AP Exam Final

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles

AV node

Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valves

AV valves only

which is a mineralocorticoid hormone?

Aldosterone

In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound?

Biliverdin

active muscles generate ____

CO2 and heat

_____ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the ____

CO2; alveoli

Systemic circulation is to the body as the ___ circulation is to the heart

Coronary

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

Facial nerve (7)

Which of the following begins with the activation of plasminogen?

Fibrinolysis

what is the name of the opening between the the true vocal cords

Glottis

which hormone is a very effective antioxidant, one that may protect CNS neurons from free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Glucagon

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood is

Growth Hormone

which statement regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood is true

H2CO3 dissociated into H+ and HCO3-

As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules or RBCs?

Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen

Emphysema is a disease process that can be caused by cigarette smoking. Not only are the lungs more inflated ate rest due to loss of elasticity (elastic recoil), but the alveoli are also reduced in numbers as fewer, large diameter alveoli replace more numerous, smaller diameter alveoli. As a consequence, patients with emphysema are often given supplemental oxygen to assist with their changed breathing pattern. What is the main objective in administering supplemental oxygen?

Increase the PO2 in the alveoli to increase the diffusion of oxygen across the respiratory membrane

Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles?

Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves

Which ABO blood type has neither A, B, nor Rh antigens?

O negative

which way would o2 and co2 diffuse during internal respiration?

O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries

Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?

P wave

The cardioinhibitory center controls activities of the ____ motor neurons

Parasympathetic

During Red Blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell

Reticulocyte

Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?

SA node

Identify the correct match

SA node= tissue mass embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium

what substance secreted onto the alveolar surfaces plays a key role in keeping the alveoli open?

Surfactant

which of the following is NOT a primary function of the muscular system?

Synthesizes vitamin D3

Iodine is extremely important in the formation of what hormone?

T4

internal and external respiration depends on several factors. which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?

The Molecular weight of the gas

which statement is true about the adrenal glands

The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium, and glucose blood levels.

Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchange between the alveoli and blood as there is O2

The capillaries walls are more permeable to CO2 than O2

Which statement is correct regarding the heart wall

The epicardium is a serous membrane that consists of an exposed epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue

During forced breathing, which of the following occurs during inhalation?

The expiratory center of the VRG is inhibited

What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?

Ventricular depolarization

Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during ____

Ventricular diastole

the release of norepinephrine at synapses in the myocardium results in___

an increase in stroke volume

Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the

anterior pituitary

Agglutinins

are antibodies that will attacks surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type

During an EEG, alpha waves

are characteristic of normal resting adults

Generally, the actions of hormones

can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes.

Salivary amylase functions to digest

carbohydrates

Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the

cerebellum

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane.

chemically gated; postsynaptic

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease due to a defect of the respirator mucosa. Mucous cells in the respiratory mucosa of affected individual produce dense, viscous mucus that CANNOT be transported by the cilia of the respiratory tract. Mucus transport stops, and mucus blocks the smaller respiratory passage ways. the clogged airways make breathing difficult. this inactivation of the normal repiratory defenses leafs to frequent bacterial infections. where is the respiratoru mucosa found in the respiratory tract?

conducting portion

which of the following factors would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

decrease in the pH of the interstitial fluids

which statement is correct?

during external respiration, equilibrium is reached for 02 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same

during the action potential, when does sodium permeability initially decrease

during the peak of depolarization

binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to ____

either depolarize or hyperpolarize

During their formation, RBCs

eject their nucleus

What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close?

greater pressure in the aorta than inn the left ventricle

Much of our conscious and intellectual functions reside in the cortex of the cerebrum. What is the name of the folds or convolutions that are found on the cerebral cortex and expand its surface area?

gyri

if the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

incoming sensory information would be disrupted

Consider the stress response. Unlike the resistance phase, the alarm phase___

involves the activation of the "fight or flight" response

the flexor reflex

is a withdrawal reflex

the trachea

is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages

put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.

isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

which of the following organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system?

liver

which of the following consists of double sheets of serous membrane and provides a pathway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels?

mesenteries

Saltatory propagation occurs in _________ axons, in which action potentials _________.

myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another

the pH of saliva is

neutral

Which of the following pairs are mismatched?

neutrophils: antibody production

the root of a tooth is anchored by the

periodontal ligament

In blood smear preparations, blood is collected from which type of vessel?

peripheral capillaries

The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an example of a(n)

permissive effect

the ___ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain

pia mater

The muscle that produces the action of standing on tip-toes is the

plantaris

Marissa has had her entire thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?

possible, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident

What is the chief difference between plasma and serum

presence/absence of clotting proteins

Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves

pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles

in a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in the the ___

presynaptic neuron

which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

the hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of

releasing and inhibiting hormones

which of the following statements is correct?

spinal nerves out number cranial

The function of the cardiac skeleton is to

stabilize the position of the heart valves

What is NOT a function of blood

storage

Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?

storage

the cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the

temporal lobe

How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle

the partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase

which statement is true about the pituitary?

the pituitary hormones all work by activating G proteins and triggering cAMP within cells

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by

the release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium

During an action potential, the rapid decrease in sodium permeability and simultaneous increase in potassium permeability is responsible for____.

the repolarization phase

Following an accident, J.J. realizes that he is unable to move his left leg. which area of his brain is most likely affected?

the right frontal lobe

During exhalation,

the volume of the thoracic cavity decrease

Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood of an individual with type AB

type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies

The Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the

ventricles

an action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Why might women be more prone to suffering from iron-deficient anemia than men

women have approximately half as many iron reserves