), playing a key role in the struggle to end segregation. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district encompasses almost all of Atlanta.

Anaconda plan

the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico

Sputnik

the commonly known name of a group of various robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union. The first of these, Sputnik 1, launched the first human-made object to orbit the Earth. That launch took place on October 4, 1957 as part of the International Geophysical Year and demonstrated the viability of using artificial satellites to explore the upper atmosphere.

Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)

the court riled that the boy scouts of america could dismiss a troop leader after learning he was gay, holding that the right to freedom of association outweighed a New Jersey anti - discrimination statute.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

WPA

the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, employing millions to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. It fed children and redistributed food, clothing, and housing. Almost every community in the United States had a park, bridge or school constructed by the agency, which especially benefited rural and Western populations. Expenditures from 1936 to 1939 totaled nearly $7 billion.

Queen Liliuokalani

the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. She inherited the throne from her brother Kalākaua on 29 January 1891. Shortly after ascending the throne, petitions from her people began to be received from the two major political parties of the time, mainly Hui Kala'aina and the National Reform Party.

When was the Trail of Tears?

late 1830s

National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA)

launched in 1958 by Ike; successful launch of American satellite (Explorer I); massive arms builup

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

law meant to evolve as society evolves, opposed conservative majority

"Big BM" Haywood

leader of IWW, from Western Federation of Miners

William Marcy Tweed

leader of Tammany Hall, gained large sums of money through the political machine, prosecuted by Samuel Tilden and sent to jail

A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington

led Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: threatened a siege on DC if FDR did not agree to end discrimination in military

John Brown

led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God's work

Nat Turner's Rebellion

led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation

Louis Sullivan

led architectural movement to create building designs that reflected buildings' functions, especially in Chicago

Martin Luther King Jr., Southern Christian Leadership Conference

led boycott, became leader of civil rights movement; urged nonviolent resistance (cf. tactics of Ghandi);

Women's Christian Temperance Union

led by Francis Willard, powerful "interest group" following the civil war, urged women's suffrage, led to Prohibition

Eugene V. Debs

led railroad workers in Pullman Strike, arrested; Supreme Court (decision in re Debs) legalized use of injunction (court order) against unions and strikes

Impact of LBJ's Vietnam decision on 1968 election

left primary open to Robert Kennedy and Eugene McCarthy, both promising to end the controversial war

March to the Sea

the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22.

Railroad Administration

the name of the nationalized railroad system of the United States between 1917 and 1920. It was possibly the largest American experiment with nationalization, and was undertaken against a background of war emergency.

Federal Emergency Relief Admin.

the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) which President Herbert Hoover had created in 1932. FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA).

Court Packing Plan

legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. Roosevelt's purpose was to obtain favorable rulings regarding New Deal legislation that had been previously ruled unconstitutional. The central and most controversial provision of the bill would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court, up to a maximum of six, for every sitting member over the age of 70½.

Mann Act

made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes," violated by black boxer Jack Johnson (w/ white woman)

Nullification

the states' rights doctrine saying a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress

Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)

mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)

Great Migration

mass migration northward; mainly blacks migrating from the southern states into the north hoping for less discrimination

Henry Ford's assembly line

mass production of the Model-T, workers as potential consumers (raise wages), supported other industries and raised employment

Alien and Sedition Acts

meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists

Explosion of USS Maine

meant to provide evacuation opportunity for Americans in Cuba; internal accidental explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish¬ American War

Suburbia

middle class; white flight from urban areas due to black migration; government supported insurance for homeowners and builders

William Henry Harrison

military hero from War of 1812; elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler

What did Eisenhower warn against in his Farewell Address?

military-industrial complex

Tallmadge Amendment

no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25

What were two weakness of the Articles?

no power to tax, weak central government

Religious Right

political action for religion justified by decreased presence of religion in society; Pat Robertson's Christian Coalition to expand national influence

Thomas Nast

political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribes to stop criticism

Andy Warhol

pop art, mass production of art by screening

George Whitefield

powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied

Fair Deal

preservation of New Deal, attempt at additions; raised minimum wage, public housing, old-age insurance extension, agricultural price supports (lowering of farm price)

Macon's Bill No. 2

president has power to cease trade with any foreign country that violated American neutrality

Munn v. Illinois

private property subject to government regulation when property is devoted to public interest; against railroads

Neutrality Acts, 1935-37

prohibited aiding of belligerent nations, banned civilian involvement; limited power of president during international war, built up armed forces

Currency Act

prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

prohibited discrimination in any government-related work; increased black employment

Embargo Act (1807)

prohibited exports (and imports) based in American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation

Proclamation of 1763

prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth

Voting Rights Act of 1965

prohibited use of any devices (e.g., literacy tests) to deny the right to vote and enforced black suffrage rights

Booker T. Washington

proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans

Report on Public Credit

proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank

Lecompton Constitution

proslavery constitution in Kansas, supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious), denied statehood until after secession

Bill of Rights

protected rights of individual from the power of the central government

What were the 4 main parts of Hamilton's economic plan?

protective tariff, whiskey tax, National Bank, taking on national debt

What were the three parts of the American system?

protective tariffs, national system of roads, national bank

Jay's Treaty

provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes

Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association (YMCA & YWCA)

provided housing and recreation to city youth, imposing Protestant morals, unable to reach out to all youth

Zoot Suit riots

racism riots against Mexican laborers (imported for jobs)

Bacon's Rebellion

rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans

National Origins Act (1924)

reduced quota, reduced numbers from eastern and southern Europe, Asians banned, Canadians and Latin Americans exempt

President Ronald Reagan

offered a New Deal (reminiscent of FDR) of smaller government, reduced taxes, and free enterprise; Washington outsider

Domino theory

one country that falls into communism will cause surrounding nations to also fall "like dominos"; spurred by Southeast Asia regimes (esp. Vietnam)

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

part of the New Left that envisioned "participatory democracy" (individuals control life-affecting decisions), end materialism, militarism, and racism; inspired by young black activists

National Road

part of transportation revolution, from Cumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network; stimulated Western expansion

Bull Moose Party

party formed from Republican split by Roosevelt, more progressive values, leaving "Republican Old Guard" to control Republican party

Boston Tea Party

peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians

Keynesian economics

philosophy that deficit spending during a depression would increase purchasing power and stimulate economy; FDR disagreed with the policy at first and borrowed money to cover deficits

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Eisenhower Doctrine

refers to a speech by President Dwight David Eisenhower on 5 January 1957, within a "Special Message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East". Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism."

Roosevelt Coalition

refers to three constituencies whose votes enabled the Democratic Party to dominate national politics from the N ew D eal until the 1970s: the S olid S outh , organized labor, and blacks. The New Deal specifically tailored programs for southern economic development, securing labor's right to organize, and promoting equal employment opportunities for blacks. Southern whites and labor had long been Democratic supporters, but blacks only became a Democratic voting bloc in the 1930s. The coalition began crumbling in the 1960s with the Solid South's defection, and was defunct by 1994 because southern whites and blacks could not coexist politically.

Gains for women

rejection of negative portrayals of women (language, entertainment), increased quality and use of education, more job opportunities, acceptance into military

Election of 1932

took place as the effects of the 1929 Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country. President Herbert Hoover's popularity was falling as voters felt he was unable to reverse the economic collapse, or deal with prohibition. Franklin D. Roosevelt used what he called Hoover's failure to deal with these problems as a platform for his own election, promising reform in his policy called the New Deal. Roosevelt won by a landslide, and this "critical election" marked the collapse of the Fourth Party System or Progressive Era. The voters soon were realigned into the Fifth Party System, dominated by Roosevelt's New Deal Coalition.

Muckrakers

uncovered the "dirt" on corruption and harsh quality of city/working life; heavily criticized by Theodore Roosevelt; Ida Tarabell (oil companies), David Graham Phillips (Senate), Aschen School (child labor — photography), mass magazines McClure's and Collier's

Tariff of Abominations

under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff, South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jackson appear to advocate free trade

John L. Lewis

through CIO, led three coal mine strikes (some of the very few strikes during the time period)

Dawes Plan (1924)

to make German reparations from WWI more accessible to Germans; evacuation of troops from Germany, reorganization of the Reichsbank, and foreign loans

Bonus Army

veterans from WWI sought their pensions before they were too old to use them; they were denied and were run out of Washington (violently, by MacArthur)

Maysville Road Veto

vetoed by Jackson on the count that government funds for the Maysville Road would only benefit one state

How did the United States mobilize its economy for WWI?

voluntary conservation, War Industries Board

Ike's Farewell Speech

warned of dangerous military-industrial complex (newly-found power of the military to affect the path of democracy)

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Board of Customs Commissioners

was to enforce trade regulations and establish vice-admiralty courts to deal w/ colonists who violated the law.

The Homefront

westward migration of workers (new economic opportunities, esp. aircraft industry), high rates of divorce and family/juvenile violence, women encouraged to work in factories, still held inferior to men

Lynchings

when small vigilante mobs or elaborately organized community events where an individual (typically black) was publicly hung due to a crime (true or perceived). Resulted from white supremacy or fear of black sexuality.

Ulysses S. Grant

won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general

Harriet Tubman

worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

workers unable to escape (locked into factory), all died; further encouraged reform movements for working conditions

Karl Marx, Das Kapital

working class exploited for profit, proletariat (workers) to revolt and inherit all society

Regionalist and naturalist writers

writing took a more realistic approach on the world, regionalist writers focused on local life (Sarah Orne Jewett), naturalist writers focused on economy and psychology (Stephen Crane)

The Federalist Papers

written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over large territory

Thomas Whately

wrote a pamphlet insisting that the Sugar Act did not involve taxation without consent

Thomas Jefferson

wrote the Declaration of Independence

Lowell mill/system

young women employed by Lowell's textile company, housed in dormitories

"New Left" (free speech movement)

youth activists (often liberal arts students) spoke out against Vietnam War, supported widespread liberalization

Olive Branch Petition

Still pledge loyalty to King George III but are still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George III didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion.

What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?

Stock market crash of 1929

Joint Stock Company

Stocks are issued by the company in return for financial contribution.

Railroad Strike of 1877

Strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad quickly spread across 11 states and shut down 2/3rds of the country's rail trackage; railroad workers were joined by an estimated 500000 workers from other industries in an escalating strike that was quickly becoming national in scale; Hayes used federal troops to end the labor violence

Gadsden Purchase

Strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that was acquired by the U.S. in 1853 for $10 million.

What benefit did the South get out of the Compromise of 1850?

Stronger fugitive slave law

What civil rights group organized the lunch counter sit-ins?

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

What technology most impacted Americans view of the Vietnam War?

Television

What were the three biggest reform movements of the mid-1800s?

Temperance, abolitionism, women's suffrage

What New Deal agency was established to build dams and bring electricity to rural areas?

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

James K. Polk

The 11th U.S. President, he led the country during the Mexican War and sought to expand the United States

William McKinley

The 25th President of the United States, and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected to that office. He was the last President of the 19th century and the first of 20th. By the 1880s, He was a national Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his McKinley Tariff of 1890.

AFL-CIO Merger

The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations is a national trade union center, the largest federation of unions in the United States, made up of 56 national and international unions, together representing more than 11 million workers. It was formed in 1955 when the AFL and the CIO merged after a long estrangement. From 1955 until 2005, its member unions represented nearly all unionized workers in the United States.

Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

Affirmative Action

Refers to policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, gender , or national origin" into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group, usually as a means to counter the effects of a history of discrimination. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and education to public contracting and health programs.

What were the 3 R's of the New Deal?

Relief, recovery, and reform

Joseph Smith

Religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

What famous phrase was a call to war for the Spanish-American War?

Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain

Who is the only President to resign from office?

Richard Nixon

Marbury v Madison (1803)

Right to hold actions of each branch of the government unconstitutional, by the Supreme Court. Established judicial review.

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

What symbolized the changing role of women during WWII?

Rosie the Riveter

What group of military volunteers, led by Theodore Roosevelt, was famous for the Battle of San Juan Hill?

Rough Riders

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

What defense system did Reagan support as a way to defend against nuclear attack?

SDI (aka "Star Wars)

What two immigrants were sentenced to death for murder, but were also poor immigrants who were socialists?

Sacco and Vanzetti

Gulf War, "Operation Desert Storm" (1991)

Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait despite peace treaty and refusal to abandon Iraqi occupation

What was the movement that sought to eliminate environmental laws, especially in the West?

Sagebrush Rebellion

What Supreme Court decision limited freedom of speech during war?

Schenck v. U.S.

Sons of Liberty

Secret societies formed to protest new taxes passed by Parliament. Led the Boston Tea Party and threatened tax collectors.

Insular cases

Several U.S. Supreme Court cases concerning the status of territories acquired by the U.S. in the Spanish-American War (1898). The name "insular" derives from the fact that these territories are islands and were administered by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs. The cases were in essence the court's response to a major issue of the 1900 presidential election and the American Anti-Imperialist League, summarized by the phrase "Does the Constitution follow the flag?" Essentially, the Supreme Court said that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control.

What event led to the decision to get rid of the Articles of Confederation?

Shays' Rebellion

What law failed to regulate the growth of monopolies?

Sherman Antitrust Act

Quebec Act

Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed

What labor system replaced indentured servitude?

Slavery

What did the Supreme Court say about slaves in the Dred Scott decision?

Slaves were property, not citizens

Three-fifths Compromise

Slaves would be considered 3/5 of a person.

Neutrality Acts (1935, 36, 37)

Sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. The 1935 act, signed on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months. 1936, passed in February of that year, renewed the provisions of the 1935 act for another 14 months. It also forbade all loans or credits to belligerents. 1937, passed in May, included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Further, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations.

Military Reconstruction Act (1867)

South divided into 5 military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify 14th amendment

How did the Radical Republicans make sure that the South followed the Reconstruction amendments?

South divided into military districts

Compromise of 1877

South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president

Farmers'Alliance movement

Southern and Midwestern farmers expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop — farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

What was Nixon's political strategy to win the 1972 election?

Southern strategy

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader undergoing tensions on superpower and domestic level

Korean War

Soviet-aided North Korea attack on South Korea; MacArthur named general on behalf of UN (excluded Russia), US supplied majority of troops; recapture of South Korea and suppression of North forces to northern border; introduction of Chinese, MacArthur fired for suggestion to use nuclear weapons on China; nuclear incentives for peace negotiations

Berlin Airlift

Soviets cut Berlin off from the rest of Germany by blockade; US organized airlift to drop supplies into Britain; blockade lifted in May 1949

What was the first direct tax on the colonists by the British?

Stamp Act

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of the fittest)

Pet banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Oliver Evans

(1755-1819) developed the first application of steam power in an industrial setting. He also developed a method of automating flour mills

Edgar Allen Poe

(1809-1849) He was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, he began drinking and then died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.

Fletcher v Peck

(1810) the Supreme Court struck down a state law as unconstitutional. In the Yazoo Land Fraud Georgia claimed a bunch of land from the Louisiana Purchase that it had no right to claim. Georgia then sold the land to speculators who sold it to farmers. The Federal government stepped in and takes back the land and tells Georgia to give back the money. Legislature cancelled it, said constitution forbid state laws imparing contracts

Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)

(1823, Marshall) - Established that native tribes had *rights to their lands*. - Only the *federal government could take native land*.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

American Anti-slavery Society

(1833-1870) It was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key leader of the society and often spoke at its meetings. It promoted the greater good for slaves, and was not welcomed by American society.

Stock market crash

(1929) stock prices fell drastically; without buyers, the stocks became essentially worthless; cause bank crashes, &c.

David Riesman

(The Lonely Crowd) "outer directed" Americans conforming to peer pressure on moral and social issues, rather than independently thinking on morals

Election of 1824

"corrupt bargain" and backroom deal for JQ Adams to win over Jackson

Virginia Resolves

"no taxation without representation," introduced by Patrick Henry

What document written by Booker T. Washington argued for economic independence for African Americans?

The Atlanta Compromise

Department of Commerce & Labor

The Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting economic growth.

Caroline Affair

The Caroline was an American steamer carrying supplies across to Canadian insurrgents, British launch an assault, seen as an unlawful invasion of American soil, part of Third War with England

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Cohens v Virginia

The Cohens were a Virginia family accused of selling lottery tickets illegally. The Virginia Supreme Court found the Cohens guilty, so they appealed to the Supreme Court in 1821. Virginia won in having the Cohens convicted. Virginia lost in that Judge Marshal made it so that the federal Supreme Court had the right to review any decision involving powers of the federal government. This was a major blow on states' rights.

Yalta Conference

The February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively—for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe.

French Alliance

The French entered the war in 1778, and assisted in the victory of the Americans seeking independence from Britain

What book depicted the lives of the Joad family's migration from the Dust Bowl to California?

The Grapes of Wrath

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security". When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.

What book exposed the problems in the meatpacking industry?

The Jungle

Bruce Barton

The Man Nobody Knows, glorification of business, Jesus as a businessman, relationship between religion and manufacturing

SC Ordinance of Secession

The Ordinance of Secession was the document drafted and ratified in 1860 and 1861 by the states officially seceding from the United States of America. Each state ratified its own ordinance of secession, typically by means of a specially elected convention or general referendum.

Oneida

The Perfectionist Utopian movement began in New York. People lived in a commune and shared everything, even marriages. Today, the town is known for manufacturing silverware.

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

Recall

The act of removing an official by petition

Independent Treasury System

The act removed the federal government from involvement with the nation's banking system by establishing federal depositories for public funds instead of keeping the money in national, state, or private banks. This was the system the government adopted until the federal reserve act of 1910.

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American socity more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.

Pragmatism

The attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth

Charles Wilson Peale

The colonial painter (1741-1827) best known for his portraits of George Washington who also ran a museum for stuffed birds and practiced dentistry.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Jefferson Day dinner

The dinner where Jackson announced by his toast that he believed that the federal government should have more power than the states. Further increased the hatred between Calhoun and Jackson. After this event, Calhoun ran for the Senate from South Carolina (and was elected) and resigned from the vice-presidency.

Good Neighbor Policy

The foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a "good neighbor" and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries. Overall, the Roosevelt administration expected that this new policy would create new economic opportunities in the form of reciprocal trade agreements and reassert the influence of America in Latin America.

Greenback Party

The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a specie-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. Conversely, they believed that government control of the monetary system would allow it to keep more currency in circulation, as it had in the war

Internment of Japanese-Americans

The relocation and internment by the United States government in 1942 of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese who lived along the Pacific coast of the United States to camps called "War Relocation Camps," in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Dollar Diplomacy

The term used to describe the effort of the United States — particularly under President William Howard Taft — to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.

War on Poverty

The unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.

Fall of Czechoslovakia

Their fall into Communism by Soviet influence.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election. He made the case for what he called the New Nationalism in a speech in Osawatomie, Kansas, on August 31, 1910. The central issue he argued was government protection of human welfare and property rights. He insisted that only a powerful federal government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice, and that a President can only succeed in making his economic agenda successful if he makes the protection of human welfare his highest priority.

Cowboys

They drove the cattle along the Western trails to railroad centers

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Oklahoma Land Rush

They were former Indian lands but were opened up for settlement in 1889, resulting in a race to lay claim for a homestead (Boomers and Sooners)

Kansas Nebraska Act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

Gibbons v Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Shays' Rebellion

This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes.

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Muckrakers

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Who led the Democratic-Republican Party?

Thomas Jefferson

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

What agricultural product made the colonies in the Chesapeake region profitable?

Tobacco

What gave Lyndon Johnson the authority to escalate U.S. involvement in Vietnam?

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

What was the agreement that gave California, New Mexico, and Arizona to the U.S.?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

What treaty did the U.S. fail to ratify at the end of WWI?

Treaty of Versailles

Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty

Treaty signed in 1819 between the U.S. and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and agreed to a southern border of the U.S. west extending all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

What tragic event resulted in worker safety laws?

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Truman's Loyalty Program

Truman tested for communist alliances within government; government employees prohibited from taking part in remotely-communist activities

What term refers to attempts by the government to regulate monopolies?

Trustbusting

What criticism was made of LBJ's Great Society and escalation of the Vietnam War?

U.S. could not afford both

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

U.S. felt it was its duty to "watch out" for the interests of other countries in the Western hemisphere; provided justification for invasions of Latin America.

George Kennan

US ambassador to Russia, notified Truman of Soviet ambitions to expand empire and overthrow other political forces; established concern for Soviet policy in Eastern Europe, Germany, and the Middle East

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)

The interests of the community are more important than the interests of business; the supremacy of society's interest over private interest.

Missouri Compromise

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Marshall Plan

The large-scale economic program, 1947-1951,of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe. The initiative was named after Secretary of State George Marshall and was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan. Marshall spoke of urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947.

Yorktown

The last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington.

Ida B. Wells

The lynching of blacks outraged this American journalist. In her newspaper, she urged African Americans to protest the lynchings. She called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores, and she advocated weapons in the household. She spoke out despite threats to her life.

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation where they designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

Stock Market Crash

The most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout. The crash signaled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all the Western industrialized countries and that did not end in the United States until the onset of American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941.

Gettysburg

The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.

Italian Campaign

The name of Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe. Joint Allied Forces Headquarters AFHQ was operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the Mediterranean theatre, and it planned and commanded the invasion of Sicily and the campaign on the Italian mainland until the surrender of German forces in Italy in May 1945.

Voice of America

The official external radio and television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. Its oversight entity is the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on radio, TV and the Internet around the world in forty-four languages, promoting a positive view of the United States. Its day-to-day operations are supported by the International Broadcasting Bureau

Plessy v Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

What Amendment was the result of almost 100 years of efforts to ban alcohol?

18th Amendment (Prohibition)

Schenck v United States

1919, Limited free speech if the U.S. is in "clear and present danger"

Fordney-McCumber Tariff and Smoot-Hawley Tariff

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Smith Act

1940 is a United States federal statute that set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government and required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. Within four months, 4,741,971 aliens had registered.

Brown v Board of Education

1954, Separate is not equal, no more segregated schools

What tumultuous year was marked by assacsinations, riots, and controversy?

1968

Roe v Wade

1973, Abortion is legal in the 1st trimester, states can regulate it in the 2nd and states can forbid it in the 3rd

What amendment gave women the right to vote?

19th Amendment

March on Washington, "I have a dream"

25,000 people (including whites) convened for political rally, MLK's speech to historical event; attempted to push civil rights bill through Congress

Relief, Recovery, & Reform

3 R's - Immediate action taken to halt the economies deterioration. "Pump - Priming" Temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand. Permanent programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disasters.

Where was the line that divided free states from slave states after 1820?

36 30

What was an important Polk campaign slogan?

54 40 or Fight

James Monroe

5th President of the U.S. 1817-1825 acquired Florida from Spain; declared Monroe Doctrine to keep foreign powers out. President during the time of good feelings.

Western land problem

7 of the 13 original states had made claims to areas in the West. The "landed" states had a great advantage over the six "landless" states. It was assumed that the future sale of western lands would enrich the landed states and possibly allow them to operate without any form of taxation. The landless states feared that they would lose residents and dwindle into insignificance.

Students for a Democratic Society

A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations of the country's New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.

Stamp Act

A tax that the British Pariliament placed on all things paper sold in the American Colonies

Pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

A treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and Panama, that established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal. It was named after its two primary negotiators, Phillipe Bunau-Varilla, the French diplomatic representative of Panama, and United States Secretary of State John Hay.

New Harmony

A utopian settlement in INdiana lasting from 1825-1827. It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share their fair load of work and a lack of authority.

Suez Crisis

A war fought by Britain, France, and Israel against Egypt beginning on 29 October 1956. The attack followed the President of Egypt Gamel Abdel Nasser's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal, after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam, which was partly in response to Egypt recognizing the People's Republic of China during the height of tensions between China and Taiwan. The aims of the attack were primarily to regain Western control of the canal and precipitate the fall of Nasser from power, whose policies were viewed as potentially threatening the strategic interests of the three nations.

Zimmerman Telegram

A 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was declined by Mexico, but angered Americans and led in part to a U.S. declaration of war in April. The message came as a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on January 16, 1917, to the German ambassador in Washington, D.C., Johann von Bernstorff, at the height of World War I. On January 19, Bernstorff, per Zimmermann's request, forwarded the telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt.

Norris-LaGuardia Anti-injunction Act

A 1932 United States federal law that banned yellow-dog contracts, barred federal courts from issuing injunctions against nonviolent labor disputes, and creating a positive right of noninterference by employers against workers joining trade unions. The common title followed from the names of the sponsors of the legislation: Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska and Representative Fiorello H. La Guardia of New York, both Republicans.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

Adkins v Children's Hospital

A Supreme Court opinion in 1923 holding that federal minimum wage legislation for women was an unconstitutional infringement of liberty of contract, as protected by the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment.

McCarran Internal Security Act

A United States federal law of the Second Red Scare era. It required the registration of Communist organizations with the United States Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," fascist or communist. Members of these groups could not become citizens, and in some cases, were prevented from entering or leaving the country. Citizen-members could be denaturalized in five years.

Espionage Act of 1917

A United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment. In 1919, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Schenck v. United States that the act did not violate the freedom of speech of those convicted under its provisions.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

A United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. It also required that railroads publicize shipping rates and prohibited short haul/long haul fare discrimination, a form of price discrimination against smaller markets, particularly farmers.

Mann Act

A United States law which in its original form prohibited white slavery and the interstate transport of females for "immoral purposes". Its primary stated intent was to address prostitution, immorality, and human trafficking. While its ambiguous immorality language allowed selective prosecutions for many years, it was later amended by Congress to apply only to transport for the purpose of prostitution or illegal sexual acts.

Saratoga

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Niagara Group

A call for opposition to racial segregation and disenfranchisement as well as policies of accommodation and conciliation promoted by African American leaders such as Booker T. Washington.

Freedom Summer

A campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which up to that time had almost totally excluded black voters. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools and Freedom Houses in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population. Opposed by the NAACP and SCLC.

Automobiles

A wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor.

"Talented tenth"

According to W. E. B. DuBois, they were the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks

What was the first law that allowed for religious freedom in the colonies?

Act of Toleration (Christians only)

Cuban Missile Crisis

A confrontation among the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War. In September 1962, after some unsuccessful operations by the U.S. to overthrow the Cuban regime, the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles with the ability to strike most of the continental United States.

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Rosie the Riveter

A cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories during World War II, many of whom worked in the manufacturing plants that produced munitions and war supplies. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who were in the military. The character is considered a feminist icon in the U.S.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced.

Causes of the Great Depression

A deflation in asset and commodity prices, dramatic drops in demand and credit, and disruption of trade, ultimately resulting in widespread unemployment and hence poverty. However, historians lack consensus in describing the causal relationship between various events and the role of government economic policy in causing or ameliorating the Depression.

John Slidell

A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico

Ballinger-Pinchot controversy

A dispute between U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger that contributed to the split of the Republican Party before the 1912 Presidential Election and helped to define the U.S. conservation movement in the early 20th century.

Tecumseh

A famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

Panic of 1907

A financial crisis that occurred in the United States when the New York Stock Exchange fell close to 50% from its peak the previous year. Panic occurred, as this was during a time of economic recession, and there were numerous runs on banks and trust companies.

Big Bill Haywood

A founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America.

Roe v. Wade

A landmark controversial decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion. The Court decided that a right to privacy under the due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests for regulating abortions: protecting prenatal life and protecting the mother's health. Saying that these state interests become stronger over the course of a pregnancy, the Court resolved this balancing test by tying state regulation of abortion to the mother's current trimester of pregnancy.

Muller v. Oregon

A landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health. Curt Muller, the owner of a laundry business, was convicted of violating Oregon labor laws by making a female employee work more than ten hours in a single day. Muller was fined $10. Muller appealed to the Oregon Supreme Court and then to the U.S. Supreme Court, both of which upheld the constitutionality of the labor law and affirmed his conviction.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

A landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S.

March on Washington

A large political rally in support of civil and economic rights for African Americans that took place in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march.

Watts Riot

A large-scale riot which lasted 6 days in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, in August 1965. By the time the riot subsided, 34 people had been killed, 1,032 injured, and 3,438 arrested. It would stand as the most severe riot in Los Angeles history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992. The riot is viewed by some as a reaction to the record of police brutality by the LAPD and other racial injustices suffered by black Americans in Los Angeles, including job and housing discrimination.

Judiciary Act of 1801

A law that increased the number of federal judges to 16

Emiliano Zapata

A leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, which broke out in 1910, and which was initially directed against the president Porfirio Díaz. He formed and commanded an important revolutionary force, the Liberation Army of the South, during the Mexican Revolution. Followers of Zapata were known as Zapatistas.

Betty Friedan

A leading figure in the Women's Movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the "second wave" of American feminism in the twentieth century. In 1966, Friedan founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women, which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men".

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Black lists

A list or register of entities who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Liberty Party

A minor political party in the United States originating in the 1840s. The party was an early advocate of the abolitionist cause. It broke away from the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) to advocate the view that the Constitution was an anti-slavery document. The party included abolitionists who were willing to work within electoral politics to try to influence people to support their goals.

V-J Day

A name chosen for the day on which the Surrender of Japan occurred, effectively ending World War II, and subsequent anniversaries of that event. The term has been applied to both the day on which the initial announcement of Japan's surrender was made in the afternoon of August 15, 1945, in Japan, and because of time zone differences, to August 14, 1945 in the West.

Interstate Highway System

A network of limited-access roadways (also called freeways or expressways) in the United States. It is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation. As of 2006, the system has a total length of 46,876 miles.

Nominating conventions

A new way of choosing candidates. Each state would send delegates to choose the party's candidate, allowing common people to become more involved with the selection of the candidate and the election itself.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;

Halfway Covenant

A partial church membership led by Solomon Stoddard who believed people were drifting away from the original beliefs.

Factionalism

A party or group (as within a government) that is often contentious or self- seeking (clique); party spirit especially when marked by dissension

National (Cumberland) Road

A paved highway and major route to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois, begun in 1811 and finished in the 1850's and was paid for using federal and state money

Farming Frontier

A period of time in which hundreds of thousands of citizens moved west and began to farm the frontier, very much due to the Homestead Act of 1862, which offered 160 acres of free public land to any family that settled there for a period of 5 years.

Moral Diplomacy

A policy put in place during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. The president hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, only supporting Latin American governments that were democratic or otherwise supported United States interests. By refusing to support non-democratic countries, he hoped to hurt them economically and thus force them into submission.

Free Soil Party

A political party formed in 1847-1848 dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and the ceded Mexican territory.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Young Plan

A program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930. After the Dawes Plan was put into operation (1924), it became apparent that Germany could not meet the huge annual payments, especially over an indefinite period of time. The Young Plan reduced further payments to $8 billion in 1929 over a period of 59 years (1988). In addition, the Young Plan divided the annual payment, US $473 million, into two components, one unconditional part equal to one third of the sum and a postponable part for the remaining two-thirds.

Henry Ford

A prominent American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "Fordism": mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents.

A. Philip Randolph

A prominent twentieth-century African-American civil rights leader and the founder of both the March on Washington Movement and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a landmark for labor and particularly for African-American labor organizing. He was one of several Black atheists involved in the civil rights movement.

Sussex Pledge

A promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States prior to the latter's entry into the war. Early in 1916, Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, allowing armed merchant ships - but not passenger ships - to be torpedoed without warning. Despite this avowed restriction, a French cross-channel passenger ferry, the Sussex, was torpedoed without warning on March 24, 1916; the ship was severely damaged and about 50 lives were lost.

Black Nationalism/Black Power

A racial definition (or redefinition) of indigenous national identity, as opposed to multiculturalism. There are different indigenous nationalist philosophies but the principles of all African nationalist ideologies are unity, and self-determination or independence from European society.

Radio (KDKA)

A radio station licensed to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Created by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation on November 2, 1920, it has claimed to be the world's first commercially licensed radio station, a distinction that has also been challenged by other stations.

Pan American Union

A regional international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the thirty-five independent states of the American Continent, although Honduras was suspended.

Separatists

A religious group parted from the larger people.

Gag Rule

A rule that limits or forbids the raising, consideration or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative or decision-making body. The term originated in the mid-1830s when the U.S. House of Representatives barred discussion or referral to committee of antislavery petitions. Such rules are often criticized because they abridge freedom of speech, which is normally given extremely high value when exercised by members of legislative or decision-making bodies

Antifederalist Papers

A series of essays opposing the Constitution.

Coercive (Intolerable Acts)

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Florence Kelley

A social and political reformer from Philadelphia. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights is widely regarded today.

Camp David Accords

(peace btw Egypt and Israel) followed years of tension, Israel would leave newly acquired lands from war, Egypt would respect Israel's other land claims; accords not completely followed, Sadat (Egypt) assassinated

Anthracite coal strike

A strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to all major cities. President Theodore Roosevelt became involved and set up a fact-finding commission that suspended the strike.

What was the period called right after FDR was inaugurated?

100 Days Congress

Bison extermination

...

Kansas Constitutional Crisis

...

What Amendment allowed for the direct election of Senators by voters?

17th Amendment

Marbury v Madison

1803, Established the principle of Judicial Review, which is the power of the court to override the acts of an executive.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Dartmouth v Woodward

1816- A Supreme Court case, under John Marshall. The state of New Hampshire tried to turn private university Dartmouth into a public school. The Supreme Court decided that Dartmouth's charter was a contract between private parties, and could not be interfered with by the government.

McCulloch v Maryland

1819, A state cannot tax a federal agency

Gibbons v Ogden

1824, A state cannot regulate interstate commerce

Maysville Road Veto

1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

Sitting Bull

1834-1890, a Hunkpapa Sioux medicine man and chief, was the political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre and during the Sioux War of 1875-1876.

When was Texas annexed into the U.S.?

1845

Dred Scott v Sanford

1857, African Americans are not citizens and the MO Compromise was unconstitutional

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Pacific Railway Act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

Wade Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

George Washington

American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule

Rosenberg Case

American communists who were executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war. The charges related to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. This was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history.

Battle of Saratoga

American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Isolationism in 1920s & 1930s

Americans concerned with economic depression; sought to avoid European involvement, no apparent immediate threats

Consumerism

Americans could now spend what they had been told to save during the war (disposable income); increased purchasing of luxury items

Alliance for Progress (Marshall Plan of Latin America)

Americans feared Soviet infiltration into Latin America, placed secret police and military forces to prevent it

Okies" and "Arkies"

Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl

Kerner Commission

An 11-member commission established by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States and to provide recommendations for the future.

Sedition Act of 1918

An Act of the United States Congress signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 16, 1918. It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. The act also allowed the Postmaster General to refuse to deliver mail that met those same standards for punishable speech or opinion. It applied only to times "when the United States is in war". It was repealed on December 13, 1920.

Robert M. LaFollette

An American Republican (and later a Progressive) politician. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, was the Governor of Wisconsin, and was also a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin (1906 to 1925). He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924, carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular vote.

George Kennan

An American adviser, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Lincoln Steffen

An American journalist, lecturer, and political philosopher, and one of the most famous practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking.

Henry Cabot Lodge

An American statesman, a Republican politician, and a noted historian from Massachusetts. While the title was not official, he is considered to be one of the first Senate Majority leaders and was the first Senate Republican Leader, while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference. He is best known for his positions on foreign policy, especially his battle with President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles, which the United States Senate never ratified.

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

Naturalization Act of 1802

An act that was enacted by the Jeffersonians which reduced the unreasonable requirement of 14 years of residence for citizenship to the previous 5 year requirement.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

An act, sponsored by United States Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, and signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels.

Commodore Dewey

An admiral of the United States Navy. He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He was also the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of Admiral of the Navy, the most senior rank in the United States Navy.

Food Administration

An agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, medications, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics

Munich Conference

An agreement permitting the Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland were areas along Czech borders, mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Nazi Germany. The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of territorial demands made by Adolf Hitler. The agreement was signed by Nazi Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy without the presence of Czechoslovakia.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

An anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel, "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War", according to Will Kaufman.

SC Exposition and Protest

An essay that had the idea that states had the right to nullify laws because the federal government gets power from the state- it avoids majority rule

Cult of Domesticity/True Womanhood

An ideal that defines what it means to be a woman according to one's capacity for piety, purity, and domesticity. It is a gender convention most strongly associated with white, middle-class women. Historians date its origins at least as far back as the 19th century but it continues to be relevant to current notions of femininity.

Northern Securities Co.

An important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt, one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.

Federal Trade Commission

An independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of what regulators perceive to be harmfully anti-competitive business practices, such as coercive monopoly. Woodrow Wilson's act against trusts.

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Sacco-Vanzetti trial

Anarchists who were convicted of murdering two men during a 1920 armed robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts. After a controversial trial and a series of appeals, the two Italian immigrants were executed on August 23, 1927.

What was the first constitution of the United States?

Articles of Confederation

Election of 1800

Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie

How was California impacted by the Compromise of 1850?

Admitted as a free state

Indentured Servants

Africans that were captured by the Portuguese to work in the tobacco fields.

What famous speech did Sojourner Truth give about slavery and gender?

Ain't I A Woman

Teapot Dome scandal

Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming

Who led the Federalist Party?

Alexander Hamilton

What government official was convicted of perjury during the Red Scare?

Alger Hiss

What group promoted isolationism in the 1930s?

America First

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

What was the name of the group that wanted to send slaves to Liberia?

American Colonization Society

What union made up of skilled workers became the most successful union?

American Federation of Labor

What conservative organization criticized the New Deal as undermining capitalism?

American Liberty League

Thomas Paine & Common Sense

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

U-2 Incident

American U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR (Ike: "for national security); US suspended further flights, Krushchev demanded apology (refused)

First Continental Congress

Delagates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence.

How did the Constitution handle the issue of slavery?

Delayed any action 20 years on the slave trade

Tammany Hall

Democratic political machine in NYC, "supported" immigrants and poor people of the city, who were needed for Democratic election victories

What political party was centered in the South and mainly supported by farmers?

Democratic-Republican Party

Which party supported a strict interpretation of the Constitution?

Democratic-Republican Party

What executive order did Truman give that angered Southern Democrats?

Desegregation of the military

Wilmot Proviso

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. It became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

New Manifest Destiny (reasons)

Done to acquire more land for farming and agrarian economics. The new imperialism was based on the need to increase American industry. One way that imperialism was an answer was that it helped America obtain more natural resources for more production. Foreign trade was becoming increasingly important to the United States' economy, so the search for new markets was an important economic factor of imperialism.

What military general did Truman fire?

Douglas MacArthur

Lusitania

During World War I as Germany waged submarine warfare against Britain, the ship was identified and torpedoed by a German U-boat U-20 on 7 May 1915 and sank in eighteen minutes. It went down eleven miles (19 km) off the Old Head of Kinsale, Ireland, killing 1,198 of the 1,959 people aboard. The sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany, contributed to the American entry into World War I and became an iconic symbol in recruiting campaigns of why the war was being fought

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

State constitutions

During the war, most states had their own const. to spell out the rights of citizens and set limits on the gvns. power.

What environmental disaster resulted in the migration of "Okies"?

Dust Bowl

East India Co.

Dutch tea company that helped overseas expansion, traded with Africa and India

What was the main effect of the Embargo Act?

Economic depression

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Citizen Genet

Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine

"Dynamic Conservatism"

Eisenhower preached a doctrine of dynamic conservatism. He continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. His cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber."

Non-conformity

Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Beatniks — rebelled against conservative conformity of the rest of the country (esp. targeted youth)

What changed the focus of the Civil War from reuniting the Union to ending slavery?

Emancipation Proclamation

Headright

Encouraged wealthy individuals to pay for people to move to America. In return they had to work for them until the contract was up.

Peace of Paris (1763)

Ended the Seven Year's War, France had to abandon all claim to North America; Great Britain received Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, Spain got back the Philippine Islands and Cuba, but had to cede East and West Florida to England

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

What proposed constitutional amendment focused on equality for women?

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

What was the period of the 1830s known as?

Era of the Common Man

What technological advance allowed New York City to be connected to the Great Lakes?

Erie Canal

Jamestown

Established city in one of the first colonies named after King James I.

Bureau of Corporations

Established during Theodore Roosevelt's first administration, the Bureau of Corporations was granted the power to investigate unfair business practices.

Standard Oil

Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation led by Rockefeller

"City on a Hill"

Everyone would be watching their move and God will know so they must act according to God's will.

First American strategy in WWII

FDR and Churchill agreed to defeat Germany first rather than concentrate on Japan

New Deal

FDR's plan (although vague during the campaign) to restart the economy and pull America out of the Great Depression

What is the main idea of Federalist #10?

Factions will limit the power of government

Frederick Douglas

Famous black abolitionist that escaped from slavery who would later right a narrative of his own life that described his life. He promoted the abolitionist cause and drew the line where evil must be denounced.

Critics of FDR

Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long ("share our wealth"), Francis Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)

Henry Barnard

Father of American High School. Similar to Horace Mann but only considered with High School.

Which party supported a loose interpretation (implied powers) of the Constitution?

Federalist Party

Samuel Chase

Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate

What political party died off after the Hartford Convention?

Federalist party

What group supported the ratification of the Constitution?

Federalists

American Federation of Labor

Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor

How did FDR communicate with the American people?

Fireside chats

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Natty Bumpo

First Literary Hero

Lord Baltimore (George & Cecilius Calvert)

First proprietor of the Maryland colony. Believed in the separation of church and state

What were the young, single women who rebelled against traditional gender roles of the 1920s called?

Flappers

Webster Ashburton Treaty

Following the Aroostook War, in 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundary disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Stagflation

Ford's and Carter's presidencies experienced a recession and inflation simultaneously, solved by Keynesian economics

Compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act, banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

Elijah Lovejoy

Former Presbyterian minister; established a reform paper: St. Louis Observer; moved to Alton, IL. (Alton Observer); against slavery and injustices inflicted against blacks; is a martyr for the anti-slavery movement for he was killed by a mob in 1835.

Election of 1892

Former President Grover Cleveland ran for re-election against the incumbent President Benjamin Harrison also running for re-election. Cleveland defeated Harrison, thus becoming the only person in US history to be elected to a second, non-consecutive presidential term. The campaign centered mainly on the issue of a sound currency. The new Populist Party, formed by groups from the Grange, the Farmers' Alliances, and the Knights of Labor, polled more than a million votes.

Samuel Adams

Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Haymarket Square

At this location, in May of 1886, a series of events took place that resulted in four dead laborers and a bomb is thrown at the police and one dies then they start firing and six more die. After this, the Knights of Labor were no longer because they were considered to be involved with anarchy. Four are convicted and three are executed.

What agreement between FDR and Churchill created an alliance between the U.S. and Britain?

Atlantic Charter

Star Spangled Banner

Francis Scott Key observed the battle of Fort Mchenry and wrote his thoughts down in a poem.

What leading abolitionist was an escaped slave and newspaper publisher?

Frederick Douglass

What two warnings did Washington give in his Farewell Address?

Avoid political parties and permanent alliances with other countries

What event led to the end of indentured servitude?

Bacon's Rebellion

What was the first action FDR took to help the economy?

Bank holiday

Panic of 1819

Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly

What individual was known for opposing the encomienda system?

Bartolome de las Casas

Hearst vs. Pulitzer

Basis of yellow journalism.

French and Indian War

French threat at the borders was no longer present, therefore the colonies didn't need English protection; more independent stand against Britain

What idea claimed that the west was a "safety valve" where people could start fresh regardless of class?

Frontier Thesis

What law paid for veterans to go to college?

GI Bill/Serviceman's Readjustment Act

How did political machines help many immigrants?

Gave them jobs and money

Zachary Taylor

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but was defeated.

Worcester v. Georgia

Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes

What was the failed invasion of Cuba?

Bay of Pigs

George III

Became King of England in 1760, and reigned during the American Revolution.

Power of the Purse

Because they were wealthy they had power...

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Germany announced that it would sink all (including American) ships, attempt to involve U.S. in war

What Supreme Court case required that the accused have access to a lawyer?

Gideon v. Wainwright

What was the period of the late 1800s known as?

Gilded Age

What protest was led by World War I veterans seeking $1,000 in promised bonus money?

Bonus Army

What states was Lincoln careful to avoid offending with the Emancipation Proclamation?

Border states

Political machines were most identified with what individual?

Boss Tweed

James, Duke of York (James II)

Britain's political and religious leaders opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch.

Impressment

British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain

General John Burgoyne

British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)

Lord Cornwallis

British general whose campaigns in the south led to his defeat at Yorktown

Burning of Washington DC

British had ended their war with France and turned attention to the US. 4000 troops descended on Washington with little resistance and burned the Capital and White House to the ground because America burned their capital down in York.

Lusitania

British passenger liner secretly carrying ammunition sunk by German u-boat, included American passengers

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

Harpers Ferry (1859)

Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and became martyr in the North

What Supreme Court case outlawed segregation in schools?

Brown v. Board of Education

What Supreme Court decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson?

Brown v. Board of Education

Fall of Soviet Union (1991)

Gorbachev decreased nuclear arsenals, Communist Party lost power, Boris Yeltsin (president of Russian Republic) led Muscovites to take control

Thomas Hutchinson

Governor of Boston who ordered cargo of tea to be unloaded in Boston despite colonial objection

William Henry Harrison

Governor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the Battle of Tippecanoe

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

How did Theodore Roosevelt show U.S. naval power?

Great White Fleet around the world cruise

Committee of Correspondence

Group of colonists who wrote letters and pamphlets reporting on British actions

Who made the first solo trans-Atlantic flight?

Charles Lindbergh

"Trail of Tears"

Cherokee tribe forced to move from southern Appalachians to reservations in current-day Oklahoma, high death toll

What was the first law to target the immigration of a particular group?

Chinese Exclusion Act

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons)

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT.

What landmark law banned employment discrimination based on race?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Harvard College

College founded by the Puritans in 1636

What political idea did the U.S. fear in the after WWI and in the 1920s?

Communism

Wha event started the Civil War?

Confederate attack on Fort Sumter

What platform did Republicans use to win their victory in 1994?

Contract with America

What term described the dress, music, and lifestyle of young liberals of the 1960s?

Counterculture

How did FDR respond to the Supreme Court declaring the NRA and AAA unconstitutional?

Court packing plan

Coxey's Army

Coxey and unemployed followers marched on Washington for support in unemployment relief by inflationary public works program

What political scandal during the Grant administration was about railroads bribing congressmen?

Credit Mobilier

What idea resulted in the creation of "separate sphere" for men and women?

Cult of domesticity

What military operation was led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower?

D-Day

The Alabama claims

Damage claims by the United States against Great Britain based on the violation of neutrality by Great Britain by selling ships to the Confederacy.

Scopes Trial

Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty

What law encouraged the "civilization" of Native Americans?

Dawes Act

What document called for women's rights in 1848?

Declaration of Sentiments

Report on Manufactures (tariffs)

Hamilton praised efficient factories with few managers over many workers, promote emigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology

What was the flowering of African American literature, music, and art of the 1920s called?

Harlem Renaissance

Who was the most famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad?

Harriet Tubman

What President decided to use atomic weapons?

Harry Truman

What event resulted in the Americans believing that unions were violent and radical?

Haymarket bombing

John Quincy Adams

He served as Secretary of State under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. Sixth president of the United States. He was in favor of funding national research and he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. During his presidency the National Republicans were formed in support of him.

Henry Frick

He was Carnegie's supplier of coke to fuel his steel mills as well as his right hand man. He was very anti-union. He was in charge of the mills when the Homestead Strike occurred. His decision to use strike breakers ignited the riot, and helped stain the image of unions.

Charles W. Sheldon

He was an American minister in the Congregational churches and leader of the Social Gospel movement. His novel, In His Steps, introduced the principle of "What Would Jesus Do?" which articulated an approach to Christian theology that became popular at the turn of the 20th Century.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

Andrew Johnson

He was from Tennessee, and as VP when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be put up for impeachment, but he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Matthew Lyon

He was the first person to be put to trial for violating the acts on charges of criticizing Federalist president John Adams and disagreeing with Adams' decision to go to war against France. Lyon was sentenced to four months in jail and ordered to pay a $1,000 fine and court costs. While in jail, Lyon won election to the Sixth Congress. In the election of 1800 Matthew Lyon cast the deciding vote for Jefferson after the election went to the House of Representatives because of an electoral tie.

Sir Walter Raleigh

He was the first to attempt to sponsor a colony in 1585 but failed.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

Salem Witchcraft

Hearing in 1692 involving many women who were believed to worship the devil.

Casablanca Conference

Held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, then a French protectorate, from January 14 to 24, 1943, to plan the European strategy of the Allies during World War II. Present were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and many French representatives to file reports for the French. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had also been invited but declined to attend in light of the ongoing conflict at Stalingrad. General Charles de Gaulle had initially refused to come but changed his mind when Churchill threatened to recognize Henri Giraud as head of the Free French Forces in his place. Giraud was also present at Casablanca, and there was notable tension between the two men during the talks.

Henry Clay and the American System

Henry Clay aimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)

What abolitionist and transcendentalist was known for writing On Civil Disobedience?

Henry David Thoreau

What steel industry strike resulted in a major failure for steel workers?

Homestead strike

What were the shantytowns where homeless people gathered during the Great Depression called?

Hoovervilles

What is the term for buying up or bankrupting your competitors?

Horizontal integration

What book exposed the poor living conditions in the cities of the late 1800s?

How the Other Half Lives

Invasion of Mexico, Pancho Villa

Huerta's enemy, reluctantly supported by U.S.; U.S. sought Villa's submission due to terrorism, eventually assassinated; Wilson's policy highly unpopular

What agreement did Reagan and Gorbachev negotiate that eliminated some nuclear missiles?

INF Treaty

Specie Circular

It was issued by President Jackson on July 11, 1836 and was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

It was signed on November 18, 1901 by The United States and the United Kingdom. The Treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control a canal across the Central American isthmus to connect the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. In the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, both nations had renounced building such a canal under the sole control of one nation.

Bank War

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew government money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Who was the leader of the Christian evangelical group known as the Moral Majority?

Jerry Fallwell

Election of 1796

John Adams became President because he had the most electoral votes. Thomas Jefferson became Vice President because he had the second most electoral votes. A problem from this situation was they belonged to different political parties, so political tensions were strong in the Executive Branch.

Harper's Ferry Raid

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. Brown's raid was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass to join him when he attacked the armory, but illness prevented Tubman from joining him and Douglass believed his plan would fail and did not join him for that reason.

What president said "ask not what your country can do for you"?

John F. Kennedy

Who was the last remaining Federalist in government?

John Marshall

Marbury v. Madison

John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional

John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community

John Noyes, New York; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage

Who developed the agricultural use of tobacco in Virginia?

John Rolfe

Who was known for his "City upon a hill" sermon?

John Winthrop

What preacher was most associated with the Great Awakening?

Jonathan Edwards

What senator was the main accuser during the Red Scare?

Joseph McCarthy

General Court

Judicial branch of colonial society.

What principle did Marbury v. Madison establish?

Judicial review

Court Packing

Judiciary Reorganization Bill; FDR's attempt to put in extra judges who would support him without doubt

Pure Food and Drug Act

June 30, 1906 is a United States federal law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines.

Long Telegram

Kennan described dealing with Soviet Communism as "undoubtedly greatest task our diplomacy has ever faced and probably greatest it will ever have to face". In the first two sections, he posited concepts that became the foundation of American Cold War policy: The USSR perceived itself at perpetual war with capitalism; The USSR viewed systems of socialism and social democracy as incompatible; The USSR would use controllable Marxists in the capitalist world as allies; Soviet aggression was fundamentally not aligned with the views of the Russian people or with economic reality, but in historic Russian xenophobia and paranoia; The Soviet government's structure prohibited objective or accurate pictures of internal and external reality.

Election of 1960

Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy (due to televised charisma) won over Nixon (pale and nervous)

Kent State Protest

Kent State University students protesting against invasion of Cambodia, not allowed to demonstrate, violence (murder) caused by guardsmen

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

18th Century Wars

King Philips war (1675-76), War of the League (ends 1697), War of Spanish Succession (1702, 1713) 7 years war (1756-1763)/ French and Indian war (1755-1760). most of the wars were between France and everyone else

March on Birmingham

King hosted myriad nonviolent protesting activities to fill jail with protestors, Bill Connor (police commissioner) began violent resistance to protestors

Why did Britain begin directly taxing the colonies?

King needed money to pay off debts from French and Indian War

What union ended up losing membership as a result of the Haymarket bombing?

Knights of Labor

Terence V. Powderly

Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)

What political party was most associated with nativism?

Know-Nothing Party

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Known as the Fair Housing Act and was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and as of 1974, gender; as of 1988, the act protects the disabled and families with children. It also provided protection for civil rights workers.

What war ended in a stalemate?

Korean War

What Supreme Court case allowed the internment of Japanese Americans?

Korematsu v. U.S.

What group was responsible for violent intimidation of African Americans?

Ku Klux Klan

"Great Society"

LBJ's flood of proposals to Congress for the beautification and amelioration of American society (War on Poverty, Medicare, public education spending, public television (PBS), National Endowments for the Humanities and Arts (NEH, NEA))

Knights of Labor

Labor union founded in 1869, that grew out of the collapse of the National Labor Union and was replaced by AF of L after a number of botched strikes

What economic philosophy encouraged government to not get involved in the economy?

Laissez-faire

What law allowed the U.S. to supply Great Britain before WWII?

Lend Lease Act

What was the first battle of the Revolutionary War?

Lexington/Concord

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Who was escorted to school by the National Guard in Arkansas?

Little Rock Nine

Town Meeting

Local legislature that approved budgets and laws.

What controversial civil rights leader began as a critic of Martin Luther King, Jr.?

Malcolm X

What was the name of the plan to develop the atomic bomb?

Manhattan Project

What black industrialist led the "back to Africa" and black nationalist movement of the 1920s?

Marcus Garvey

What was Eisenhower's foreign policy called?

Massive retaliation

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

May 19, 1921, restricted immigration into the United States. Although intended as temporary legislation, the Act "proved in the long run the most important turning-point in American immigration policy" because it added 2 new features to American immigration law: numerical limits on immigration from Europe and the use of a quota system for establishing those limits.

U.S. Navy, Marine Corps

Means of protection

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightened credit, affected West the most)

What event first brought Martin Luther King, Jr. to prominence?

Montgomery Bus Boycott

What term describes Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy?

Moral Diplomacy

What idea did the 2nd Great Awakening stress?

Morality

How did the Great Awakening affect RELIGION in the colonies?

More denominations, more emotional preaching

What is one way Mexican Americans were affected by the Great Depression?

More than 400,000 were deported

What term was used to described journalists who exposed problems in early 1900s society?

Muckrakers

Tet Offensive (1968)

NLF attacked numerous South Vietnamese cities and American embassies, eventually repulsed; spoiled LBJ's record to reelection, resulted in massive protests in US to end the war; atrocities such that war could only end in stalemate

What document advised an increase in military spending?

NSC-68

"He kept us out of war!"

Narrowly re-elected in 1916, Wilson's second term centered on World War I. He based his re-election campaign around the slogan "he kept us out of war", but U.S. neutrality was challenged in early 1917 when the German government proposed to Mexico a military alliance in a war against the U.S., and began unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking, without warning, every American merchant ship its submarines could find. In April 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war.

Who led the most successful slave revolt?

Nat Turner

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to work for racial equality.

What ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?

Natural rights (Enlightenment ideas)

What British laws enforced the mercantile system in the colonies?

Navigation Acts

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." His concept of "sea power" was based on the idea that the most powerful navy will control the globe

Scabs

Negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers.

Settlement Houses

Neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities.

What was Washington's position on getting involved in wars between England and France?

Neutrality (Proclamation)

What previous presidential agenda was similar to the Great Society?

New Deal

What part of the country did factories develop?

New England

Which area focused on industries like shipbuilding and was populate by families in towns?

New England

Which area was settled primarily to escaper religious persecution?

New England

Essex Junto

New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. They were a group of extreme Federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated New England's secession from the U.S.

The Half-Way Covenant

New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

New Lights vs. Old Lights

New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other

Little Rock Crisis (1957)

Ike forced to send National Guard to escort black children to school to quell riots and resistance (first time since Reconstruction that troops used in the south to enforce Constitution); resistance by white community (private schools)

Thomas R. Dew

In 1832 he published a review of the celebrated slavery debate of 1831-32 in the Virginia General Assembly, under the title An Essay in Favor of Slavery, which went far towards putting a stop to a movement, then assuming considerable proportions, to proclaim the end of slavery in Virginia.

Samuel Gridley Howe

In 1832, he became the first director of the New England Institution for the Education of the Blind (now Perkins School for the Blind), the first such institution in the United States. Howe directed the school for the rest of his life

Buchanan Pakenham Treaty

In 1846, they negotiated the dispute of the Oregon boundaries, stemming from the Treaty of 1818 in which both U.S. and British settlers were granted free navigation of the territory.

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisoners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

New York City Draft Riot

In 1863, Irish killed Blacks because they feared for their jobs; tried to prove they were better than Blacks and burned Draft buildings.

Meat Inspection Act

In 1906, it required the United States Department of Agriculture to inspect all cattle, sheep, goats, and horses when slaughtered and processed into products for human consumption

Philadelphia Transit Strike

In 1944, it was a sickout strike by white transit workers in Philadelphia that lasted from August 1 to August 6, 1944. The strike was triggered by the decision of the Philadelphia Transportation Company (PTC), made under prolonged pressure from the federal government in view of significant labor shortages, to allow black employees of the PTC to hold non-menial jobs, such as motormen and conductors, that were previously reserved for white workers only. On August 1, 1944 the eight black employees being trained as streetcar motormen were to make their first trial run; that fact was used by the white PTC workers to start a massive sickout strike.

John Hay

In August 1898, Hay was named by President McKinley as Secretary of State and helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris of 1898, which ended the Spanish-American War. Hay continued serving as Secretary of State after Theodore Roosevelt succeeded McKinley, serving until his own death in 1905. He established the open door policy in China.

Pullman strike

In Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

"Contract with America" (1994)

Newt Gingrich (Republican congressman) planned for success of Republican party in upcoming election by pledging tax cuts, congressional term limits, tougher crime laws, balanced budget amendment, popular reforms &c.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)

Nixon agreed with USSR to achieve nuclear equality rather than the superiority that threatened the destruction of the world; further reduced tensions between the two countries

Richard Nixon, Alger Hiss

Nixon led movement to Hiss's indictment; convicted of perjury, Nixon gained national prominence

New Federalism

Nixon's domestic policy; federal revenues shared with states (revenue sharing), minimum income proposed

Boston Massacre

In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared and a few colonists were killed.

Fair Deal

In September 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman addressed Congress and presented a 21 point program of domestic legislation outlining a series of proposed actions in the fields of economic development and social welfare. The proposals to Congress became more and more abundant and by 1948 a legislative program that was more comprehensive.

Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge

In this 1837 Supreme Court Case, Chief Justice Roger Taney that a state had a right to place the public's convenience over that of a private or particular company, over the presumed right of monopoly granted in a corporate charter. Thus a company that had a prior long-term contract for a toll bridge over the Charles River between Boston and Cambridge—and hence a monopoly on bridge traffic—could not prevent a second company from receiving another state contract to construct a competitive toll-free bridge. It advanced the interests of those who favored economic development.

Election of 1912

Incumbent President William Howard Taft was renominated by the Republican Party with the support of the conservative wing of the party. After former President Theodore Roosevelt failed to receive the Republican nomination, he called his own convention and created the Progressive Party (nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party").

What was the first labor system in the Chesapeake region called?

Indentured servants

Washington Conference

International conference called by the United States to limit the naval arms race and to work out security agreements in the Pacific area. Held in Washington, D.C., the conference resulted in the drafting and signing of several major and minor treaty agreements. Also known as the Five Power Treaty.

What was the first attempt by Congress to regulate business?

Interstate Commerce Act

What law did Eisenhower support that made it easier for cars to travel cross-country?

Interstate Highway Act

What major scandal resulted from illegally funding rebel groups with illegal arms sales?

Iran-Contra Affair

What group came to America as a result of the potato famine?

Irish immigrants

What strategy did the U.S. use in the Pacific during World War II?

Island hopping

What term describes those who want the U.S. to withdraw from world affairs?

Isolationists

Non-Intercourse Act

It allowed Americans to carry or trade with all nations except for Britian and France

Barbary Pirates

North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained fees from most European powers

Northern Securities Case

Northern Securities Company (JP Morgan and James G. Hill - railroads) seen by Roosevelt as "bad" trust, Supreme Court upheld his first trust-bust

Where did most Irish immigrants settle?

Northern cities

What law provided for adding new states?

Northwest Ordinance

What law, passed under the Articles, prohibited slavery in the Ohio River Valley?

Northwest Ordinance

What agency allowed the government to freeze wages and prices during WWII?

Office of Price Administration

Foraker Act

Officially the Organic Act of 1900, is a United States federal law that established civilian (limited popular) government on the island of Puerto Rico, which had been newly acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War. President William McKinley signed the act on April 12, 1900

Tippecanoe

Ohio village invaded by William Henry Harrison. Found British gunpowder in village. The Warhawks now have an excuse to declare war. War of 1812 is declared.

Assassination of the Archduke

On 28 June 1914 he was shot by one of a group of six Bosnian Serb assassins coordinated by Danilo Ilić. The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's south-Slav provinces so they could be combined into a Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia. The assassins' motives were consistent with the movement that later became known as Young Bosnia.

What Hawaiian tried to oppose U.S. annexation of Hawaii?

Queen Liliuokalani

Freedmen's Bureau

On March 4, 1865, the U.S. government created a temporary federal agency- the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands- to assist 4 million freed slaves in making the transition from slavery to freedom. The agency distributed trainloads of food and clothing provided by the federal government to freed slaves and Southern white refugees. They built hospitals for the freed slaves and gave direct medical aid to more than 1 million of them. The greatest successes of the Freedmen's Bureau were in the field of education.

Pancho Villa

One of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals. As commander of the Division of the North, he was the veritable caudillo of the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua which, given its size, mineral wealth, and proximity to the United States of America, provided him with extensive resources. Villa was also provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914.

Oregon and "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"

Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40'

The Grange

Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads

What event was a series of mass arrests and searches that targeted socialist and labor leaders as part of the Red Scare?

Palmer Raids

What engineering project supported by Theodore Roosevelt connected the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans?

Panama Canal

President Jimmy Carter

Panama Canal Treaty, diplomacy with China, end of recognition of Taiwan; little accomplished domestically due to conservative opposition, foreign policy more successful; Washington outsider, Experienced high interest rates, inflation, increased government spending, rising unemployment, decreased union membership

Who did Wilson send a military force after in Mexico?

Pancho Villa

Green backs

Paper money in the North that was first issued during the Civil War.

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

Parks arrested for refusing to give up bus seat to white man, African American leaders called for city-wide boycott of bus system (lasted almost 400 days); Supreme Court ruled segregated buses unconstitutional

Salutary Neglect

Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), Harold Icicles, provided public construction projects

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), employed young jobless men with government projects on work relief and environment

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), hydroelectric power to river valley; brought social and economic development to very poor area

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), insured deposits < $5000, reassured American public of the worth of banks

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) & National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), prevented extreme competition, labor management disputes, and over-production; federally coordinated consensus of business leaders (Hugh Johnson) to regulate businesses (wages, limits, working conditions)

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), provided more funds to state and local relief efforts

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Part of "First" New Deal Program, subsidies to farmers to decrease production and thus increase prices

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), Harry Hopkins; provide work for unemployed and construct public works, &c. through Emergency Relief Appropriation Act; much like Civil Works Administration

Fair Labor Standards Act

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), banned child labor, established minimum wage

Wagner Act / National Labor Relations Act

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics

Social Security Act of 1935 (SSA)

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), used withheld money from payrolls to provide aid to the unemployed, industrial accident victims, and young mothers; principle of government responsibility for social welfare

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed by Congress on April 9, 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

What was significant about the election of 1800?

Peaceful transfer of power between parties

Which colony was the most diverse?

Pennsylvania

What were the leaked top secret documents called that exposed the government's mistakes during the Vietnam War?

Pentagon Papers

Indentured servitude

People that were paid for to sail over and then had a contract with that person.

US acquisitions

Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam: granted to U.S. at the end of Spanish-American War; Philippines were captured after treaty, and thus not part of spoils, but kept as territory with an inevitable movement for independence; Philippines and Hawaii steps toward Asia

What woman was most critical of the Equal Rights Amendment?

Phyllis Schlafly

What part of Cuba's constitution gave the U.S. authority to intervene in Cuba?

Platt Amendment

What Supreme Court decision established the "separate but equal" doctrine?

Plessy v. Ferguson

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations.

American (Know Nothing) Party

Political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846.

Fifty-four Forty or Fight

Polk's slogan referring to the demand of Western expansionists who wanted Britain to yield all of the Oregon territory to the United States

What idea allowed for people of a territory to vote on whether or not to have slavery?

Popular Sovereignty

What proposal did Stephen Douglas have for handling the issue of slavery in the Kansas territory?

Popular Sovereignty

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Gilded Age who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

What previous group's ideas did the Progressives adopt?

Populist movement

Jacob Coxey

Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed.

What was the political group that represented the interests of western farmers?

Populists

Free silver

Populists campaigned for silver-backed money rather than gold-backed, believed to be able to relieve working conditions and exploitation of labor

Plains Indians

Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses.

Starving Times

Powhattan was upset with more colonists moving to the land so his people fought with them in attempt to starve the whites.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

President to offer military supplies to nations "vital to the defense of the US"; ended US neutrality (economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink American ships (limited scale)

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

What prevented the colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains?

Proclamation of 1763

What was the first British action to anger the colonists?

Proclamation of 1763

What was the party that Theodore Roosevelt represented in the 1912 election?

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

19th Amendment

Prohibits any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on gender. It was ratified on August 18, 1920.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into Boston harbor

Church of England

Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty

Puritans

Protestant group of extremists

Virginia (London) Co.

Responsible for governing the southern colony.

How did George Washington demonstrate federal power during the Whiskey Rebellion?

Sent troops to end the rebellion

Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie, The Financier

attacked industrial elite, called for business regulation, publisher refused works breaking with Victorian ideals

McCarthyism

attacked people for being communist by association and unsubstantiated claims, against Truman, Marshall, and Ike; downfall came with attack on the military (condemned by Senate); led hysteria of the red scare

Community on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

attacked public figures (Hollywood, New-Dealers, liberals) to root out communist spies

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

attempted to boost economy by making loans to banks and insurance companies, hoping to restart them

Harlem Renaissance

authors included Langston Hughes, McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullet — praise and expression of black culture of the time

Pinkertons

detectives hired by employers as private police force, often used to end strikes

What term described an reduction of tension in the Cold War?

detente

Detente, realpolitik

detente achieved with USSR and China by withdrawal from Vietnam; realpolitik shed the use of doctrines and policies, instead using China and USSR in alternative ways to achieve other goals (pitting China and USSR against each other, as communist nations)

Dred Scott v Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Sharecropping

System in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops.

Yellow Press

Tabloid journalists and newspapers that reported sensationalist stories with a strong emotional component.

What was the goal of the Great Society?

end poverty (War on Poverty)

What woman was expelled from Massachusetts Bay for questioning the religious leaders?

Anne Hutchinson

What was the name of the first permanent English settlement in the Americas?

Jamestown

What extremist group organized the Boston Tea Party?

Sons of Liberty

Hammer v Dagenhart (1918)

Supreme Court decision involving the power of Congress to enact child labor laws.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court legalized the "separate but equal" philosophy

Where were people migrating to after World War II?

Sun Belt

Selma to Montgomery March

Three marches in 1965 that marked the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement. They grew out of the voting rights movement in Selma, Alabama, launched by local African-Americans who formed the Dallas County Voters League (DCVL).

"Crime of '73"

Through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

Characteristics of a New England Town

Towns that are corporate entities, granted a charter by the state legislature, and have all the powers that a city in other states would typically have.

Black Panther Party

another black separatist movement; known for peaceful demonstrations, but more for police shootouts

"Red Scare" (1919)

anti-communist crusades due to fear of radicalism spurred by Bolshevik rebellion

Warren Court

desegregation (Brown v. Board of Ed), rights of the accused (Miranda v. Arizona), voting reforms (Wesberry v. Sanders, Reynolds v. Sims, Katzenbach v Morgan)

Energy Crisis, OPEC

increased already high rate of inflation by quadrupling the price of crude oil

What are three ways that Jacksonian democracy changed politics?

national campaigns, conventions, spoils system

Deportations of Mexicans

nationalists against foreign non-English speaking workers (took jobs away from American men); encouraged to leave the U.S.

What was the term that described people opposed to immigration?

nativists

Social Darwinism

natural selection applied to human competition, advocated by Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner

Panama Canal

needed to protect new Pacific acquisitions, U.S. took over the project from the French after overcoming Clatyton¬ Bulwer Treaty (prohibited exclusive control of canal) with the Hay¬ Pauncefote Treaty

Underground Railroad

network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom

"Lost Generation"

new generation of writers outside of Protestantism, resentment of ideals betrayed by society; Fitzgerald (despised materialism, Great Gatsby), Hemingway (disillusionment, war experience), Lewis (against upper class — Babbit and Mainstreet), Faulkner (stream of consciousness), T.S. Eliot

Hawaii

newest of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It occupies most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of Australia. The US tried to overthrow the monarchy in 1890s.

Judiciary Act of 1789

established federal district courts that followed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction; compromise between nationalists and advocates for states' rights

North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA (1994)

established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets

Yalta Conference (1945)

established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War

20-Negro Law

exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; "rich man's war but a poor man's fight"

Colonial strengths and weaknesses

fair amount of troops, short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles

Yeoman Farmers

family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

Japanese internment

fear of Japanese-Americans as traitors, sent off (by law) to internment camps; removal of deemed threats in military areas

"Yellow dog contracts"

fearing the rise of labor unions, corporations forced new employees to sign and promise not to be part of a union

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Malcolm X, Nation of Islam

Black Muslim worked to raise black spirits and pride (cf. Marcus Garvey); emphasized black institutions rather than mere desegregation, blacks to gain freedom at any cost

What civil rights group was the most militant?

Black Panther Party

Bay of Pigs invasion

CIA attempt to institute Cuban support to overthrow Castro; cover-up uncovered, became representation of Cuban resistance to American aggression

What position did John Marshall hold for over 30 years?

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams. He created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Congress authorized LBJ to repel and prevent aggression against US troops in Vietnam, used as a blank check (perhaps too much, caused protests)

Palmer Raids

Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism

Whigs

Conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Lecompton Constitution

Constitution supporting slavery and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

What political party gained control of both houses of Congress in 1994?

Republican party

What law created the military draft for World War I?

Selective Service Act

Conscription policies

Selective Service Act to require men to register with few exceptions; women and blacks drafted/enlisted, highly successful

Stephen Douglas

Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

How did the Constitution handle the issue of a powerful central government?

Separation of powers, checks and balances

Soviet atomic bomb

September 1949, US no longer held monopoly; two atomic powers

What war began with the explosion of the USS Maine?

Spanish-American War

Scott v. Sanford (1857, Taney)

Speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Ghost Dance

Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

What invention allowed for faster transportation on lakes and rivers?

Steamboat

What was the Embargo Act?

Stopped U.S. trade with Britain & France

Brigham Young

The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.

Fall of China

The war represented an ideological split between the Nationalist KMT, and the Communist CPC. In mainland China today, the last three years of the war (1947-1949) is more commonly known as the War of Liberation. China's fell into Communism.

Who believed that there were good trusts and bad trusts?

Theodore Roosevelt

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

John Foster Dulles

U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina and it is widely believed that he refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954.

What was the result of Nixon visiting China?

U.S. recognized the communist government of China

How did the Mexican-American war start?

U.S. troops were killed in disputed territory in Texas

Platt Amendment

U.S. would ensure that Cuba would be protected from European powers and maintain a place in Cuban affairs; provided coal and naval stations

New Frontier

Used by John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him. The phrase developed into a label for his administration's domestic and foreign programs.

Where did Mormons eventually settle?

Utah

What person was associated with dominating the railroad industry?

Vanderbilt

Characteristics of Puritan Settlers

Very religious, socially tight knit, and politically innovative culture

Cult of domesticity

Victorian standards confined women to the home to create an artistic environment as a statement of cultural aspirations

What Richard Nixon policy proposed turning more of the Vietnam War over to the South Vietnamese?

Vietnamization

Virginia (Randolph) Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

George Washington

Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Preston Brooks

Was a Congressman from South Carolina, notorious for brutally assaulting senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

John Humphrey Noyes

Was an American utopian socialist. He founded the Oneida Community in 1848

What famous speech did Frederick Douglass give about slavery?

What to the American slave is the 4th of July

National Origins Act of 1924

a United States federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890.

Landrum-Griffin Act

a United States labor law that regulates labor unions' internal affairs and their officials' relationships with employers.

Containment

a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America's security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect". A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to expand communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876)

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817

agreement between US and Britain to remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes

Farm crisis

agricultural depression as precursor to the depression; unheeded omen of problems in the economic structure (prices too low — too much supply for the demand)

Virtual Representation

all English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote

Declaratory Act

allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists' say

Cotton Gin

allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by Eli Whitney, less need for slaves

Neutrality Act, 1939

allowed sale of weaponry to democracies on "cash-and-carry" basis, avoided full-blown war; danger zones proclaimed; solved American unemployment crisis

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Clarence Darrow

an American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, best known for defending teenage thrill killers Leopold and Loeb in their trial for murdering 14-year-old Robert "Bobby" Franks (1924) and defending John T. Scopes in the Scopes Trial (1925), in which he opposed William Jennings Bryan.

Scopes Trial

an American legal case in 1925 in which a high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of violating the state's Butler Act that made it unlawful to teach evolution. Scopes was found guilty, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality and he was never brought back to trial. The trial drew intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to the small town of Dayton, to cover the big-name lawyers representing each side. William Jennings Bryan, three time presidential candidate for the Democrats, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes.

Langston Hughes

an American novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the new literary art form jazz poetry. Hughes is best-known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. He famously wrote about the period that "Harlem was in vogue".

Dr. Francis Townsend

an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan," this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

an act of the United States Congress spearheaded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. It was passed on March 9, 1933. The act allowed a plan that would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.

Erie Canal

an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo

American System

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Bombing and invasion of Cambodia

another part of Nixon's out-of-Vietnam plan, destroy supply routes to North Vietnam through Cambodia

Nativism

anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics

George Wallace, American

appealed to many conservatives, especially southerners (opposed massive protests and integration)

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

argued that states had the right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

despite CIA-sponsored Soviet resistance, Afghanistan taken by Soviet Union; ended detente between USSR and US

Watergate Scandal

despite near-guaranteed second term, campaign workers burglarized Democratic offices, cover-up unsuccessful, resigned to avoid impeachment

Bank of the United States

destroyed by Jackson on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal institution

New York City draft riots (1863)

drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned

Deregulation

drastic cutbacks in regulation of business by the federal government (banks, transportation, communications

Forced busing

due to parents unhappy with encouraged segregation of schools, Supreme Court instituted forced busing policies (using school buses as a method of integration)

Berlin Wall

due to threat of nuclear war, Soviets erected wall to separate East Berlin from West Berlin (end exodus of intellect to west); symbol of communist denial of freedom

General William Howe

during the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer.

"Affluent Society"

economic prosperity of American society following WWII; doubling of national income, jobs to women, defense industry's support of economy

"Graying of America"

economic recession (collapse of savings-and-loan industry, increasing deficit due to Reagan tax cuts, retail decreased, higher crime rate)

William Lloyd Garrison

editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery), fought for feminist movement ("Am I not a woman and a sister" picture of slave woman)

Jim Crow laws

educational and residential segregation; inferior facilities allotted to African-Americans, predominantly in South

Pendleton Civil Service Act

effectively ended spoils system and established civil service exams for all government positions, under Pres. Garfield

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

effects of pesticides on the environment; changed way Americans viewed their impact on nature

Frederick W. Taylor, Scientific Management

efficient working methods to increase productivity; usually resulted in lower wages (hated by workers), power to managers

Alexander Hamilton

pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushed creation of the National Bank (most controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party

William T. Sherman

pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, "march to the sea" (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina

Cattle Frontier

raised cows cheaply in Texas and sold them at higher prices in other areas; great profit but at the mercy of unstable markets; harsh climate and overgrazing pushed many to bankruptcy; ranch wars between farmers and open-grazing ranchers

Lunch counter sit-ins

A form of protest that involves occupying seats or sitting down on the floor of an establishment

How did Southern states try and keep African Americans in a lower position in society in the ate 1860s?

Black Codes

What was significant about the election of 1824?

"Corrupt bargain" (Jackson loses)

Hiram Revels

Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded.

Richard Nixon (R)

"Southern Strategy" lured many southern Democrats to the Republican party (esp. due to southern opposition to Civil Rights Act of 1964)

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.

James K. Polk

"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury

Spoils System

"rotation in office;" Jackson felt that one should spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those who held power too long would become corrupt and political appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy

What phrase did Wilson use to describe the reason the U.S. entered WWI?

"to make the world safe for democracy"

William H. Taft

"trustbuster" (busted twice as many as Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republican split)

King Philip's War

Conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists

Seminole War

Conflict that began in Florida in 1817 between the Seminole Indians and the US Army when the Seminoles resisted removal.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

-VP Jefferson led the opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts - him and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions -argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

10-year moratorium on Chinese immigration to reduce competition for jobs (Chinese willing to work for cheap salaries)

What were the Reconstruction amendments?

13th, 14th, and 15th

Lodge Reservations

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

What amendment created a federal income tax?

16th Amendment

When did the Great Awakening happen?

1730s and 1740s

McCulloch v Maryland

1819, Cheif Justice John Marshall limited of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state governments. One side was opposed to establish a national bank, and challenged the authority of the federal government to establish one. Supreme court ruled that power of the federal government had supremacy over the states so that states could not interfere

Force Bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Lincoln Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

United States v EC Knight

1895, Any action against manufacturing monopolies would have to be taken by the state. Sherman Anti-Trust Act did not prevent these.

Plessy v Ferguson

1896, Established "Separate but Equal"

Lochner v New York

1905, The court cannot uphold a labor law unless it is an issue of public health

Red Scare

1919-1920 was marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, as well as the effects of the American labor movement. At the war's end, following the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, American authorities saw the threat of revolution in the actions of organized labor, including such disparate cases as the Seattle General Strike and the Boston Police Strike and then in the bomb campaign directed by anarchist groups at political and business leaders. Fueled by labor unrest and the anarchist bombings, and then spurred on by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's attempt to suppress radical organizations, it was characterized by exaggerated rhetoric, illegal search and seizures, unwarranted arrests and detentions, and the deportation of several hundred suspected radicals and anarchists.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 raised American tariffs in order to protect factories and farms. Congress displayed a pro-business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe, which in turn bought more American goods.

Schechter Poultry Corp. v United States

1935, Congress cannot delegate legislative power over industry codes to the President

United States v Butler

1936, AAA is an unconstitutional use of power to tax

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

written by Calhoun, regarding tariff nullification

Korematsu v United States

1944, Executive Order #9066 is constitutional because it was a time of war

Gideon v Wainwright

1963, Due process obligates all states to apply the 6th Amendment

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Miranda v Arizona

1966, Police cannot use statements as evidence unless the speaker had been given his rights. Created a card for police officers

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President of the United States, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

What amendment repealed Prohibition?

21st Amendment

What religious movement led to an increase in social reforms?

2nd Great Awakening

Panic of 1893

8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads); due to stock market crash, overbuilding of railroads, heavy farmer loans, economic disruption by labor efforts, agricultural depression; decrease of gold reserves led to Cleveland's repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Elkins Act

A 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. It authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates. The railroad companies were not permitted to offer rebates.

"Birth of a Nation"

A 1915 American silent film based on the novel and play The Clansman, both by Thomas Dixon, Jr. It was originally released on February 8, 1915. The film was originally presented in two parts, separated by an intermission. The film chronicles the relationship of two families in Civil War and Reconstruction-era America: the pro-Union northern Stonemans and the pro-Confederacy southern Camerons over the course of several years. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth is dramatized.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

NSC-68

A 58-page formerly-classified report issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1947, during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. Written during the formative stage of the Cold War, it was top secret until the 1970s when it was made public. It was one of the most significant statements of American policy in the Cold War. NSC-68 largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years.

Emilio Aguinaldo

A Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War that resisted American occupation. He became the Philippine's first president.

Panay incident

A Japanese attack on the United States Navy gunboat USS Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside Nanking (now known as Nanjing) on December 12, 1937. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the United States flags painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized, and paid an indemnity. Nevertheless, the attack and the subsequent Allison incident in Nanking caused U.S. opinion to turn against the Japanese.

General Victoriano Huerta

A Mexican military officer and president of Mexico. Huerta's supporters were known as Huertistas during the Mexican revolution. Huerta is still vilified by modern-day Mexicans, who generally refer to him as El Chacal — "The Jackal".

Native-American Rights Movement

A Native American activist organization in the United States. In October 1973 the American Indian Movement gathered its forces from across the country onto the Trail of Broken Treaties, championing Indian unity. The national AIM agenda focused on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty.

Upton Sinclair

A Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote over 90 books in many genres. He achieved popularity in the first half of the 20th century, acquiring particular fame for his 1906 muckraking novel The Jungle. It exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Wabash v. IL

A Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Escobedo v. Illinois

A United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. The case was decided a year after the court held in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) that indigent criminal defendants had a right to be provided counsel at trial.

Schenck v United States

A United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case established the "clear and present danger" test.

Newlands Act

A United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West.

Mann-Elkins Act

A United States federal law that is among the Progressive reforms. The Act extended the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission to include communications. Supported by President William Howard Taft, it also made the long-short haul clause of the original act more effective in that it strengthened government regulation of the railroads.

Taft-Hartley Act

A United States federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions. The act, still effective, was sponsored by Senator Robert Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley, Jr. and legislated by overriding U.S. President Harry S. Truman's veto on June 23, 1947; labor leaders called it the "slave-labor bill" while President Truman argued that it was a "dangerous intrusion on free speech," and that it would "conflict with important principles of our democratic society," Nevertheless, Truman would subsequently use it twelve times during his presidency.

Federalist Papers

A series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convice readers to adopt the new constitution.

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Downes v Bidwell

A case in which the United States Supreme Court decided whether United States territories were subject to the provisions and protections of the United States Constitution. This question is sometimes stated as "does the Constitution follow the flag?". The resulting decision narrowly held that the U.S. Constitution did not necessarily apply to territories. Instead, the United States Congress had jurisdiction to create law within territories in certain circumstances, particularly dealing with revenue, that would not be allowed by the U.S. Constitution for proper states within the union. It has become known as one of the "Insular Cases".

Open Door Policy

A concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy around 1900 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in control of that country. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with Qing Dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839-1842). Although the Open Door is generally associated with China, it was recognized at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo basin.

Hoover Dam

A concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression, and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives.

Spanish American War

A conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. It ultimately ended with the Americans defeating the Spaniards. Revolts against Spanish rule had been endemic for decades in Cuba and were closely watched by Americans; there had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873. By 1897-98, American public opinion grew angrier at reports of Spanish atrocities, magnified by "yellow journalism". After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the government headed by President William McKinley, a Republican, into a war McKinley had wished to avoid.

Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916

A federal law that established twelve regional Farm Loan Banks to serve members of Farm Loan Associations. The act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. Under the act, farmers could borrow up to 50% of the value of their land and 20% of the value of their improvements. Each bank was given an initial $500,000 deposit of Federal funds to use. The biggest benefit of the act was to allow small farmers to be more competitive with larger businesses. Banks were to provide loans at a competitive rate to small businessmen.

Dwight Eisenhower

A five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961, and the last to be born in the 19th century. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.

Republicanism

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws

Declaration of War

A formal performative speech act or signing of a document by an authorized party of a government in order to initiate a state of war between two or more nations. The legality of who can declare war varies between nations and forms of government. In many nations, power is given to the head of state or sovereign; in other cases, something short of a full declaration of war, such as a letter of marque or a covert operation, may authorise war-like acts by privateers or mercenaries.

Chisholm Trail

A former cattle trail from San Antonio in Texas to Abilene in Kansas

Little Rock School integration

A group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. On their first day of school, troops from the Arkansas National Guard would not let them enter the school and they were followed by mobs making threats to lynch.

The Ohio Gang

A group of politicians and industry leaders who came to be associated with Warren G. Harding, the twenty-ninth President of the United States of America.

Charles Beard

A historian who believed that the ideology presented in the Constitution was a result of the economic needs of the land-owning Founding Fathers (rather than philosophical principles). His ideas fell out of favor in the 1950's, when other historians pointed out problems with his research.

Oregon Trail

A historical route to the western United States extending from various cities on the Missouri River to Oregon and the West coast.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A joint resolution which the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in response to a sea battle between the North Vietnamese Navy's Torpedo Squadron 135 and the destroyer USS Maddox on August 2 in the Tonkin Gulf. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia.

Credit Mobilier

A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Miranda v. Arizona

A landmark 5-4 decision of the United States Supreme Court. The Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them. This had a significant impact on law enforcement in the United States, by making what became known as the Miranda rights part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects were informed of their rights.

Gideon v. Wainwright

A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys.

Griswold v. Connecticut

A landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives. By a vote of 7-2, the Supreme Court invalidated the law on the grounds that it violated the "right to marital privacy".

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, including racial segregation. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One, its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment.

Carrie Nation

A member of the temperance movement, which opposed alcohol in pre-Prohibition America. She is particularly noteworthy for promoting her viewpoint through vandalism.

Korean War

A military conflict between the Republic of Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with military material aid from the Soviet Union. The war was a result of the physical division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

A naval battle involving a British ship and an American ship. The Leopard attacked the Chesapeake when the Americans would not let them search their ship.

Atlantic Charter

A pivotal policy statement first issued in August 1941 that early in World War II defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by the heads of Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations.

Stimson Doctrine

A policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force. The doctrine was an application of the principle of ex injuria jus non oritur. While some analysts have applied the doctrine in opposition to governments established by revolution, this usage is not widespread, and its invocation usually involves treaty violations.

Truman Doctrine

A policy set forth by U.S. President Harry S Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A political and social protest campaign that started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. The boycott resulted in a crippling financial deficit for the Montgomery public transit system, because the city's black population who were the drivers of the boycott were also the bulk of the system's paying customers. The ensuing struggle lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956 when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional.

Powhattan

A powerful chief in the land that they had colonized. He led around 14000 Indians.

Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and, in 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. In 1972, it passed both houses of Congress, but failed to gain ratification before its June 30, 1982 deadline.

CCC

A public work relief program in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men, ages 18-25, between 1933-42. A part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. It was designed to provide employment for young men in relief families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory. Maximum enrollment reached 300,000 and in nine years 2.5 million young men participated. The U.S. Army was in charge of the operation, but there was no military training or uniforms.

Thaddeus Stevens

A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.

Platt Amendment of 1901

A rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act presented to the U.S. Senate by Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt (1827-1905) replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. The amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba after the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

Army-McCarthy hearings

A series of hearings held by the United States Senate's Subcommittee on Investigations between April 1954 and June 1954. The hearings were held for the purpose of investigating conflicting accusations between the United States Army and Senator Joseph McCarthy. The Army accused chief committee counsel Roy Cohn of pressuring the Army to give preferential treatment to G. David Schine, a former McCarthy aide and a friend of Cohn's. McCarthy counter-charged that this accusation was made in bad faith and in retaliation for his recent aggressive investigations of suspected Communists and security risks in the Army.

Stonewall

A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. They are frequently cited as the first instance in American history when people in the homosexual community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world.

Great Society

A set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but differed sharply in types of programs enacted.

Counterculture

A sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day, the cultural equivalent of political opposition. Counterculture can also be described as deviating away from the norm of society, or what is perceived to be normal.

Fourteen Points

A speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. People in Europe generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

A statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which sought to address the perceived evils of child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children in the United States, thus giving an expanded importance to the constitutional clause giving Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce.

Birmingham & Project C

A strategic movement organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the unequal treatment of black Americans endured in Birmingham, Alabama. The campaign ran during the spring of 1963, culminating in widely publicized confrontations between black youth and white civic authorities, that eventually pressured the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws. Organizers, led by Martin Luther King, Jr. used nonviolent direct action tactics to defy laws they considered unfair. When business leaders resisted the boycott, SCLC organizer Wyatt Tee Walker and Birmingham native Fred Shuttlesworth began what they termed Project C, a series of sit-ins and marches intended to provoke mass arrests.

Pearl Harbor

A surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments.

Bossism

A system of political control centering about a single powerful figure (the boss) and a complex organization of lesser figures (the machine) bound together by reciprocity in promoting financial and social self-interest.

What plan did Henry Clay have for uniting the country and strengthening its economy?

American system

Quitrent

A tax imposed on the land by the wealthy.

Point Four Program

A technical assistance program for "developing countries" announced by United States President Harry S. Truman in his inaugural address on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was the fourth foreign policy objective mentioned in the speech.

Flappers

A term applied to a "new breed" of young Western women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. They were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

A treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. It was developed both to slow the arms race (nuclear testing was, back then, necessary for continued nuclear weapon advancements), and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planet's atmosphere.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink military ships without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules. While such tactics increase the combat effectiveness of the submarine and improve its chances of survival, they are considered by many to be a clear breach of the rules of war, especially when employed against neutral country vessels in a war zone.

Liberty Loans

A war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time. The Act of Congress which authorized the Liberty Bonds is still used today as the authority under which all U.S. Treasury bonds are issued.

Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished the National Origins Formula that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924. It was proposed by United States Representative Emanuel Celler of New York, co-sponsored by United States Senator Philip Hart of Michigan and Michael Herbert, and heavily supported by United States Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts.

Horizontal integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Temperance

Abstinence from alcohol

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

What did the Antifederalists want to change about the Constitution?

Add a Bill of Rights

Naval battle in Manila Bay, Philippines

Admiral Dewey defeated Spanish initially; American troops (aided by Aguinaldo's insurgents) captured Manila, leading to annexation

Basic Land Ordinance

Adopted by the United States Congress on May 20, 1785. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United States; therefore, the immediate goal was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original states

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

How did politics change in the South during Reconstruction?

African Americans elected to Congress

Whose argued that it was crucial for a country to have a strong navy?

Alfred T. Mahan

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Alice Paul; shocked traditionalism, League of Women Voters supported; new organization of women who were now more independent

What laws were passed by Federalists that targeted Democratic-Republican supporters?

Alien and Sedition Act

Schenck v. US (1919)

Allows limits to speech based on the "clear and present danger" principle

16th Amendment

Allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results. This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895). It was ratified on February 3, 1913.

U.S. v. E.C. Knight

Also known as the "'Sugar Trust Case,'" was a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies. The case, which was the first heard by the Supreme Court concerning the Sherman Antitrust Act, was argued on October 24, 1894 and the decision was issued on January 21, 1895.

Maryland Act of Toleration

Also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance. Sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979

American hostages taken by US hating Shiites upon Shah's flight from uprising, botched rescue attempts

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature.

Shakers

American religious sect devoted to the teachings of Ann Lee Stanley, prohibited marriage and sexual relationships.

John Hancock

American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress

Zebulon Pike

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the Lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Stephen Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

Rationing

Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boom after war

Bland Allison Act

An 1878 act of Congress requiring the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. Though the bill was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes, the Congress overrode Hayes' veto on February 28, 1878 to enact the law.

Black Panthers

An African-American revolutionary leftist organization. It was active in the United States from 1966 until 1982. The Black Panther Party achieved national and international impact through its deep involvement in the Black Power movement and in U.S. politics of the 1960s and 70s. The intense anti-racism of that time is today considered one of the most significant social, political and cultural currents in U.S. history. The group's "provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity."

The Hollywood Ten

An American 16mm short documentary film. In the film, each member of the Hollywood Ten made a short speech denouncing McCarthyism and the Hollywood Blacklisting.

Josiah Strong

An American Protestant clergyman, organizer, editor and author. He was one of the founders of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply Protestant religious principles to solve the social ills brought on by industrialization, urbanization and immigration. He served as General Secretary (1886-1898) of the Evangelical Alliance for the United States, a coalition of Protestant missionary groups. After being forced out he set up his own group, the League for Social Service (1898-1916), and edited its magazine The Gospel of the Kingdom.

Charles Lindbergh

An American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist. Then a 25-year old U.S. Air Mail pilot, emerged from virtual obscurity to almost instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo non-stop flight on May 20-21, 1927, from Roosevelt Field located in Garden City on New York's Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France, a distance of nearly 3,600 statute miles, in the single-seat, single-engine monoplane Spirit of St. Louis. A U.S. Army reserve officer, was also awarded the nation's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his historic exploit.

Andrew Mellon

An American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932.

James Meredith & "Ole Miss"

An American civil rights movement figure. He was the first African American student at the University of Mississippi, an event that was a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement. Motivated by the broadcast of President John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, Meredith decided to apply his democratic rights and then made the ultimate decision to apply to the University of Mississippi. Meredith's goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration as to the issue.

Douglas MacArthur

An American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign. Arthur MacArthur, Jr., and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son to each be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of general of the army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.

Alger Hiss case

An American lawyer, government official, author, and lecturer. He was involved in the establishment of the United Nations both as a U.S. State Department and UN official. Hiss was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.

John C. Fremont

An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Franklin Pierce

An American politician and the 14th President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.

Joseph McCarthy

An American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversion. He was noted for making claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States federal government and elsewhere. Ultimately, McCarthy's tactics and his inability to substantiate his claims led him to be censured by the United States Senate.

Margaret Sanger

An American sex educator, birth control activist and the founder of the American Birth Control League.

Nat Turner

An American slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 56 deaths among their victims, the largest number of white fatalities to occur in one uprising in the antebellum southern United States. He gathered supporters in Southampton County, Virginia. Turner's killing of whites during the uprising makes his legacy controversial. For his actions, Turner was convicted, sentenced to death, and executed.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Al Smith

An American statesman who was elected Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the foremost urban leader of the efficiency-oriented Progressive Movement, and was noted for achieving a wide range of reforms as governor in the 1920s. Smith was the first Catholic to run for President, and attracted many thousands of ethnic voters. However he was especially unpopular among Southern Baptists and German Lutherans, who feared the Catholic Church and the Pope would dictate his policies.

Alice Paul

An American suffragette and activist. Along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.

Bronson Alcott

An American teacher, writer and philosopher who left a legacy of forward-thinking social ideas. His status as a well-publicized figure from the 1830s to the 1880s stemmed from his founding of two short-lived projects, an unconventional school and an utopian community known as "Fruitlands".

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression, and for creating the clinical method of psychoanalysis for investigating the mind and treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or "analysand") and a psychoanalyst.

Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire

An accidental fire at the Traingle Shirtwaist Company that killed 141 workers. It prodded the concerns of many progressive reformers since the workers, locked in the factory and unable to escape, were killed by brutal working conditions. These concerns raised new questions of human and immigrant rights and of existing labor laws.

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

Yellow dog contract

An agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

Proclamation of Neutrality

An agreement stating that the nation will not get involved in the war and conflicts of other nations. These nations were not in an alliance of any sort.

Rush Bagot Agreement

An agreement that limited navel power on the Great Lakes for both the United States and British Canada.

Teller Amendment

An amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 19, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people."

Emma Goldman

An anarchist known for her political activism, writing and speeches. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the twentieth century.

The Liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

Bonus Army

An assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who protested in Washington, D.C., in the spring and summer of 1932. It was led by Walter W. Waters, a former Army sergeant. The veterans were encouraged in their demand for immediate cash-payment redemption of their service certificates by retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, one of the most popular military figures of the time.

Dawes Plan

An attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. The Ruhr area was to be evacuated by Allied occupation troops. The Reichsbank would be reorganized under Allied supervision. The sources for the reparation money would include transportation, excise, and custom taxes. Relied on money given to Germany by the US. The plan was accepted by Germany and the Triple Entente and went into effect in September 1924.

Model T

An automobile that was produced by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company from 1908 through 1927. The Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile became popular. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting.

Abby Kelley

An effective public speaker in the American Anti-Slavery Society, her election to an all-male committee caused the final break between William Garrison and his abolitionist critics in 1840 that split the organization.

Direct Primary

An election in which party members select people to run in the general election.

Chicano Movement

An extension of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement which began in the 1940s with the stated goal of achieving Mexican American empowerment.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. The alternative, according to the U.S. assumptions, was intervention by European powers, especially Great Britain and France, which had lent money to countries that were unable to repay.

RFC

An independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. It was modeled after the War Finance Corporation of World War I. The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations, and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depression in the United States and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the New Deal in 1933.

Committee on Public Information

An independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. Over just 28 months, from April 13, 1917, to August 21, 1919, it used every medium available to create enthusiasm for the war effort and enlist public support against foreign attempts to undercut America's war aims.

Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907

An informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations. The agreement was never ratified by Congress, which in 1924 ended it. The immediate cause of the Agreement was anti-Japanese nativism in California. In 1906, the San Francisco, California Board of Education had passed a regulation whereby children of Japanese descent would be required to attend racially segregated separate schools.

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

An international conference at which the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among international leaders. The conference was held at Dumbarton Oaks from August 21, 1944 through October 7, 1944. The discussions at the conference regarding the make-up of the United Nations included which states would be invited to become members, the formation of the United Nations Security Council, and the right of veto that would be given to permanent members of the Security Council.

What were three goals of the Populist party?

Bimetalism, graduated income tax, direct election of Senators

George Creel

An investigative journalist, a politician, and, most famously, the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. He said of himself that "an open mind is not part of my inheritance. I took in prejudices with mother's milk and was weaned on partisanship."

GI Bill

An omnibus bill that provided college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s) as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It also provided many different types of loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Since the original act, the term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service.

Aroostook County War

An undeclared confrontation in 1838-39 between the United States and Great Britain over the international boundary between British North America (Canada) and Maine. The dispute resulted in a mutually accepted border between the state of Maine and the provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec.

Teapot Dome Scandal

An unprecedented bribery scandal and investigation during the White House administration of United States President Warren G. Harding. Cabinet accepts bribes for oil deposits to different companies.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

An unsuccessful action by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with support and encouragement from the US government, in an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. The invasion was launched in April 1961, less than three months after John F. Kennedy assumed the presidency in the United States. The Cuban armed forces, trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated the invading combatants within three days.

Who was the first president from outside the original 13 states?

Andrew Jackson

Grimke sisters

Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement.

Secret ballot

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

Hamilton Plan

Another economic document filed away for want of support.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights

Assassination of JFK, Warren Commission

Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald (hated his anti-Cuban policies); LBJ instituted Warren Commission to investigate assassination (headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren)

What event is described as the day American lost its innocence?

Assassination of JFK

What technological advance allow for faster and cheaper production of goods?

Assembly line

Palmer raids

Attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Though more than 500 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of prominent leftist leaders, Palmer's efforts were largely frustrated by officials at the U.S. Department of Labor who had responsibility for deportations and who objected to Palmer's methods and disrespect for the legal process.

Helen Hunt Jackson

Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.

What organizations helped African Americans build stronger communities after slavery?

Black Churches

Indian Attack of 1622

Because more native land was being taken away Powhattan's younger brother led attacks against the settlers. The government collapsed 2 years later.

USSR acquires atomic bomb

Began during World War II, in the wake of the USSR's discovery of American efforts to develop nuclear weapons. The scientific research was directed by noted Soviet nuclear physicist Igor Kurchatov, and benefited from highly successful espionage efforts on the part of the Soviet military intelligence. Ultimately the USSR tested its first nuclear weapon in August 1949.

Prison reform

Began with the Pennsylvania system in 1790, based on the concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform. However, this led to many mental breakdowns. The Auburn system, adopted in 1816, allowed the congregation of prisoners during the day.

How did the United States respond to Stalin's blockade of Berlin?

Berlin Airlift

San Francisco Conference

Between Japan and part of the Allied Powers, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951, at the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California. It came into force on April 28, 1952. This treaty served to officially end World War II, to formally end Japan's position as an imperial power, and to allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes. This treaty made extensive use of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies' goals.

What term describes Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy?

Big Stick Diplomacy

Who said "the era of big government is over" after his party was defeated in 1994?

Bill Clinton

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Bill lowering certain tariffs on goods entering the United States. It was the first change in tariff laws since the Dingley Act of 1897. President William Howard Taft called Congress into a special session in 1909 shortly after his inauguration to discuss the issue. Thus, the House of Representatives immediately passed a tariff bill sponsored by Payne, calling for reduced tariffs. However, the United States Senate speedily substituted a bill written by Aldrich, calling for fewer reductions and more increases in tariffs.

What was the result of popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska territory?

Bleeding Kansas (mini-civil war)

Who argued for economic independence for African Americans before rights?

Booker T. Washington

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

How did the colonists respond to the Stamp Act?

Boycotts

What were two major negative effects of political machines?

Bribery and voter fraud

British strengths and weaknesses

British citizenship outnumbered colonies', large navy and professional army; exhausted resources (Hessians hired), national debt

Boston Massacre

British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball fight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter

Which European powers did NOT attempt to convert natives in the Americas?

British, Dutch, and French

American society during the Revolution

British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money, African-Americans and Native Americans involved

Burr Hamilton Duel

Burr shot Hamilton, the duel between two prominent American politicians, the former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and sitting Vice President Aaron Burr, on July 11, 1804.

1992 Election

Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of economy and problems of middle class (Clinton)

J. P. Morgan

Business man who refinanced railroads during the depression of 1893 and built an inter system alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads. Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

John Winthrop

Calvinist, devised concept of "city on a hill" ("A Model of Christian Charity"); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay

Alexis de Tocqueville

Came from France to America in 1831, observed democracy in government and society. His book discusses the advantages and disadvantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals.

Election of 1848

Candidates: 1) Zachary Taylor- a Whig who won the election 2) Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3) Lewis Cass- the father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president

Election of 1844

Candidates: Henry Clay (Whigs- in an upset over Van Buren) and James Polk (Democrat). Polk favored expansion, demanded that Texas and Oregon be added to the US and Clay had already spoken out against annexation. Polk won the election by the difference of one state (NY, because some of its votes went to the Liberty Party candidate, losing Clay the state)

What person was associated with dominating the steel industry?

Carengie

What was the name of the school that attempted to teach Native Americans white culture?

Carlisle School

What proposal allowed the United States to sell weapons to the British for the first time?

Cash and carry

Ngo Dinh Diem

Catholic communist autocrat of Vietnam, assassinated (with aid of US)

What problem did Shays' Rebellion expose about the Articles of Confederation?

Central government was too weak

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion

Which area focused on agriculture and was populated mostly by young, single men?

Chesapeake

Which area was settled primarily for economic reasons?

Chesapeake

Black Hawk War

Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox people murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi

Civil Rights Cases

Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, as the fourteenth amendment protected people from governmental infringement of rights and had no effect on acts of private citizens

Freedom Rides

Civil rights activists that rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia (of 1960). The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D.C., on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17.

What New Deal program gave outdoor jobs to young men?

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce.

War hawks

Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812)

What law finally was able to regulate business and protected unions?

Clayton Antitrust Act

Restoration Colonies

Colonies formed during the restoration period of the Stuart Monarchy in England, in which Charles decided he needed to take firmer control of the expanding colonies

Pike's Peak

Colorado Territory where gold was discovered in 1858.

What was the name of the transfer of plants, animals, and disease between Europe and the Americas?

Columbian Exchange

V-E Day

Commemorates May 8, 1945 the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until May 9, 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz.

Creel Committee

Committee on Public Information; aimed to sell America and the world on Wilson's war goals; propaganda, censorship, "four-minute men" speeches, "Liberty Leagues" (spy on community)

What document convinced regular people to support independence?

Common Sense

New Freedom

Comprises the campaign speeches and promises of Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential campaign. They called for less government but in practice as president he added new controls such as the Federal Reserve System and the Clayton Antitrust Act. More generally the "New Freedom" is associated with Wilson's first term as president (1913-1917).

Great (CT) Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

What event is recognized as the end of Reconstruction?

Compromise of 1877

Women's Movement

Concerned with gender inequality in laws and culture. It built on what had been achieved in the first wave, and began adapting the ideas to America. Simone de Beauvoir is associated with this wave because of her idea of women as "the other". This idea was touched on in the writing of Woolf, and was adapted to apply not only to the gender roles of women in the household or at work, but also their sexuality. Beauvoir set the tone for later feminist theory.

Tokyo firebombing

Conducted by the United States Army Air Forces during the Pacific campaigns of World War II. The U.S. mounted a small-scale raid on Tokyo in April 1942, with large morale effects. Strategic bombing and urban area bombing began in 1944 after the long-range B-29 Super Fortress bomber entered service, first employed from China and thereafter the Mariana Islands. B-29 raids from those islands commenced on November 17, 1944 and lasted until August 15, 1945, the day Japan capitulated. The air raid of 9-10 March 1945 was one of the most destructive bombing raids in history.

"Insular Cases" / Downes v. Bidwell (1901)

Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on good entering the U. S. From U. S. Territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."

What event was the closest that the U.S. came to nuclear war?

Cuban Missile Crisis

Hartford Convention

December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842, Taney)

Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon.

What happened to the Agricultural Adjustment Act?

Declared unconstitutional

18th Amendment

Defined "intoxicating liquors" excluding those used for religious purposes and sales throughout the U.S., established Prohibition in the United States. Its ratification was certified on January 16, 1919. It was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933, the only instance of an amendment's repeal.

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act

What political party was most associated with political machines?

Democrats

"Black Reconstruction"

Derisive label applied to political efforts by African Americans after the Civil War, exaggerating black political influence that was in actuality limited mainly to voting. Blacks could vote and had rights, but black codes kept them virtually enslaved. They did get more political power; helped protect former slaves, and education for many.

Muscle Shoals veto

Designed to dam the Tennessee River and sell government-produced electricity in competition with citizens in private companies. Vetoed by President Herbert Hoover in 1931, Congress had drafted the bill to harness energy from the Tennessee River, but Hoover refused to lower steep tariffs or support any "socialistic" relief proposals.

Freeport Doctrine

Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be able to exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Lincoln's Ten percent plan

During the Civil War in December 1863, Abraham Lincoln offered a model for reinstatement of Southern states. It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step in the process would be for the states to formally elect a state government. Also, a state legislature could write a new constitution, but it also had to abolish slavery forever.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, the first on August 6, 1945 and the second on August 9, 1945. These two events are the only active deployments of nuclear weapons in war to date. For six months, the United States had made use of intense strategic fire-bombing of 67 Japanese cities. Together with the United Kingdom and the Republic of China, the United States called for a surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945. The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum. By executive order of President Harry S. Truman, the U.S. dropped the nuclear weapon "Little Boy" on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945, followed by the detonation of "Fat Man" over Nagasaki on August 9.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Maine explosion

Eleven days after the Cuban autonomous government took power, a small riot erupted in Havana. The riot was thought to be ignited by Spanish officers who were offended by the persistent newspaper criticism of General Valeriano Weyler's policies. McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests. Preparations for the possible conflict started in October 1897, when President McKinley made arrangements for Maine to be deployed to Key West, Florida, as a part of a larger, global deployment of U.S. naval power to be able to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided. As Maine left Florida, a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico. BUT the boiler room had an explosion and it was blamed on the Spanish.

Who led the opposition to American occupation of the Philippines?

Emilio Aguinaldo

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, which irritated the South greatly. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Enacted in the United States to add further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency.

George Whitfield

English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies

William Penn

Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)

National Labor Union

Established 1866, and headed by William Sylvis and Richard Trevellick, 600,000 people joined to concentrate on producer cooperation to achieve goals and limit work days to 8 hours.

17th Amendment

Established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. It was adopted on April 8, 1913.

U. S. Steel

Established in 1901 by J.P. Morgan and Carnegie, it was a combination of steel operations into a single corporation

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries, i.e. the tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive."

What socialist won more than a million votes in the election of 1912?

Eugene Debs

Monroe Doctrine

Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs; supported Washington's goal for US neutrality in Americas

Fuel Administration

Even prior to a declaration of war by the United States, shortages of coal were experienced in the winter of 1916-17. To address concerns about a steady supply of fuel to support military and industrial operations and for use by consumers, in 1917 the Federal Fuel Administration was established and US President Woodrow Wilson appointed Harry A. Garfield to lead the agency. Garfield in turn selected local administrators for each state. Fuel committees were organized down to the county level.

What order authorized the internment of Japanese Americans into concentration camps?

Executive Order 9066

What was the conservative criticism of the New Deal?

Expanded the role of the federal government

John Smith

Explored the Chesapeake Bay and did not find minerals and natural resources so he wanted to produce and manufacture goods when he took over the colony in 1608.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.

Four Freedoms" speech

FDR asked for increased authority to aid Britain; freedom of speech/expression, of religion, from want, from fear; resulted in Lend-Lease

Quarantine Speech, 1937

FDR encouraged democracies to quarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized by isolationists

What are freedom of speech, religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear?

FDR's Four Freedoms

"Brain trust"

FDR's inner circle of experts rather than just politicians in the cabinet

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

denounced the "housewife trap" which caused educated women to hold even themselves inferior to men

Neal Dow

Father of Prohibition; he made a law in Maine that would disallow lethal alcohol to be sold.

What law reorganized the American financial system?

Federal Reserve Act

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

What idea was established in the case McCulloch v. Maryland?

Federal law is supreme over state laws

League of Nations

foreshadowed in 14 points, hoped to guarantee political independence and integrity of all countries

What documents defended the Constitution?

Federalist Papers

What political party was centered in the northeast and included many bankers and merchants?

Federalist Party

Essex case

Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Mayflower Compact

First governing document of Plymouth Colony that the settlers agreed to abide by the laws of the king.

Midway Island hopping

Following the resounding victory at Midway, the United States began a major land offensive. The Allies came up with a strategy known as Island hopping, or the bypassing of islands that served little or no strategic importance. Because air power was crucial to any operation, only islands that could support airstrips were targeted by the Allies. The fighting for each island in the Pacific Theater would be savage, as the Americans faced a determined and battle-hardened enemy who had known little defeat on the ground.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905.

7 (French and Indian) Years War

Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh.

Tammany Hall

Founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789 as the Tammany Society, it was the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. It controlled Democratic Party nominations and patronage in Manhattan from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the election of John P. O'Brien in 1932

Peace of Paris (1783)

France and Britain signed this treaty where Great Britain granted America their independence. British wouldn't seek to collect war debts either.

Whose idea was the "frontier thesis"?

Frederick Jackson Turner

What promise from the Yalta Conference did Stalin fail to keep?

Free elections in Eastern Europe

What organization had some short-lived success in helping African Americans adjust to life after slavery?

Freedmen's Bureau

What happened in 1754?

French and Indian War began

Which European powers intermarried with the natives in the Americas?

French and Spanish

XYZ Affair

French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe in order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people

1968 Presidential Election

George Wallace vs. Nixon vs. Humphrey; very narrow popular vote triumph to Nixon (although he had clear majority of electoral votes)

Four Freedoms Speech

Goals articulated by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech (technically the 1941 State of the Union address), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: Freedom of speech and expression Freedom of worship Freedom from want Freedom from fear

What was FDR's approach to foreign policy with Latin America called?

Good Neighbor Policy

Fall of communism in Eastern Europe (1989)

Gorbachev announced Soviet withdrawal of power from all of Eastern Europe, including Berlin (wall torn down, free movement, &c.)

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Gore promising with experience, Bush appealing by family influence and plans for presidency (tax cuts, education reform, defense, &c.)

What idea did Andrew Carnegie support in which the wealthy had a duty to help the poor because the wealthy could manage the resources best?

Gospel of Wealth

William Crawford

He was Secretary of Treasury under the James Monroe Presidency; he was expected to win as a canidate for Presidency in 1824 when he represented the South in this election. Originally from Georgia.

What colonial religious movement led to greater ideas of independence?

Great Awakening

How did the Constitution solve the dispute between large and small states over representation?

Great Compromise

What was the movement of African Americans out of the South to northern cities called?

Great Migration

House of Burgesses

Great Planters, which are based off of certain families, established power in their society and in the land.

What was LBJ's legislative program called?

Great Society

What two countries did the Truman Doctrine aid?

Greece and Turkey

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands

Farmers' Alliances

Groups of farmers who sent lecturers from town to town to educate people about agricultural and rural issues.

Congregations

Groups of people coming together for church.

Bank of the United States

Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution

Who became President after the death of FDR?

Harry Truman

Webster Hayne Debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

General "Butcher" Weyler

He attained the rank of lieutenant he entered the staff college, graduating as the head of his class. Two years afterwards he became captain, and was sent to Cuba at his own request. He began herding farm people into what were called reconcentrados, concentration camps. He penned up about 500,000 Cubans in these camps. Around 200,000 Cubans died from starvation and disease in these camps.

What was Wilson's reelection campaign slogan in 1916?

He kept us out of war

Samuel Slater

He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine.

Albert Gallatin

He was Jefferson's secretary. He and Jefferson believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors.

Charles Grandison Finney

He was a Presbyterian and Congregationalist figure in the Second Great Awakening. His influence during this period was enough that he has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. He was known for his innovations in preaching and religious meetings such as having women pray in public meetings of mixed gender, development of the "anxious seat", a place where those considering becoming Christians could come to receive prayer, and public censure of individuals by name in sermons and prayers.

Winfield Scott

He was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army", he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history and most historians rate him the ablest American commander of his time. Over the course of his 50 year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

William Grayson

He was a soldier, lawyer, and statesman from Virginia. He was one of the first two U.S. Senators from Virginia, and belonged to the Anti-Federalist faction.

John B. Gough

He was apart of the temperance movement. When he was young, he went through many things that caused him to become a drunkard. He was eventually asked to sign the pledge by a Quaker and he became one of the greatest temperance speakers of all time.

Aaron Burr

He was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

James B. Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892 and received only 8.2% of the vote.

Who was president during the stock market crash of 1929?

Herbert Hoover

What two Japanese cities did the United States drop an atomic bomb on?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Where were the two atomic bombs dropped in Japan?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

What law allowed people to get 160 acres of land if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it?

Homestead Act

What politician proposed the Share Our Wealth plan?

Huey Long

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

Morrill Act

In 1862, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land grant institutions were established.

Tenure of Office Act

In 1867, it was enacted by radical congress that forbade the President from removing civil officers without senatorial consent. It was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet.

Terence Powderly

In 1879, president of the Knight of Labor. He worked to strenghten the union by opening membership to immigrants, blacks, women and unskilled workers. He wanted to make the world a better place for both workers and employers. He did not believe in strikes. He relied on rallies and meetings.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.

Homestead Strike

In 1892, it was a strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives fight with steel workers. Henry Frick is the president of the company and called for new employees that would break the strike. He hires Pinkerton Detectives to break up the labor union.

Wilson Gorman Tariff

In 1894, government slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax.

Sand Creek Massacre

In Colorado territory in 1864, U.S army colonel John M. Chivington led a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne settlement along Sand Creek River. The Cheyenne under Chief Black kettle tried to surrender. First he waved the America Flag and the White flag of surrender. Chivington ignored the gestures. The U.S army killed about 200 Cheyenne during the conflict

Presidential Reconstruction

In December 1863 Lincoln introduced the first Reconstruction scheme, the Ten Percent Plan, thus beginning the period known as Presidential Reconstruction. The plan decreed that when one-tenth of a state's prewar voters had taken an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, its citizens could elect a new state government and apply for readmission to the Union. In addition, Lincoln promised to pardon all but a few high-ranking Confederates if they would take this oath and accept abolition. The plan also required that states amend their constitutions to abolish slavery. Conspicuous in this plan was the stipulation that only whites could vote or hold office.

Bolshevik Revolution

In early October, Lenin convinced the Bolshevik Party to form an immediate insurrection against the Provisional Government. The Bolshevik leaders felt it was of the utmost importance to act quickly while they had the momentum to do so. The armed workers known as Red Guards and the other revolutionary groups moved on the night of Nov. 6-7 under the orders of the Soviet's Military Revolutionary Committee. These forces seized post and telegraph offices, electric works, railroad stations, and the state bank.

Lodge Reservations

In response to the Treaty of Versailles, Senator Lodge penned fourteen reservations to the proposed post-war agreements. Heavily influenced by Wilson's Fourteen Points, the Treaty called for the creation of a League of Nations in which the promise of mutual security would prevent another major world war. Differing from his Democratic contemporary, Woodrow Wilson, Henry Cabot Lodge held that the United States should take a cautionary approach towards international arbitration after the Great War.

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Election of 1864

In this election, five political parties supported candidates for the presidency. They included the War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Radical Republicans, and the National Union Party. Each political party offered a different point of view on how the war should be run and what should be done to the Confederate states after the war. The National Union Party joined with Lincoln won the election on the recent northern victories against the South.

Election of 1856

In this presidential election, Democrat James Buchanan defeated Republican candidate John C. Fremont. He won the general election by denouncing the abolitionists, promising not to allow any interference with the Compromise of 1850, and supporting the principle of noninterference by Congress with slavery in the territories.

Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800)

In this treaty, Spain ceded the Louisiana Territory to France, which was fast rising under Napoleon.

Election of 1852

In this, the Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, and the Whigs nominated Winfield Scott. Pierce won the presidency because he supported the Compromise of 1850.

What was the result of gold being discovered in Georgia?

Indian Removal Act

What three Progressive reforms gave more power to voters?

Initiative, referendum, and recall

What Supreme Court cases decided that the people in occupied territories were not U.S. citizens?

Insular cases

Invasion of Iraq, removal of Saddam Hussein, 2003

Iran, Iraq, and North Korea designated as the "axis of evil," institution of democratic government in Iraq to replace Hussein's dictatorship (return to spread and protection of democracy throughout the world, moving beyond containment of communism)

What two groups were largely responsible for constructing the transcontinental railroad?

Irish and Chinese immigrants

Macon's Bill No. 2

It became law in the United States on May 1, 1810, was intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well.

Military Reconstruction Act

It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It took the power away from the President to be Commander in Chief and set up a system of Martial Law.

Compromise of 1877

It ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Workingmen's Compensation Act

It established an all-purpose protection program for Federal civilian employees and their dependents in the event of injury or death. This act granted assistance to federal civil service employees during periods of disability. This act became the precedent for "Disability Insurance" across the country.

Roanoke

It is an island where many explorers tried to colonize. Located in North Carolina

Cuba

It remained territory of Spain until the Spanish-American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. Between 1953 and 1959 a Revolution occurred, removing the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, and installing a government led by Fidel Castro.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level off the Tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

People's Party

It was a short-lived political party in the United States established in 1891. It was most important in 1892-96, then rapidly faded away. Based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the Plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), it represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally. They were extremely anti-elitist.

Peggy Eaton Affair

It was an 1830-1831 U.S. scandal involving members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet and their wives. Although it started over a private matter, it affected the political careers of several men. With the encouragement of President Andrew Jackson, who liked them both, Peggy Timberlake and John Eaton, Secretary of War, married shortly after her husband's death -- although according to the social mores of the day, it would have been more proper for them to wait a longer time.

Second Bank of the United States

It was chartered in 1816; much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

It was formed after a split in the Republican Party between President William Howard Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt. The party also became known as the Bull Moose Party when former President Roosevelt boasted "I'm fit as a bull moose," after being shot in an assassination attempt prior to his 1912 campaign speech in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Potsdam Conference

It was from 16 July to 2 August 1945. Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The three nations were represented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, Prime Ministers Winston Churchill and, later, Clement Attlee, and President Harry S. Truman. They gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on May 8 (V-E Day). The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war.

American Colonization Society

It was the primary vehicle for proposals to return free African Americans to what was considered greater freedom in Africa. It helped to found the colony of Liberia in 1821-22, as a place for freedmen.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson used personal friends as unofficial advisors over his official cabinet

Indian Removal Act

Jackson was allowed to relocate Indian tribes in the Louisiana Territory

Kitchen cabinet

Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet.

Pan-Americanism

James G. Blaine sought to open up Latin American markets to the U.S.; rejected by Latin America due to fear of U.S. dominance and satisfaction with European market

What happened in 1607?

Jamestown was founded

Hull House

Jane Addams's pioneer settlement house (center for women's activism and social reform) in Chicago

What event led directly to U.S. involvement in World War II?

Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor

Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted in FDR's request for declaration of war against Japan; Germany and Italy responded with declarations of war

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856)

John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress

Pottawatomie Creek

John Brown rode with 4 sons & 2 others to Pottawatomie Creek; dragged 5 proslavery settlers from beds and murdered them

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas.

What racist group saw a rise in popularity during the 1920s?

Ku Klux Klan

What economic philosophy was followed by the 3 Republican presidents of the 1920s?

Laissez-faire

What law, passed under the Articles, allowed the government to raise money by selling western land?

Land Ordinance of 1785

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

1st & 2nd Sioux Wars

Lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indians were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Red Cloud

Leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909)

Selectmen

Leaders of the town meetings and had a very important role.

What organization did Wilson support that would provide a place for the world to discuss problems rather thatn fight?

League of Nations

John Winthrop

Led a group of Puritans to North America and was elected governor by the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

American Woman Suffrage Association

Led by Lucy Stone and husband Henry Blackwell. Differed from NWSA on philosophy and strategy. Stressed cooperation of men and women. Ran state-by-state campaigns to remove the word "male" from state constitutions.

Democratic Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank.

What was significant about the election of 1860?

Led to secession, Lincoln elected

Battle of Gettysburg

Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett's Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union)

Appomattox

Lee surrenders here, but Grant offers the Confederacy good surrender terms to try to reunify the country.

Battle of Antietam

Lee's attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

Lee's chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Letter from a PA Farmer

Letters that wanted to rile up Americans so they could unify against Britain.

What was the most famous example of a suburb?

Levittown

What did Jefferson do to expand the United States?

Louisiana Purchase

What was the system that allowed young, single women to work in the early factories of the 1830s?

Lowell System

School Laws

MA law (1647) stated that a town with 50 families must have a school, and a town with 100 families must also have a grammar school

Who were the authors of the Federalist Papers?

Madison, Hamilton, and Jay

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited north of 36°30'

How would the coinage of silver (bimetalism) help farmers?

Make it easier to pay off debt and raise crop prices

Where did the U.S. navy defeat the Spanish navy?

Manila Bay in the Philippines

Division of labor

Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity, (603)

China turns communist

Mao Zedong (communist) defeated nationalist forces of Kai-Shek (supported by US); seen as defeat for US, not officially fully recognized until 1973

Marshall Court (all cases)

Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v. Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstate commerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contract cannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v. Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties' consent)

Who was known for advocating access to birth control for women?

Margaret Sanger

What was the transformation of the country's economy from a local to a national economy in the early 1800s called?

Market Revolution

What economic assistance was responsible for the rebuilding of Europe?

Marshall Plan

Daniel Dulany

Maryland, a bright attorney and son of an indentured servant became an early opponent of the Stamp act, but soon supported the governor against patriot Charles Carroll of Carrollton.

Spanish American War (1898)

McKinley reluctant; armed intervention to free Cuba from Spain; Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" made attack on Spanish at Cuba

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed its complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

What reform was associated with Dorothea Dix?

Mental illness

What economic system did Britain use when it came to the colonies?

Mercantilism

Lewis and Clark expedition

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on "Voyage of Discovery"

The Alamo

Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, "Remember the Alamo"

What group was most involved in social reform movements?

Middle class women

Important WWII Battles

Midway (US Signal Corps, turning point of war in the Pacific), D-Day (Eisenhower's amphibious invasion of Normandy, led to depletion of German forces), Stalingrad (Russians defeated Germans, saved Moscow and Leningrad, turning point in Europe)

California Gold Rush

Migration of thousands of people to California (in 1849) after gold was discovered in the Sutter Mill.

National Woman Suffrage Association

Militant suffragist organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony for women's rights.

What Supreme Court case required that the accused be read their constitutional rights?

Miranda v. Arizona

What law did the Dred Scott decision declare unconstitutional?

Missouri Compromise

What law tried to maintain the balance between slave and free states?

Missouri Compromise

What was the name of the popular and affordable car made by Henry Ford?

Model-T

What two terms are used to describe an industry controlled by one person/group?

Monopoly/trust

What document warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere?

Monroe Doctrine

What person was associated with dominating the banking industry?

Morgan

What religious group was persecuted for polygamy?

Mormons

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Continental System (Berlin & Milan Decrees)

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

NIRA

National Industrial Recovery Act was an American statute which authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program. The legislation was enacted in June 1933 during the Great Depression as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislative program.

Vietcong

National Liberation Front, guerilla militia from south Vietnam fighting alongside the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)

What nativist law was passed to limit the "New" immigrants from southern and eastern Europe?

National Origins Act fo 1924

Nez Perce

Native American Tribe that will flee capture from U.S. Troops, who almost make it to Canada.

McNary Haugen Bill

Never became a law, was a highly controversial plan in the 1920s to subsidize American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products. The plan was for the government to buy the wheat, and either store it or export it at a loss. It was vetoed by President Calvin Coolidge, and never approved. According to the bill, a federal agency would be created to support and protect domestic farm prices by attempting to maintain price levels that existed before the First World War. By purchasing surpluses and selling them overseas, the federal government would take losses that would be paid for through fees against farm producers.

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

Evaluations of the New Deal

No evaluation of the New Deal is complete without an analysis of Roosevelt himself. As a leader, his skills were unparalleled. As sweeping as his objectives were, they still fundamentally preserved the free-market economy. Observers noted that his plan went far enough to silence the "lunatic fringe," but not far enough to jeopardize capitalism or democracy. The New Deal itself created millions of jobs and sponsored public works projects that reached most every county in the nation. Federal protection of bank deposits ended the dangerous trend of bank runs. Abuse of the stock market was more clearly defined and monitored to prevent collapses in the future. The Social Security system was modified and expanded to remain one of the most popular government programs for the remainder of the century. For the first time in peacetime history the federal government assumed responsibility for managing the economy. However comprehensive the New Deal seemed, it failed to achieve its main goal: ending the Depression. In 1939, the unemployment rate was still 19 percent, and not until 1943 did it reach its pre-Depression levels. The massive spending brought by the American entry to the Second World War ultimately cured the nation's economic woes.

Venezuela boundary dispute

Notable for the tension caused between Great Britain and the United States during much of the 19th century, Discovery of gold in the region intensified the dispute. Great Britain refused to arbitrate concerning the settled area; Venezuela, however, maintained that the British were delaying in order to push settlements farther into the disputed area. Venezuela sought aid from the United States and in 1887 broke off diplomatic relations with Great Britain. President Grover Cleveland's secretary of state, Thomas Francis Bayard, began negotiations, but the matter lapsed.

1919 Labor strikes

On April 1, 1919, thousands of miners in Pennsylvania went on strike to demand that local officials allow union meetings. Terrified town mayors soon issued the required permits. The mass meetings whipped up pro-union sentiment. Steelworkers felt betrayed by the broken promises of employers and the government to keep prices low, raise wages and improve working conditions. The AFL held a national steelworkers' conference in Pittsburgh on May 25, 1919, to build momentum for an organizing drive but refused to let the workers strike. Disillusioned employees began to abandon the labor movement. The National Committee debated the strike issue through June and July. Worried committee members, seeing their chance for solid membership gains slipping away, agreed to a strike referendum in the mills in August. The response was 98% in favor of a general steelworker strike to begin on September 22, 1919.

Lincoln's assassination

On April 15, 1865, Lincoln was shot at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., as the American Civil War was drawing to a close, just six days after the surrender of General Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant and Union forces. The assassination was planned and carried out by John Wilkes Booth as part of a larger conspiracy in an effort to rally the remaining Confederate troops to continue fighting.

ABC mediation

On May 15, 1915, the ABC Powers met again to sign a more formal treaty, designed to develop cooperation, nonaggression and the arbitration of disputes. It was formulated to resist United States' influence in the region and to establish a mechanisms for consultation among the three signatory countries, such as setting up a permanent mediation commission. The official name was the Consultation, Non-Aggression and Arbitration Pact.

Neutrality Act of 1939

On November 4 the Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed, allowing for arms trade with belligerent nations on a cash and carry basis, thus in effect ending the arms embargo. Furthermore, the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were repealed, American citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the President, and the National Munitions Control Board (which had been created by the 1935 Neutrality Act) was charged with issuing licenses for all arms imports and exports. Arms trade without a license carries a penalty of up to two years in prison.

Christiana Massacre

One measure of this determination was the willingness to invoke the ultimate sanction against rescuers: prosecution for treason, punishable by execution.

Vera Cruz

One of the 31 states that constitute the United Mexican States. It is bordered by Tamaulipas to the north, the Gulf to the east, Tabasco to the southeast, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south and Puebla, Hidalgo, and San Luis Potosi to the west. The population of 7 million is the third largest in Mexico. The state is noted for its mixed ethnic and large indigenous populations.

Berlin Blockade & Airlift

One of the first major international crises of the Cold War and the first resulting in casualties. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway and road access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city. In response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin Airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin. The United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and the recently independent United States Air Force flew over 200,000 flights in one year, providing up to 4700 tonnes of daily necessities such as fuel and food to the Berliners.

Nueces River vs. Rio Grande

One of the first settlers to scout the area was Cpt. Blas María de la Garza Falcón in 1766. From before the end of the Texas Revolution, Mexico recognized that the Nueces River was historically the border of Texas from the rest of the country. However, the Republic of Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its border with Mexico, citing the Treaty of Velasco signed by Mexican President Santa Anna who agreed to the Rio Grande border after losing the Battle of San Jacinto. This dispute continued after the annexation of Texas, and was one of the causes of the Mexican-American War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the dispute, with Mexico recognizing under pressure the Rio Grande as its northern border.

Venustiano Carranza

One of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914 and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted. He was assassinated near the end of his term of office at the behest of a cabal of army generals resentful at his insistence that his successor be a civilian.

Abraham Lincoln

One of the most skillful politicians in Republican party. Tried to gain national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. The Lincoln-Douglas debates attracted much attention. Lincoln's attacks on slavery made him nationally known. He felt slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. Won presidency in November election.

Treaty of Versailles

One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on October 21, 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series.

Central Powers vs. Allies

One of the two sides that participated in World War I and was also known as the Triple Alliance. It was made up of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. The other being the Triple Entente made up of the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire. These other countries were also drawn into a war, with some country in the Central Powers, and were allied with a member of the Entente: Belgium, Serbia, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania.

What gave equal trading rights to the United States in China?

Open Door Notes

Panamanian rebellion

Opinion in Panama was divided, and revolts in the southwest had hardly been suppressed when Liberals from Nicaragua invaded the Pacific coastal region and nearly succeeded in taking Panama City in mid-1900. The fortunes of war varied, and although a local armistice gave supporters of the Colombian government temporary security in the Panama-Colón region, the rebels were in control throughout the isthmus. Meanwhile, by early 1902 the rebels had been defeated in most of Colombia proper. At that point, the Colombian government asked the United States to intercede and bring about an armistice in Panama, which was arranged aboard the USS Wisconsin in the Bay of Panama in 1902.

Antifederalists

Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states

New Jersey (Patterson) Plan

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

Field Order #15

Order by General Sherman in 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic Coast for 40-acre grants to freedmen. (Rescinded by President Johnson later that year.)

Free Silver

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan.

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers

Mexican American War

Polk wanted do also aquire California and the New Mexico region. After the Mexicans refused, Polk resorted to an agressive method by sending troops to the disputed area. US declared war on Mexico when hostilities arose. Americans captured Mexico City. Santa Anna fled, and the war ended.

Vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

What is the belief that women are responsible for instilling democratic values and ideals in youth?

Republican Motherhood

What political party opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations?

Republican Party

Medicare & Medicaid

Provides health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria. And a health program for people and families with low incomes and resources. It is a means-tested program that is jointly funded by the state and federal governments, and is managed by the states.

What strike ended in the President sending in the military?

Pullman strike

What two laws were passed in response to The Jungle?

Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act

Jonathan Edwards

Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance, wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

What was the name of the religious group that settled in Massachusetts Bay?

Puritans

Reciprocal Trade Agreement

RTAA gave the president power to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal trade agreements with other countries. This law enabled Roosevelt to liberalize American trade policy around the globe. It is widely credited with ushering in the era of liberal trade policy that persists to this day. Signed in 1934.

Charles Sumner

Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

What group opposed being lenient with the South after the Civil War?

Radical Republicans

What 1920s invention helped to create a national culture and gave people access to news, sports, and entertainment?

Radio

Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987)

Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove and destroy nuclear weapons from Eastern and Western Europe; eased international tension and allowed Soviet domestic reforms to take place

"Evil Empire" speech, "Star Wars"

Reagan called the Soviet Union an "evil empire"; Korean passenger plane shot down near Moscow (increased anti-Soviet rhetoric); Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) used space-based lasers as defense from nuclear attack

What economic idea state that cutting taxes on the wealthy would grow the economy?

Reaganomics (aka "trickle down", voodoo, supply side economics)

What agency, supported by Hoover, provided help to homeowners during the Great Depression?

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

James G. Blaine

Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)

Quebec Acts

former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in the Church of England

Trustbusting

Regulation of railroads was strengthened by the Elkins Act (1903) and especially the Hepburn Act of 1906, which had the effect of favoring merchants over the railroads. Under his leadership, the Attorney General brought forty-four suits against businesses that were claimed to be monopolies, most notably J.P. Morgan's Northern Securities Company, a huge railroad combination, and J. D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company. Both were successful, with Standard Oil broken into over 30 smaller companies that eventually competed with one another.

What advice did Abigail Adams give John Adams about declaring independence?

Remember the ladies

Repeal of Whiskey tax

Repeal in 1803, having been largely unenforceable outside of Western Pennsylvania, and even there never having been collected with much success.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Republican, popular hero of WWII; "dynamic conservatism" as a middle ground btw. Rep. and Dem.; Interstate Highway System (ulterior motive of weapons transportation); St. Lawrence Seaway opened Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean via locks; Depts. Of Health, Education, and Welfare to oversee New Deal programs

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Requires the United States federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies.

How was the Sherman Antitrust Act interpreted by the courts?

Restricted unions

Which colony was founded on the idea of religious toleration?

Rhode Island

What geographic factors led to the growth of factories in New England?

Rivers

What were the two terms used to described the wealthy industrialists of the Gilded Age?

Robber barons/captains of industry

What person was associated with dominating the oil industry?

Rockefeller

What man was exiled from Massachusetts Bay for promoting religious tolerance?

Roger Williams

Who said "government is not the solution to the problem, it is the problem"?

Ronal Reagan

What policy did declared that the U.S. could intervene in Latin America?

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Preservationism vs. Conservationism

Roosevelt and Pinchot sided on conservation rather than preservation (planned and regulated use of forest lands for public and commercial uses)

First Hundred Days

Roosevelt entered office with enormous political capital. Americans of all political persuasions were demanding immediate action, and Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the "first hundred days" of the administration, in which he met with Congress for 100 days. During those 100 days of lawmaking, Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked, and passed a few programs (such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts) that he opposed meaning he closed all the banks for the 100 days and did not open unless they were trusted by Roosevelt. Ever since, presidents have been judged against FDR for what they accomplished in their first 100 days.

What was the economic downturn of 1937 known as?

Roosevelt recession

Square Deal

Roosevelt's plan that aimed to regulate corporations (Anthracite coal strike, Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Elkins and Hepburn Acts), protect consumers (meat sanitation), and conserve natural resources (Newlands Reclamation Act)

What was the name of the practice where Britain didn't enforce the Navigation Acts?

Salutary neglect

Who was the longtime leader of the American Federation of Labor?

Samuel Gompers

Samuel J. Tilden

Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 - August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the US presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century.

What was it called when Nixon fired two people for refusing to fire the special prosecutor?

Saturday Night Massacre

Burr Conspiracy

Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.

What famous case involved a law that made it illegal to teach evolution?

Scopes Trial

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

What law made it a crime to criticize the government during WWI?

Sedition Act

William Seward

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly"

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

What position did Hamilton have in Washington's cabinet?

Secretary of the Treasury

What position did Jefferson have in Washington's Cabinet?

Secretary of the Treasury

What New Deal government agency regulated the stock market?

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Martin Van Buren

Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836

De Lome Letter

Set off an 1898 diplomatic incident, was written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Minister with the Portfolio of Cuba. In a personal letter, which was stolen despite being under diplomatic protection, he referred to the US President : "...McKinley is weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party." On February 9, 1898, the letter was published in the New York Journal, headlining it "the end of the world started this day."

Convention of 1818

Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador.

Tobacco

Settlers appealed to the new kind of tobacco and it launched the economy. With this market booming, settlers invested in more laborers.

What southern economic system kept freed African Americans in a cycle of debt and poverty?

Sharecropping

Embargo Act

Signed by Thomas Jefferson in 1807. It was to stop the exportation of all American goods.

National Security Act

Signed by United States President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1947, and realigned and reorganized the U.S. Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence Community apparatus in the aftermath of World War II. The majority of the provisions of the Act took effect on September 18, 1947, the day after the Senate confirmed James Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. His power was extremely limited and it was difficult for him to exercise the authority to make his office effective. This was later changed in the amendment to the act in 1949, creating what was to be the Department of Defense.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other countries. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense. It made no provisions for sanctions. The pact was the result of a determined American effort to avoid involvement in the European alliance system. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on September 4, 1929.

What group of people did Nixon believe supported his reelection in 1972?

Silent majority

What set forth the idea that your wealth was proof of your superiority?

Social Darwinism

What New Deal program gave money to old and disabled people?

Social Security

What was the first state to secede from the Union?

South Carolina

What civil rights group did Martin Luther King, Jr. found?

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Where were European immigrants mostly coming from in the late 1800s?

Southern and Eastern Europe

Navigation of the Mississippi

Spain closes off the Mississippi river to traders in 1784. This leads to a prevention in the movement of goods in a simple north-south fashion.

What American industry wanted the U.S. to annex Hawaii?

Sugar industry

Federalists

Supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution.

Tariff of Abomination

Tariff with very high rates on goods imported from other countries. Northerners wanted tariff to promote own industry-Southerners had no protection.

Tea Act

Tax on tea; made the East India Company the only tea company allowed to colonists; reason for Tea Party (1773)

Income tax

Tax paid to the state, federal, and local governments based on income earned over the past year.

What law was Andrew Johnson accused of violating during his impeachment?

Tenure of Office Act

Critical Period

Term used by historians to describe the United States under the Articles of Confederation.

Scalawags

Term used to describe Southern white Republicans who had opposed secession.

What aggressive action by the Vietcong led to more criticism of U.S. involvement in Vietnam?

Tet Offensive

1968 as "the year of shocks"

Tet Offensive in Vietnam, assassination of MLK and Robert Kennedy (presidential candidate), Riot of Democratic National Convention (Chicago police beat antiwar protestors), Black Panthers

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

formed by white progressives, adopted goals of Niagara Movement, in response to Springfield Race Riots

Annexation of Texas

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

Jim Crow Laws

The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local governments enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965

NATO

The (North) Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

U-2

The 1960 U-2 incident occurred during the Cold War on May 1, 1960, during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower and during the leadership of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, when a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet Union airspace. The United States government at first denied the plane's purpose and mission, but then was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its remains and surviving pilot, Francis Gary Powers.

Warren G. Harding

The 29th President of the United States, from 1921 until his death in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate (1899-1903), as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1903-1905) and as a U.S. Senator (1915-1921). He was also the first incumbent United States Senator and the first newspaper publisher to be elected President.

Calvin Coolidge

The 30th President of the United States (1923-1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little.

Federal Reserve Act

The Act of Congress that created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, and granted it the legal authority to issue legal tender. The Act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

Creole Affair

The Creole Affair was an uprising by a group of slaves who were in the process of being transported in the ship, the Creole. They killed the captain, took control of ship and sailed for Bahamas, where they became free under British. Incidents such as this contributed to the intensification of sectional conflict in the United States.

What was the time period after the War of 1812 known as?

The Era of Good Feelings

FDIC

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is a United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank. As of November 18, 2010, the FDIC insures deposits at 7,723 institutions. The FDIC also examines and supervises certain financial institutions for safety and soundness, performs certain consumer-protection functions, and manages banks in receiverships (failed banks).

Suffolk Resolves

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's declaration that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

What book criticized slavery using facts and statistics?

The Impending Crisis of the South

"To Secure These Rights"

The President's Committee on Civil Rights was established by U.S. President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9808 on December 5, 1946. The committee was instructed to investigate the status of civil rights in the United States and propose measures to strengthen and protect the civil rights of American citizens. After the committee submitted a report of its findings to President Truman, it disbanded December 1947. In December 1947, the committee produced a 178 page report entitled To Secure These Rights: The Report of the President's Committee on Civil Rights. In the report, it proposed to improve the existing civil rights laws; to establish a permanent Civil Rights Commission, Joint Congressional Committee on Civil Rights, and a Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice; to develop federal protection from lynching; to create a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC); to abolish poll taxes; and urged other measures.

"Billion Dollar" congress

The Republican congress of 1890 passed a record number of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal government, and gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

Townshend Duties

The Revenue Act of 1767 taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British empire.

Republican Party

formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate

19th Amendment

The United States Constitution prohibits any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920. The U.S. Constitution allows states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910s most states disenfranchised women entirely. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement, which fought at both state and national levels to achieve the vote.

Naval battles at Tripoli

The battle is part of the First Barbary War between forces of the United States and the forces of Tripoli in 1804.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

Middle Passage

The boat ride over to North America, where the conditions were absolutely awful. Many people died on this ride over.

Electoral College

The body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president

New Netherland & New York

The colony was conceived as a private business venture to exploit the North American fur trade. New Netherland was slowly settled during its first decades, partially as a result of policy, mismanagement by the Dutch West India Company (WIC), and conflicts with Native Americans.

Rise of the Common Man

The common man always held a special place in America, but with Jackson, he rose to the top of the American political power system.

"Iron Curtain"

The concept symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1989. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances.

Popular Sovereignty

The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

Fourteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review

Mining Frontier

The discovery of gold in CA in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the Western mountains.

Separation of Powers

The division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Volstead Act

The enabling legislation for the Eighteenth Amendment which established prohibition in the United States.

Gifford Pinchot

The first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905-1910) and the 28th Governor of Pennsylvania (1923-1927, 1931-1935). He was a Republican and Progressive. He is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal.

Lexington and Concord

The first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

Ku Klux Klan

The first branch was established in Pulaski, Tennessee, in May, 1866. Most of the leaders were former members of the Confederate Army and the first Grand Wizard was Nathan Forrest, an outstanding general during the American Civil War. Between 1868 and 1870 they played an important role in restoring white rule in North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. At first the main objective of white supremacy organizations was to stop black people from voting. Made many attacks on blacks.

Initiative

The first of a series of actions.

Holocaust

The genocide of approximately 6 million European Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi-occupied territory. Approximately two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust perished.

D-Day

The landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy during World War II. The landings commenced on Tuesday, 6 June 1944. The assault was conducted in two phases: an airborne assault landing of 24,000 British, American, Canadian and Free French airborne troops shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France commencing at 6:30 AM. There were also decoy operations mounted under the codenames Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable to distract the German forces from the real landing areas.

Battle of Wounded Knee

The last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

Mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602)

Tehran Conference

The meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943, most of which was held at the Soviet Embassy in Tehran, Iran. It was the first World War II conference amongst the Big Three in which Stalin was present. It almost immediately followed the Cairo Conference (November 22-26, 1943) and preceded both the Yalta Conference (February 4-11, 1945) and the Potsdam Conference (July 17 - August 2, 1945). The central aim of the Tehran conference was to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies, and the chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe.

Alamo

The mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico

Rough Riders

The name bestowed on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish-American War and the only one of the three to see action. The United States army was weakened and left with little manpower after the Civil War roughly 30 years prior. As a result, President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers to assist in the war efforts.

Referendum

The name given to the political process in which the general public votes on an issue of public concern.

Lend-Lease Act

The name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945. It was signed into law on March 11, 1941, a year and a half after the outbreak of the European war in September 1939, but nine months before the U.S. entrance into the war in December 1941. It was called An Act to Further Promote the Defense of the United States.

Era of Good Feeling

The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.

Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional.

Prohibition

The practice of banning the manufacture, transportation, import, export, sale, and consumption of alcohol and alcoholic beverages. The term can also apply to the periods in the histories of the countries during which the banning of alcohol was enforced.

Spoils System

The practice of victorious politicians rewarding their supporters with government jobs

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Seneca Falls

The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men.

Confederate States of America

The southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

Philippines debate

This debate took place on the floor of the Senate and in countless editorial pages across the country. An aggressive policy toward Cuba could be justified, since it was only 90 miles away and seemed important to the United States' position in the Western Hemisphere. Many had second thoughts, however, over controlling the Philippines; the Filipinos seemed a world away, and, after all, were not "like us." In addition, Americans became aware that Filipinos expected that after the Americans helped throw out the Spanish they would then help them achieve independence.

Korematsu v. US

This supreme court case followed the movement of 100,000 Japanese Americans moved to internment camps; the case upheld the US govt's internment policy as justified in wartime. during ww2

Depression of 1893

This was a panic marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Compounding market overbuilding and the railroad bubble, was a run on the gold supply (relative to silver), because of the long-established American policy of Bimetalism, which used both silver and gold metals at a fixed 16:1 rate for pegging the value of the US Dollar. Until the Great Depression, it was considered the worst depression the United States had ever experienced.

North Africa Campaign

Took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940-16 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco and Algeria and Tunisia. The campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers. The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German-occupied Europe. The U.S. entered the war in 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa, on 11 May 1942.

Bataan Death March

Took place in the Philippines in 1942 and was later accounted as a Japanese war crime. The 60 mi march occurred after the three-month Battle of Bataan, part of the Battle of the Philippines (1941-42), during World War II. The "march", or forcible transfer of 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war, was characterized by wide-ranging physical abuse and murder, and resulted in very high fatalities inflicted upon prisoners and civilians alike by the armed forces of the Empire of Japan.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Toussaint led enslaved blacks in a long struggle for independence over French colonizers, abolished slavery, and secured "native" control over the colony, Haiti. In 1797 while nominally governor of the colony, he expelled the French commissioner Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, as well as the British armies.

What technological advance connected the country in the 1870s?

Transcontinental railroad

What was the network of escape routes and homes of abolitionists called?

Underground Railroad

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

William Tecumseh Sherman

United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (1820-1891)

Frederick Jackson Turner

United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)

Andrew Carnegie

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

Alexander Graham Bell

United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922)

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Sam Houston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)

William James

United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)

Washington Irving

United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859)

What German strategy resulted in the U.S entering WWI?

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising in 1676 in the Virginia colony led by Nathaniel Bacon. Unite against the ruling class.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification

When faced with the protective Tariff of 1828, John Calhoun presented a theory in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) that federal tariffs could be declared null and void by individual states and that they could refuse to enforce them, SC passed an ordinance forbidding collection of tariff duties in the state

Pooling

When several companies agree to divide up the business in an area

What political party favored the American system?

Whig party

Nixon's Southern strategy focused on using issues like busing and school integration to persuade what kind of voters?

White southern voters

What Democrat adopted Populist ideas in the 1896 and election and made the famous "cross of gold" speech?

William Jennings Bryan

Who was the radical abolitionist who puublished The Liberator newspaper?

William LLoyd Garrison

What newspaper publisher was known for yellow journalism?

William Randolph Hearst

What was the difference between what Americans saw on television and what the government told people about the Vietnam War called?

credibility gap

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3 million. Project cost tax payers $13 million.

What proposed, but never enacted, law would have made slavery illegal in the Mexican Cession lands?

Wilmot Proviso

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Wrote The Scarlet Letter; originally a transcendentalist but later became a leading anti-transcendentalist.

What two events drew the U.S. into World War I?

Zimmerman Note, sinking of Lusitania

What event resulted from tension between Mexican American teenagers and white residents of L.A.?

Zoot-suit riots

Hepburn Act

a 1906 United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. In addition, the ICC could view the railroads' financial records, a task simplified by standardized bookkeeping systems.

John Maynard Keynes

a British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments. He greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and advocated the use of fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, as well as its various offshoots.

Vietnam War

a Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. The Viet Cong, a lightly armed South Vietnamese communist-controlled common front, largely fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region.

Father Charles Coughlin

a controversial Catholic priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's National Shrine of the Little Flower Church. He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as more than thirty million tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s.

Schechter v US

a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress' power under the commerce clause. Notably, this was a unanimous decision that declared unconstitutional the National Industrial Recovery Act, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal.

54th Massachusetts Regiment

a famous African unit in the Union army; led an attack on Ft. Wagner near Charleston, SC

SEC

a federal agency which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States. In addition to the 1934 Act that created it, the SEC enforces the Securities Act of 1933, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and other statutes. The SEC was created by section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Fair Labor Standards Act

a federal statute of the United States. The FLSA established a national minimum wage, guaranteed 'time-and-a-half' for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term that is defined in the statute. It applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from coverage.

TVA

a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression.

Enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Dust bowl

a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940). The phenomenon was caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops or other techniques to prevent erosion. Deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains had displaced the natural deep-rooted grasses that normally kept the soil in place and trapped moisture even during periods of drought and high winds.

Potsdam Conference (1945)

decided to punish war crimes, established program for de-Nazification of Germany

New Deal

a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They were passed by the U.S. Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as President of the United States, which lasted from 1933 to 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": relief, recovery, and reform. That is, relief for the unemployed and poor; recovery of the economy to normal levels; and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. It produced a political realignment, making the Democratic Party the majority (as well as the party which held the White House for seven out of nine Presidential terms from 1933 to 1969), with its base in liberal ideas, big city machines, and newly empowered labor unions, ethnic minorities, and the white South.

Social Security Act

a social insurance program that is funded through dedicated payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA). Tax deposits are formally entrusted to the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, or the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund.

Company town

a town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.

"Hundred days"

accomplished great number of relief, recovery, and reform efforts; sought practical solutions to the problems by experimentation

Andrew Carnegie

achieved an abnormal rise in class system (steel industry), pioneered vertical integration (controlled Mesabie Range to ship ore to Pittsburgh), opposed monopolies, used partnership of steel tycoons (Henry Clay Frick as a manager/partner), Bessemer steel process

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas

Connecticut Compromise

advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state and representation in the House based on population

War Industries Board

attempted to centralize production of war materials; ineffective due to American desire for laissez-faire government

Isolationism

avoided league of Nations, opposed Latin American involvement

Civil Rights Act of 1964

banned racial discrimination and segregation (public), bias by federal government; enforced by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Desegregation of Armed Forces (1947)

banned racial discrimination in federal practices; To Secure These Rights called for desegregation, anti-lynching, end of poll taxes

The Great Awakening

began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities

Vertical and horizontal integration

beginnings of trusts (destruction of competition); vertical- controlling every aspect of production (control quality, eliminate middlemen - Rockefeller); horizontal- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a market (highly detrimental)

Conservatism

belief in minimal government so as to allow the people their own free reign, lower taxes to stimulate economy, &c.

Whig Party

believed in expanding federal power on economy, encouraged industrial development; could only gain power on the local level, led by Henry Clay (anti-Jackson)

Deists

believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine

Northwest Passage

believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth

Election of 1980

decisive victory to Reagan due to his appeal over Carter (now unpopular due to lack of success in the presidency

Jingoism

belligerent nationalism against other threatening nations

Convict-lease system

blacks who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy

Anne Hutchinson

challenged New England Calvinist ministers' authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism

Roger Williams

challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church

Dominion of New England

combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one "supercolony" governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a "supergovernor"

Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960

commission on civil rights to attempt to guarantee the ballot to blacks; showed government's changing views of race relations

Andrew Oliver

commissioned to administer the unpopular Stamp Act in Massachusetts. On August 14, he was hanged in effigy from Boston's Liberty Tree in a protest organized by the Loyal Nine, a precursor to the Sons of Liberty. That night his house in Boston was ransacked by an angry crowd. On August 17, he was compelled to publicly resign his commission. On December 17, the Sons of Liberty again forced him to publicly swear that he would never act as stamp distributor

Committees of Correspondence

committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self¬government, cooperation between colonies

Benjamin Franklin

connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan

Conservative backlash against liberalism

conservatives like Reagan benefited from denouncing the New Left and excessive antiwar protests; gave him political prominence

Charles Lindbergh

considered a hero for his solo crossing of the Atlantic by plane

Federal Reserve Act

created Federal Reserve System, regional banks set up for twelve separate districts, final authority of each bank lay with the Federal Reserve Board, paper money to be issued "Federal Reserve Notes"

Interstate Commerce Act

created Interstate Commerce Commission to require railroads to publish rates (less discrimination, short/long haul), first legislation to regulate corporations, ineffective ICC

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

created by John L. Lewis for unskilled labor, organized "sit-down strike" against GM to work for recognition

Yellow journalism

created by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst; aimed to excite American imperialist interests; media bias, subjective representation of events

Peace Corps

created in 1961 as example of liberal anticommunism in third world countries; "reform-minded missionaries of democracy"

Robert La Follette

created the Wisconsin Idea (as governor of Wisconsin) — regulated railroad, direct-primary system, increased corporate taxes, reference library for lawmakers

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Thomas Edison

electric light, phonograph, mimeograph, Dictaphone, moving pictures

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

elegation of Cherokee led by Chief John Ross selected William Wirt, attorney general in the Monroe and Adams administrations, on the urging of Senators Daniel Webster and Theodore Frelinghuysen to defend Cherokee rights before the U.S. Supreme Court

How did Jackosnian democracy change voting?

eliminated property qualifications (universal male suffrage)

Populist Party

emerged from Farmers' Alliance movement (when subtreasury plan was defeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes; Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry Simpson

The Enlightenment

emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity

Second Great Awakening

emphasis on personal salvation, emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks; nationalism (Manifest Destiny)

Hoover's policy of voluntarism

emphasized importance of private charities to help the depression

What labor system involved converting Natives to Catholicism?

encomienda system

Gays in the military

ended exclusion of homosexuals from military; due to controversy, compromise of "don't ask, don't tell" instituted

What did the 13th Amendment do?

ended slavery

William and Mary

ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies

Mercantilism

ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists

New Jersey Plan

equal representation in unicameral congress

Salvation Army

established by "General" William Booth, uniformed volunteers provided food, shelter, and employment to families, attracted poor with lively preaching and marching bands in order to instill middle-class virtues

CWA

established by the New Deal during the Great Depression to create manual labor jobs for millions of unemployed. The jobs were merely temporary, for the duration of the hard winter. Harry L. Hopkins was put in charge of the organization. President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveiled the CWA on November 8, 1933.

James Oglethorpe

established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors

Espionage Act and Sedition Act

fines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military; forbade any form of criticism of the government and military

Jackie Robinson

first African-American in major league baseball

New Harmony

first Utopian society, by Robert Owen

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation

Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor

first female cabinet member

Jamestown

first permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River

President Harry Truman

first president to show positive response to civil rights movement; worked heavily on keeping Soviet spread of communism in check

Fort Sumter

first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina

Samuel Gompers

focused on skilled workers (harder to replace than unskilled), coordinated crafts unions, supported 8¬hour workday and injury liability

Jackson's Presidency

focused on the "Common Man;" removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

for women's rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

forbade restraint of trade and did not distinguish good from bad trusts, ineffective due to lack of enforcement mechanism (waited for Clayton Anti-Trust Act)

Conscription

forced military service; draft

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

fought for women's rights and abolition, "Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!"

Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786)

foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state

Mayflower Compact

foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land

National Organization of Women

founded by Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Aileen Hernandez; lobbied for equal opportunity where the EEOC was lacking (gender discrimination); lawsuits and mobilization of public opinion

Transcendentalism

founded by Emerson, strong emphasis on spiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong references to nature

Knights of Labor

founded by Uriah Stephens (1869); excluded corrupt and well-off; equal female pay, end to child/convict labor, employer-employee relations, proportional income tax; "bread and butter" unionism (higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions)

National Labor Union

founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks

Emergency Banking Relief Act

four-day banking holiday to create controlled inflation, followed by reopening of sound banks, and reorganization of unsound banks

"Atlanta Compromise" speech

given by BTW to ease whites' fears of integration, assuring them that separate but equal was acceptable, ideas challenged by DuBois

Quarantine speech

given by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 5, 1937, in Chicago, calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time. The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by non-interventionists and foes to intervention. No countries were directly mentioned in the speech, but it was interpreted as referring to Japan, Italy, and Germany. Roosevelt suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression.

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

government compromised to buy and coin $2-4 million/month; government stuck to minimum and inflation did not occur (lower prices); economy grew

GI Bill of Rights

government ensured readjustment rights to GIs after WWI unrest, loans to veterans for higher education and mortgages (contributed to economic prosperity)

Independent Treasury Bill

government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations; "America's Second Declaration of Independence"

Stamp Act Congress

group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent

Nicaraguan Contras

guerilla army sponsored by CIA to attack procommunist revolutionaries in Nicaragua; fear of another Vietnam

Second AAA

has the same general objectives, rests not on the taxing power but specifically on the powers of Congress to: 1) regulate interstate commerce, and 2) promote the general welfare. As a further safeguard against the Court, the drafters of the AAA of 1938 inserted a provision separating the Act into sections dealing with each crop, so that the whole Act could not be thrown out by one adverse decision.

Burned-Over District

heavily evangelized to the point there were no more people left to convert to other religions, upstate New York, home to the beginning of Smith's Mormonism movement

Stamp Act Congress

held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed

Clinton impeachment (1997)

helped approval ratings, not removed from office despite all the efforts of Republican congressmen

Jane Addams

helped lead settlement house movement, co-founded NAACP, condemned war and poverty

US economy since WWII (service economy)

highest peacetime deficit in US history (due to lower tax rates for high-income taxpayers, spent too much money attempting to reduce price supports to farmers)

Dorothea Lange

hired to photograph ordinary Americans experiencing the depression

Freedom Riders (Congress of Racial Equality - CORE)

interracial group of protestors who aimed to dramatize the violations of the call for desegregation; harsh treatment by southern whites provoked Kennedy to more strictly enforce desegregation

Henry David Thoreau

in Brook Farm Community, lived in seclusion for two years writing Walden and On Civil Disobedience, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony

"Gentlemen's Agreement" (1908)

in response to Japanese discrimination in San Fran schools; Japanese to stop laborers into U.S., Californians forbidden to ban Japanese from public schools

Frederick W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management

increase working output by standardizing procedures and rewarding those who worked fast; efficiency

Sugar Act

increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs

Rock `n' Roll

influence of African-American blues, music of the younger generation (gap between them and their parents)

CIA overthrow of Iran (1953)

installed Shah as dictator, overthrew Moussadegh (communist interests), in order to resist nationalization British oil holdings

Tea Act (1773)

intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)

Zimmerman Note

intercepted by Britain; Germany proposed alliance with Mexico, using bribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ; Japan included in alliance

What was the division between Eastern and Western Europe called?

iron curtain

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moral cause in the war

Midnight judges

judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson, Marshall among those appointed

Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce

known as "wartime food czar;" created recreation policies and reintroduced leisure culture and conservation ethic to get Americans escaping the cities and improve tourism, etc.

Battle of Yorktown

last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies

Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution

loose interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress

Conservative policies of Harding and Coolidge

lowering of income taxes for wealthy (trickle-down economics), refusal to create higher prices to help farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill)

Battle of the Bulge

major German offensive, launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes Mountains region of Wallonia in Belgium, and France and Luxembourg on the Western Front. The "bulge" being the initial incursion the Germans put into the Allies' line of advance, as seen in maps presented in contemporary newspapers. Germany's goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp, Belgium, and then proceed to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers' favor. Once accomplished, Hitler could return his attention and the bulk of his forces to the Soviet armies in the east.

Shays's Rebellion

mistreated farmers, fear of monocracy, forced people to think about central government

Modernism

modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was a revolt against the conservative values of realism.

Whigs (Patriots)

most numerous in New England, fought for independence

Lowell mill girls

mostly from the New England States; their fathers did not want to have to pay for them to live with them until they got married, and sent them to work at the Lowell Mill, where the girls lived, worked, and ate; they got little time for meals and sleep, and worked long hours in the factory all year

Huey Long

nicknamed The Kingfish, served as the 40th Governor of Louisiana from 1928-1932 and as a U.S. Senator from 1932 to 1935. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid for 1936.

Greensboro sit-in (1960)

nonviolent protest to college students (NC) being refused lunch service; part of "sit-in" movement to integrate all aspects of life (hotels, entertainment, &c.)

Where did African Americans migrate to after WWI?

northern cities

Where were political machines most prevalent?

northern cities

"Wage slaves"

northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)

Atlantic slave trade

often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange

New immigrants vs. old immigrants

old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching for opportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stay in the US

Harry Hopkins

one of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisers. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the relief programs of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which he directed and built into the largest employer in the country. In World War II he was Roosevelt's chief diplomatic advisor and troubleshooter and was a key policy maker in the $50 billion Lend Lease program that sent aid to the allies.

Navigation Acts

only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763

WEB DuBois, Souls of Black Folk

opposed BTW's accommodation policies, called for immediate equality, formed Niagara Movement to support his ideas

John C. Calhoun

opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner

John C. Calhoun

opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property)

Know-Nothing (American) Party

opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic

Robert E. Lee

opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army

Suffolk Resolves

organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization

Sons of Liberty

organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated nonimportation

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

over Senate seat for Illinois (Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery

CIA overthrow of Guatemala (1954)

overthrew Pres. Guzman after he nationalized American fruit fields and accepted arms from USSR (communist sympathies)

Invasion of Afghanistan (2002)

overthrow of the Taliban, in search of bin Laden

Specie

paper money; specie circular decreed that the government would not accept specie for government land

Vietnamization

part of Nixon's tri-faceted plan to honorably remove troops from Vietnam; wean the South Vietnamese off of American support, gradually reducing number of American troops present

PWA

part of the New Deal, or 100 hundred days plan agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes during President Roosevelt's time in office. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It concentrated on the construction of large-scale public works such as dams and bridges, with the goal of providing employment, stabilizing purchasing power, and contributing to a revival of American industry. It was planned to help fix the Great Depression. This Administration was focused on saving natural resources. The dams that were built from the funding of this were created to save money and that created cheaper electricity for those who needed it (unemployed).

9/11 Terrorist Attacks on NYC & DC (2001)

planes hijacked by terrorists for destruction; blame pinned on Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden, sought out in attempt to completely destroy terrorism

Olive Branch Petition

politely demanded from the king a cease¬fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts,. guarantee of American rights

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

prohibited testing of nuclear bombs above ground to slow the nuclear arms race and the release of nuclear fallout into the atmosphere

James Monroe

provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine

Wilson's 14 points

public treaties, free trade, free seas, reduced armament burdens, anti-imperialism, independence to minorities, international organization

Underwood Simmons Tariff

re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, well below the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909. It was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on October 3, 1913.

German U-boat warfare

refers to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and World War II. Although in theory U-boats could have been useful fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, in practice they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role (commerce raiding), enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping. The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from the British Empire and the United States to the islands of Great Britain.

King James I, King Charles

reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors

Adams-Onis Treaty

remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined

William Jennings Bryan

repeat candidate for president, proponent of silver-backing (16:1 platform), cross of gold speech against gold standard; Democratic candidate (1896)

Conversion Experience

required of members of the Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church

12th Amendment

required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

response to Berlin crisis, warned Moscow that threats would be answered with force; Warsaw Pact formed by Soviets in response

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

response to French attempts for alliance with US

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs

risk of too many casualties and high costs for hand-to-hand combat/invasion, Japanese surrender unlikely

Transportation Revolution

river traffic, road building, canals (esp. Erie), rise of NYC

Frederick Douglass

runaway slave, well-known speaker on the condition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips, founder of The North Star

Fugitive Slave Act

runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property — running away was as good as stealing)

Valley Forge

scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben

President Bill Clinton

scholarly, welfare-reform, "Contract with America," impeachment over Monica Lewinski Scandal, War in Kosovo

Writs of Assistance

search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis

President John F. Kennedy

second youngest president, entered presidency as tensions of the Cold War increased; unable to get major initiatives through Congress due to conservative bloc; tax cuts (economic stimulation); reluctantly gets involved in civil rights; emphasizes Space Race (man on the moon)

John Foster Dulles

secretary of state, policy to liberate captive people in Eastern Europe by political pressure and propaganda; massive retaliation to counter SovietlChinese aggression with nuclear weapons; brinksmanship to be persistent to solve crises (even to the extent of war)

Horace Mann

worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix

Standard Oil Trust

small oil companies sold stock and authority to Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company (consolidation), cornered world petroleum market

Pet banks

small state banks set up by Jackson to keep federal funds out of the National Bank, used until funds were consolidated into a single treasury

What disease decimated the Native Americans?

smallpox

John Dewey

social ideals to be encouraged in public school (stress on social interaction), learning by doing

Ku Klux Klan

spread quickly; opposed everything that was not White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) (and conservative), Stephenson's faults and jail sentence led to demise

Dorothea Dix

worked towards asylums for the mentally insane, worked alongside Mann

Social Gospel movement

stressed role of church and religion to improve city life, led by preachers Walter Raushenbusch and Washington Gladen; influenced settlement house movement and Salvation Army

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions

Fundamentalism

strict adherence to specific set of theological doctrines typically in reaction against the theology of Modernism.

Liberty Party

supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society

Prohibition, rise of organized crime

supported by women and churches, instituted by Volstead Act, lacked enforcement; bootlegging and speakeasies, Al Capone and John Dillinger — gangsters and organized crime (casual breaking of the law)

Greenback Party

supported expanded money supply, health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers, granger (farmer)-supported

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of women workers during the war

Stamp Act

taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by colonists through their representatives

Herbert Hoover

the 31st President of the United States (1929-1933). Hoover was a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization". In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no previous elected office experience.

Franklin Roosevelt

the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he forged a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depths of the Great Depression. FDR's combination of optimism and activism contributed to reviving the national spirit. Working closely with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany and Japan in World War II, he died just as victory was in sight.

Popular Sovereignty

the principle that a state should decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery

Jane Addams

the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In a long, complex, career, she was a pioneer settlement worker, founder of Hull House in Chicago, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace.

Hudson River School

the first coherent school of American art

Massive Retaliation & Brinkmanship

the practice of pushing dangerous events to the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome. It occurs in international politics, foreign policy, labour relations, and (in contemporary settings) military strategy involving the threatened use of nuclear weapons.

Federalists and Republicans

the two political parties that formed following Washington's presidency; Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger state governments

Economic transition

to service economy in late 20 century (end of industrialism) - higher focus on services (esp. education) rather than material products

Organized crime

transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for monetary profit. Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist organizations, are politically motivated.

Charles II, James II

tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures

AFL-CIO (1955)

unemployment jitters; expelled Teamster union (resorted to gangsterism); height of power of workers' unions

"Baby Boom"

unprecedented sudden growth spurt of American population (especially urban and suburban areas)

Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers

used nonviolent protest and boycott to achieve better working conditions for farmers (esp. Mexican-Americans)

Washington's Farewell Address

warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

What limitations existed on voting in the late 1700s and early 1800s?

white, male, property owners

Good Neighbor Policy

withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum (rebukes the "big stick"); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

women must gain economic rights in order to impact society (cf. rising divorce rates)