AP Gov Ch. 3 & 4 Review

Unitary system

local and regional governments derive authority from the national government.

unfunded mandate

state must do something but no federal funds are given

Dillon's rule

Local govts. have only those powers and duties explictally given to them by the state

10th amendment

*amendment* the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, or prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people

e

1) Most amendments to the U.S. Constitution have been ratified by the vote of a. Conventions in ¾ of the states b. ½ of the state legislatures c. 2/3 of the members of both house of Congress d. 2/3 of the representatives to a national convention e. ¾ of the state legislatures

b

10) Which of the following is a concurrent power in the American system of federalism? a. The power to make treaties with foreign governments b. The power to levy taxes c. The power to make monetary policy d. The power to establish local governments (cities, counties, school districts, etc) e. The power to regulate interstate commerce

e

11) The "elastic clause" of the Constitution a. Held the union together by setting up a bicameral Congress—a compromise between large and small states that allowed equal representation in one house and representation based on population in the other house b. Provides that a state's representation in Congress will go up or down every ten years based on a new national census c. Gives the president the authority to assume greater power in a time of war d. Sates hat powers not specifically given to the national government are reserved to the states or the people e. States that the national government's power include implied powers not specifically listed in the Constitution

c

12) Which of the following best defines the constitutional interpretation of federalism? a. The federal government and the states each have separate and mutually exclusive roles and responsibilities; neither controls the other b. The states have some powers reserved to them which they may exercise if the Supreme Court permits c. The federal government and the states have separate but overlapping powers; where these powers conflict the federal government prevails d. The states may only exercise those powers delegated to them by Congress e. The federal government may exercise only those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution

b

13) The amendments to the Constitution that were ratified during Reconstruction were primarily designed to a. Protect the rights of women against infringement by the federal government b. Protect the rights of Black citizens against infringement by state governments c. Ensure equal economic opportunity for Black citizens d. Facilitate the rebuilding of the Southern economy e. Limit the power of the President had gained during the Civil War

a

14) Of the following, which has been used most to expand the power of the national government? a. Commerce clause b. Habeas corpus clause c. Bill of attainder d. 1st Amendment e. 5th Amendment

e

15) The terms "fiscal federalism" and "cooperative federalism" refer to situations in which a. The federal government completely dominates state and local governments b. States are forbidden any activity that has not been specifically approved by the Supreme Court c. The federal judiciary uses its power of judicial review to ensure congressional dominance over state legislatures d. State, municipal, and local income taxes are pooled by special agreement and redistributed in accordance with individual need e. Federal, state, and local governments work together to complete a project, with the federal government providing much of the project funding

e

16) One example of constitutional checks and balances is a. The president declares war, but Congress appropriates military funds b. The president nominates cabinet members, and the House holds confirmation hearings c. The House can impeach federal judges and the president, and the Senate holds the impeachment trial d. Congress can override United States Supreme Court decisions on the constitutionality of laws e. Presidential vetoes of laws can be overridden by a simple majority vote in both the House and the Senate

a

17) Cooperative federalism can best be described by which of the following statements? a. Different levels of government are involved in common policy areas b. Government must have cooperation from the people in order to make legislative decisions c. Local levels of government can make decisions on issues more efficiently than state and national governments can d. The federal government must make regulations that can be applied across every state in the same way e. Business and government can work together to more effectively accomplish shared goals

c

18) The importance of Shay's Rebellion to the development of the United States Constitution was that it a. Revealed the necessity of both adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution and creating a system of checks and balances b. Demonstrated the intensity of antiratification sentiment within the thirteen states c. Indicated that a strong, constitutionally designed national government was needed to protect property and maintain order d. Convinced the delegates attending the Constitutional Convention to accept the Connecticut Plan e. Reinforced the idea that slavery should be outlawed in the New Constitution

d

19) Which of the following was the most important effect of replacing the Articles of Confederation with the Constitution of 1787? a. The protection of free speech b. The guarantee of states' rights c. The establishment of direct democracy d. The creation of a strong national government e. The establishment of judicial review

b

2) When a locality is required by the federal law to do something, regardless of whether it receives federal funding for that purpose, this duty is called a a. Condition of aid b. Mandate c. String-attached edict d. Court decision e. Pontification

d

20) Enumerated powers of the federal government include all of the following EXCEPT the power to a. Coin money b. Declare war c. Regulate interstate commerce d. Regulate intrastate commerce e. tax

c

21) The debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists were primarily about which of the following issues? a. The right of the people to rebel b. The existence of slavery c. The scope of power in the central government d. The need to establish a standard currency e. The representation of large and small states

e

22) Which of the following is a fundamental element of the United States Constitution? a. Recognition of the centrality of political parties in government b. Direct election of members of the executive branch c. An executive branch that is more powerful than the legislature d. Emphasis on a unitary system of government e. Division of government authority across political institutions

e

3) An important outcome of Marshall's ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was to a. Place limits on the constitutional powers granted to Congress by refusing McCulloch's appeal b. Give great power to the states in taxing agents of the federal government, including banks c. Protect newspaper editors who publish stories critical of the federal government d. Restrict the power of the Court in cases involving conflicts between states and the federal government e. Confirm the supremacy of the federal government in the exercise of the constitutional powers granted to Congress.

a

4) Which constitutional amendment provides for the expansion of individual rights found in the Bill of Rights? a. 14 th Amendment b. 15 th Amendment c. 19 th Amendment d. 22 nd Amendment e. 25 th Amendment

a

5) What case established that the necessary and proper clause could be used to extend the national government's power beyond its expressed authority? a. McCulloch v. Maryland b. Marbury v. Madison c. Gitlow v. New York d. Gibbons v. Ogden e. Barron v. Baltimore

b

6) Which of the following best describes the concept of reserved powers of the states? a. These are powers given to the states through the implied powers concept b. These are powers not specifically granted to the national government or denied to the states c. These are powers given only to Congress and are not available to the executive branch d. These are powers given only to the Supreme Court e. These are powers, such as foreign trade agreements, over which states maintain only a small amount of control

e

7) Which of the following definitions best defines the concept of full faith and credit? a. It deals with economic policy stating that the Federal Reserve will protect deposits and checking accounts b. It concerns Congress respecting the autonomy of the Supreme Court c. It deals with federal governments maintaining a strong military capacity d. It deals with cooperation between the executive and legislative branches on budgetary issues e. It concerns states being required to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states.

c

8) Which of the following is not a power of state government? a. Regulation of corporations b. Establishment of licensing requirements for certain professions c. Regulation of immigration d. Regulation of intrastate commerce e. Regulation of the public schools

e

9) How was the election of US senators changed by the 17 th Amendment? a. Senatorial terms were lengthened to six years b. Starting in 1914 not all senators were elected at the same time c. The minimum age for senators was increased d. All candidates for the Senate had to take part in a party primary e. Senators were elected by popular vote instead of by state legislature's

Cooperative Federalism

A concept in which national, state and local governments work together to solve common problems that began the New Deal-Marble Cake.

-permits diversity -helps manage conflict -disperses power -increases political participation -improves effieciency

Advantages of Federalism

17th amendment

An amendment to the Constitution providing for the election of two U.S. senators from each state by popular vote. removed their selection from state legislatures

Enumerated powers

Article 1, Section 8 grants the congress these

Section 1. Full faith and credit clause Section 2. Privileges and Immunities Clause

Article IV

16th amendment

Authorized Congress to enact a national income tax

Marbury v. Madison

Beginning of Judical Review

-allows special interest groups to protect their interests -allows local leaders to frustrate national policy -allows the benefits and costs of government to be spread unevenly -creates disadvantages in poorer states and communities -obstructs action on national issues

Disadvantages of Federalism

Preemption

Idea that when the federal government has enacted legislation, it shall be controlling over state laws.

Anti-Federalists Beliefs

Opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution b/c it gave too much power to the national govt at the expense of the state govts and it lacked a bill of rights

2/3 vote of both houses of Congress

Proposal of Amendments approved by...

3/4 of state legislatures

Ratification has to be approved by...

Dual Federalism

Refers to the concept that the national government and the state governments have separate and equal power in their respective spheres of authority- Layered Cake

New Federalism

System of government that would turn over the control of some federal programs to state and local government proposed by the Reagan administration during the 1980s

Gibbons v. Ogden

Upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce

Federalists Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constituiton

Confederation

a system of government in which the people create state governments, which create and operate the nation

Fiscal federalism

attempts to define the division of governmental functions, and the financial relationship between, different levels of government

14th amendment

declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans

Federal System

division of power between federal, state, and local govt.

13th amendment

officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery to this day

Supremacy Clause

portion of Article VI of the US Constitution mandating that national law is supreme to all other laws passed by the states or any other subdivision of government

Concurrent Powers (Ex. tax, borrow money)

powers shared between the state and federal government (What are some examples?)

15th amendment

prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

initiative

proposed changes to laws be put on the ballot if enough signatures

Commerce clause

refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes."

mandate

requires state and local govt. to provide additional services as a condition of federal grant money

Sunset legslation

some states have this that calls for the reviewing of agencies to see if their programs are still needed

McCulloch v. Maryland

the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of the constitution

Necessary and proper clause

the final paragraph of Article I, section 8, of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the authority to pass laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers specifies in the Constitution; also called the elastic clause

sovereign immunity

the right of a state to be free from lawsuit unless it gives permission to the suit. Under the Eleventh Amendment, all states are considered sovereign

Devolution

the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.

Interstate commerce

trade, traffic, or transportation in the United States

referedum

voters approve or disapprove state legislation

recall

voters may vote someone out of offce

Critical Period

when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition (An alliance of political groups) supporting one or both parties