AP Gov Final

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1) Based on the graph, the amount of federal funding spent on public education is approximately (A) 2 percent. (B) 11 percent. (C) 23 percent. (D) 30 percent.

(A) 2 percent.

14) Based on the map, the most common unemployment percentage in the U.S. is between (A) 3-3.9%. (B) 2-2.9%. (C) 8-8.9%. (D) 4-4.9%.

(A) 3-3.9%

23) In which of the following scenarios would the precedent created by Tinker v. Des Moines possibly apply? (A) A group of students is suspended for wearing controversial shirts to school. (B) A group of protesters block the entrance to a criminal detention center. (C) A local government prevents a newspaper from publishing a story that makes the mayor look bad. (D) A criminal suspect is not made aware of their Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights after being arrested.

(A) A group of students is suspended for wearing controversial shirts to school.

15) According to Article III of the Constitution, the power to create inferior federal courts is held by (A) Congress. (B) the president. (C) the Supreme Court. (D) the states.

(A) Congress.

What Are Americans' Political Ideologies and How Are They Affected by Key Variables? Source: Gallup, May-June 2020 *Gallup does not offer a transgender category. 5. According to the table above, which of the following groups is the most liberal? (A) Democrats (B) 55 and older (C) College graduates (D) Women

(A) Democrats

13. During his campaign for reelection in 2012, Barack Obama deemphasized his work on health care reform. Which of the following reasons is the most plausible explanation for this decision, given what you know about the interaction between public opinion, policy, and politics? (A) His campaign did not want to focus on an issue that had deep divisions in public opinion. (B) His campaign wanted to focus on the improvements in unemployment instead. (C) The public is generally much less concerned about domestic issues than they are about foreign policy issues. (D) Very few Americans held opinions about health care reform because it did not directly affect them.

(A) His campaign did not want to focus on an issue that had deep divisions in public opinion.

20) Based on the map, the state with the strongest gun laws is (A) New York. (B) Maine. (C) Texas. (D) Kansas.

(A) New York.

16) Which of the following provides one explanation for rising Medicare costs in recent years? (A) People live longer today than they did in the past. (B) People rely on their own private insurance to supplement Medicare. (C) Most people on Medicare also receive Medicaid benefits. (D) Doctors charge less for many services than they did in the past.

(A) People live longer today than they did in the past.

Why were Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton impeached but not removed from office? (A) The House officially charged them with wrongdoing, but a Senate trial failed to convict them. (B) The Senate officially charged them with wrongdoing, but a House trial failed to convict them. (C) The Senate officially charged them with wrongdoing, but a Supreme Court trial failed to convict them. (D) The Supreme Court officially charged them with wrongdoing, but a Senate trial failed to convict them.

(A) The House officially charged them with wrongdoing, but a Senate trial failed to convict them.

2. Which of the following was a consequence of the spoils, or patronage, system? (A) The federal bureaucracy was staffed with people who often lacked expertise. (B) There was low turnover in the federal bureaucracy between presidential administrations. (C) There was little government corruption. (D) Voter turnout was lower.

(A) The federal bureaucracy was staffed with people who often lacked expertise.

14. Which of the following do modern American political liberals generally believe? (A) The government should provide social programs. (B) A lower tax rate stimulates the economy. (C) Charities are more effective than government programs. (D) Government is a necessary evil.

(A) The government should provide social programs.

9) Which of the following do modern American political liberals generally believe? (A) The government should provide social programs. (B) A lower tax rate stimulates the economy. (C) Charities are more effective than government programs. (D) Government is a necessary evil.

(A) The government should provide social programs.

6) Which power of the president is used to select officials to execute laws passed by Congress? (A) appointment (B) veto (C) pardon (D) impeachment

(A) appointment

Which term is used to indicate that a state is awarded congressional seats based on its population? (A) apportionment (B) appropriations (C) gerrymandering (D) redistricting

(A) apportionment

Which form of legislature did the Constitutional Convention create? (A) bicameral (B) direct (C) unicameral (D) unified

(A) bicameral

15) An example of lobbying is (A) communicating with government officials to persuade them to support a particular policy position. (B) conducting surveys to gauge public opinion on a policy issue. (C) convincing potential members to join an interest group by offering them material benefits. (D) fundraising for political candidates.

(A) communicating with government officials to persuade them to support a particular policy position.

Which committee reconciles differences in bills passed by the House and Senate? (A) conference (B) appropriations (C) ways and means (D) standing

(A) conference

28) Which clause prevents the national government from sanctioning an official religion? (A) establishment (B) free exercise (C) due process (D) equal protection

(A) establishment

11) The establishment of New Deal-era entitlement programs such as Social Security and Aid to Families with Dependent Children resulted in (A) expansion of the federal role in domestic policy. (B) help to ensure equality in public school funding. (C) help to provide income to low-earning households. (D) expansion of financial aid to poor college students.

(A) expansion of the federal role in domestic policy.

What does the trustee model of representation entrust legislators to do? (A) follow a strict interpretation of the Constitution (B) present the views of their party (C) use their judgment when making decisions (D) make decisions according to their constituents' demands

(A) follow a strict interpretation of the Constitution

18) Keynesian economic policy relies on (A) government taxes and adjustments to the money supply to control inflation and unemployment. (B) tax cuts and expenditure increases by government to control inflation and unemployment. (C) the money supply to control inflation and unemployment. (D) the elimination of burdensome regulations in order to stimulate business growth.

(A) government taxes and adjustments to the money supply to control inflation and unemployment.

During the appropriations process, Congress (A) grants funds to federal agencies and programs. (B) creates new federal agencies. (C) acquires requested oversight material from the executive. (D) instructs the president to eliminate federal agencies.

(A) grants funds to federal agencies and programs.

5) The spoils system was ultimately replaced by the civil service system due to (A) growing concerns about a poorly functioning federal bureaucracy. (B) public pressure to shrink the size of the federal bureaucracy. (C) a Supreme Court decision ruling the spoils system unconstitutional. (D) congressional demands for greater control over the federal bureaucracy.

(A) growing concerns about a poorly functioning federal bureaucracy.

14) How and whether judicial decisions are translated into actual policy is known as judicial (A) implementation. (B) execution. (C) legislation. (D) intention.

(A) implementation.

19. In regard to the federal bureaucracy, Congress and the president share the power to (A) influence budgets. (B) issue executive orders. (C) sign executive agreements. (D) hold oversight hearings.

(A) influence budgets.

What is the typical path a bill takes through the Senate? (A) introduction, committee referral, subcommittee, full committee report, full Senate debate and vote, conference committee, full Senate vote, send to president (B) introduction, committee referral, subcommittee, Committee on Rules, full committee report, conference committee, full Senate vote, send to president (C) introduction, committee referral, Committee on Rules, subcommittee, full committee report, full Senate vote, conference committee, send to president (D) introduction, subcommittee, committee referral, full committee report, Committee on Rules, full Senate vote, conference committee, send to president

(A) introduction, committee referral, subcommittee, full committee report, full Senate debate and vote, conference committee, full Senate vote, send to president

14) The relationship between income and voter choice has historically been that those with (A) low incomes vote for Democrats; those with high incomes vote for Republicans. (B) low incomes vote for Republicans; those with high incomes vote for Democrats. (C) those with the highest income and those with the lowest income tend to vote for Republicans. (D) those with the highest income and those with the lowest income tend to vote for Democrats.

(A) low incomes vote for Democrats; those with high incomes vote for Republicans.

The vice president of the United States is the ceremonial leader of the Senate, but she or he has little real leadership responsibilities. Who is the true leader of the Senate? (A) majority leader (B) president pro tempore (C) president of the Senate (D) the Speaker

(A) majority leader

A measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll is the (A) margin of error. (B) modal response. (C) sample size. (D) standard deviation.

(A) margin of error.

9) Which of the following often result in expansions of presidential power? (A) national crises (B) second-term elections (C) popularity in the polls (D) Constitutional amendments

(A) national crises

The purpose of this title is to ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and state academic assessments. This purpose can be accomplished by— (1) ensuring that high-quality academic assessments, accountability systems, teacher preparation and training, curriculum, and instructional materials are aligned with challenging State academic standards... (2) meeting the educational needs of low-achieving children in our Nation's highest-poverty schools... (3) closing the achievement gap between high- and low-performing children, especially the achievement gaps between minority and nonminority students, and between disadvantaged children and their more advantaged peers; (4) holding schools, local educational agencies, and States accountable for improving the academic achievement... (5) distributing and targeting resources sufficiently to make a difference to local educational agencies and schools where needs are greatest..." —Title I—Improving the Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged, No Child Left Behind, 2001 21) Which of the following was a goal of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)? (A) prepare students for college (B) ensure all students have a quality education (C) guarantee that students have well-educated teachers (D) ensure that all students learn the same information

(A) prepare students for college

11) U.S. district court judges are nominated by the (A) president. (B) House of Representatives. (C) Senate. (D) Supreme Court.

(A) president.

"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." —Fifteenth Amendment, U.S. Constitution, 1870 11) Which obstacle to voting did the Fifteenth Amendment attempt to remove? (A) race (B) sex (C) age (D) religion

(A) race

"We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. This disposition makes unnecessary any discussion whether such segregation also violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." —Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) 6) What did the Supreme Court deem unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education? (A) school segregation (B) poll taxes (C) school integration (D) unequal school funding

(A) school segregation

17) In 1989, the Supreme Court held that the right to burn the American flag as a form of protest was protected by the First Amendment. In doing this, they cited reasoning from an earlier case. This is an example of which concept in judicial decision making? (A) stare decisis (B) judicial activism (C) originalism (D) judicial deference

(A) stare decisis

17) Women gained the right to vote as a result of (A) the Nineteenth Amendment. (B) the 1965 Voting Rights Act. (C) Baker v. Carr. (D) the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

(A) the Nineteenth Amendment.

12) What is implementation? (A) the process by which a law or policy is put into operation (B) a set of procedures executive branch agencies must follow when issuing rules (C) the process by which government agencies settle legal disputes (D) a set of rules enforcing government agreements with private contractors

(A) the process by which a law or policy is put into operation

22 In 2014, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, Kathleen Sebelius, testified in front of a Senate committee. She was called to testify because a government website that was used to sign up for health insurance did not work properly, resulting in delays and frustrations among Americans trying to register for government subsidized health insurance. This is an example of which of the following processes? (A) the use of congressional oversight hearings to ensure that policy is implemented in the manner Congress intended (B) Senate confirmation of a cabinet secretary (C) hearings to investigate if impeachment charges should be brought (D) the use of Congress' hearing powers to determine if an agency should be eliminated for poor performance

(A) the use of congressional oversight hearings to ensure that policy is implemented in the manner Congress intended

After the 2020 census, the state of Colorado was given another seat in the House of Representatives. The state legislature redrew the congressional boundaries in such a way that there was one district that had three times as many people as the others. This would most likely violate which of the following Supreme Court decisions? (A) Shaw v. Reno (B) Baker v. Carr (C) Johnson v. Texas (D) Schenck v. United States

(B) Baker v. Carr

9) Jim Crow laws were made illegal by the (A) Roe v. Wade decision. (B) Civil Rights Act of 1964. (C) Letter from a Birmingham Jail. (D) Supreme Court's ruling in the Brown case.

(B) Civil Rights Act of 1964.

3) Which of the following might be a reason for these changes in federal judges? (A) Federal government officials must mirror the American population. (B) Diverse appointments help presidents gain favor with different population groups. (C) Fewer White males present the necessary qualifications. (D) Minority groups vote for minority judges.

(B) Diverse appointments help presidents gain favor with different population groups.

4. The president of the United States is elected by earning a majority of the votes in the (A) popular vote. (B) Electoral College. (C) House of Representatives. (D) Senate.

(B) Electoral College.

1) Based on the graph, which of the following demographic groups had an increase in their nominees under all four presidents shown? (A) females (B) Hispanics (C) White Americans (D) African Americans

(B) Hispanics

21) Which of the following cases incorporated an individual's right to own a firearm? (A) U.S. v. Miller (B) McDonald v. Chicago (C) DeJonge v. Oregon (D) Schenck v. U.S.

(B) McDonald v. Chicago

26. In 2020, Noah did not pay much attention to the issues or the candidates running for president. However, he felt that he should vote despite this lack of knowledge. He ends up casting his vote for Joseph Biden because he has always thought of himself as a Democrat. Which theory of voter behavior best explains this scenario? (A) Retrospective voting (B) Party-identification voting (C) Prospective voting (D) Rational-choice voting

(B) Party-identification voting

2. Which of the following describes the error in this photograph? (A) Truman was happy to have lost the election. (B) The Tribune wrongly predicted that Dewey would beat Truman. (C) The paper went to press before Election Day. (D) Dewey was Truman's vice-presidential running mate.

(B) The Tribune wrongly predicted that Dewey would beat Truman.

16) In 1986, the Supreme Court, in Davis v. Bandemer, held that partisan gerrymandering was an issue in which the Court could intervene. In 2003, in Rucho v. Common Cause, the Supreme Court overturned this earlier decision. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why this happened? (A) Congress passed a law that prohibited the Supreme Court from interfering in gerrymandering cases. (B) The ideological make-up of the Supreme Court had changed in the period between the two cases. (C) All of the states had created bipartisan commissions to draw congressional districts, which eliminated partisan gerrymandering. (D) The number of justices on the Supreme Court had been changed so prior decisions had to be reviewed.

(B) The ideological make-up of the Supreme Court had changed in the period between the two cases.

21. Based on the graph, how has the racial and ethnic composition of voters changed since 2000? (A) Black voter turnout decreased in 2018. (B) White voters have become a progressively smaller portion of the electorate since 2000. (C) Asian voters make up a larger percentage of voters than other minority groups. (D) Hispanic people vote in greater numbers than do Black people.

(B) White voters have become a progressively smaller portion of the electorate since 2000.

24. Which of the following correctly identifies the three "points" of an iron triangle? (A) a congressional committee, an interest group, and a member of the White House Staff (B) a congressional committee, an interest group, and a bureaucratic agency (C) a congressional committee, a large corporation, and a bureaucratic agency (D) an interest group, a bureaucratic agency, and a media outlet

(B) a congressional committee, an interest group, and a bureaucratic agency

How Successful Are Presidential Election Polls? Sources: Data from Gallup (Years 1936-2012) and Real Clear Politics (Years 2016-2020). 1) Based on the graph, polling (A) often fails to predict the winner in presidential elections. (B) accurately predicts the outcome of most recent presidential elections. (C) occurs too far in advance of elections to predict the results. (D) predicts the winner accurately 50 percent of the time.

(B) accurately predicts the outcome of most recent presidential elections.

10) What is the authority that the federal bureaucracy uses to make the best choices to implement policies? (A) agenda setting (B) administrative discretion (C) division of labor (D) executive control

(B) administrative discretion

11. To target the largest population of likely voters, a candidate should campaign (A) at a local employment agency. (B) at the local senior citizens association. (C) in an American government class at the local college. (D) at a nearby Latino cultural festival.

(B) at the local senior citizens association.

8. The departments, agencies, and offices within the executive branch that perform the functions of government are referred to as the (A) administration. (B) bureaucracy. (C) Cabinet. (D) civil service.

(B) bureaucracy.

10) According to the cartoon, a major part of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal was that the federal government (A) took a laissez-faire approach when dealing with economic matters. (B) created recovery programs to cure the nation's economic problems. (C) eliminated the economic powers of the states in order to create a uniform approach. (D) Devolved responsibility for solving the economic crisis to the states

(B) created recovery programs to cure the nation's economic problems.

3) Based on the graph, defense spending increases when there is (A) the anticipation of a foreign threat. (B) direct military involvement. (C) fear of violent outbursts in remote foreign locations. (D) preparation for war in peacetime.

(B) direct military involvement.

15) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 bans (A) poll taxes and grandfather clauses. (B) discrimination in public accommodations. (C) integration in public transportation. (D) direct action.

(B) discrimination in public accommodations.

16 The Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty (A) can only be applied in cases in which the defendant is accused of murdering a minor. (B) does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment. (C) cannot be used in cases in which the defendant is a member of an ethnic minority. (D) can only be used once a state gets permission from the Supreme Court.

(B) does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.

7) What clause of the Fourteenth Amendment served as a cornerstone of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education? (A) partial indemnity (B) equal protection (C) privileges and immunities (D) grandfather

(B) equal protection

"Although the First Amendment provides that 'Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech,'...prohibition on corporate independent expenditures is an outright ban on speech, backed by criminal sanctions.... Because speech is an essential mechanism of democracy—it is the means to hold officials accountable to the people—political speech must prevail against laws that would suppress it by design or inadvertence.... Premised on mistrust of governmental power, the First Amendment stands against attempts to disfavor certain subjects or viewpoints or to distinguish among different speakers, which may be a means to control content. The Government may also commit a constitutional wrong when by law it identifies certain preferred speakers.... Political speech is 'indispensable to decision-making in a democracy, and this is no less true because the speech comes from a corporation.'..." —Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 588 U.S. 310 (2010) 2) On which constitutional principle did the Supreme Court base its ruling in Citizens United? (A) freedom to assemble (B) freedom of speech (C) property rights (D) equal protection

(B) freedom of speech

8. Which of the following is a demographic characteristic that often affects a citizen's political opinions? (A) employability (B) gender (C) candidates' policy positions (D) partisanship

(B) gender

Which of the following processes likely resulted in the creation of the spotlighted district? (A) incumbency (B) gerrymandering (C) apportionment (D) rationing

(B) gerrymandering

16. The earlier a state's primary or caucus is, the more likely that state is to receive (A) a more important role at the national convention. (B) increased press coverage of their nomination contest. (C) more funding in the form of gifts from each political party. (D) less attention from the candidates.

(B) increased press coverage of their nomination contest.

How might pork aid the district of a member of Congress? (A) diverting unallocated funds to the service sector (B) increasing jobs and revenue with federally funded projects (C) increasing revenue through private market investment (D) taxing corporations less so they provide health insurance for employees

(B) increasing jobs and revenue with federally funded projects

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the trend in the graph? (A) midterm election shifts in representation (B) increasing partisanship and decreasing productivity (C) new restraints on Congress's ability to act (D) a more conservative Supreme Court

(B) increasing partisanship and decreasing productivity

What is the typical path a bill takes through the House of Representatives? (A) introduction, committee referral, subcommittee, full committee report, full House vote, Committee on Rules, conference committee, send to president (B) introduction, committee referral, subcommittee, full committee report, Committee on Rules, full House vote, conference committee, full House vote, send to president (C) introduction, committee referral, subcommittee, Committee on Rules, full committee report, conference committee, full House vote, send to president (D) introduction, committee referral, Committee on Rules, subcommittee, full committee report, full House vote, conference committee, send to president.

(B) introduction, committee referral, subcommittee, full committee report, Committee on Rules, full House vote, conference committee, full House vote, send to president

"General notice of proposed rule making shall be published in the Federal Register... and shall include (1) a statement of the time, place, and nature of public rule making proceedings; (2) reference to the authority under which the rule is proposed; and (3) either the terms or substance of the proposed rule or a description of the subjects and issues involved... After notice required by this section, the agency shall afford interested persons an opportunity to participate in the rule making through submission of written data, views, or arguments..." —Administrative Procedures Act, 1946 6. Which government process does the Administrative Procedures Act address? (A) administrative adjudication (B) issuing rules and regulations (C) administrative discretion (D) policy making

(B) issuing rules and regulations

30. According to the chart above, which of the following groups gave the second most in donations to the Democratic party?

(B) labor groups

24. Young voters are (A) less likely to vote in presidential elections than in mid-term elections. (B) less likely to vote. (C) more likely to vote for Republican candidates. (D) more likely to front-load their votes.

(B) less likely to vote.

2. ) The Twenty-Second Amendment (A) requires that presidents be natural-born citizens. (B) limits the president's terms of office. (C) mandates that the president be a resident of the United States. (D) requires the president to be at least thirty-five years old.

(B) limits the president's terms of office.

7. ) Which older news medium has had the hardest time competing with newer, modern news sources? (A) blogs (B) newspapers (C) radio (D) television

(B) newspapers

17. Which of the following is a presidential role in the federal bureaucracy? (A) confirming federal appointees (B) nominating people for some federal jobs (C) creating or abolishing agencies (D) conducting oversight hearings

(B) nominating people for some federal jobs

17. ) The institution that receives the most media coverage is the (A) judiciary. (B) president. (C) House. (D) Senate.

(B) president.

5) Jim Crow laws mandated (A) gender segregation. (B) racial segregation. (C) poll taxes. (D) Equal quality of facilities

(B) racial segregation.

7) To influence foreign and defense policy if it is not satisfied with the president's handling of these policies, Congress can (A) fire ambassadors who are not executing foreign policy according to Congress's wishes. (B) reduce appropriations for executing the president's foreign and defense policies. (C) command the military to execute foreign policy according to Congress's wishes. (D) change foreign policy with a joint declaration of two-thirds of each chamber, which does not require the president's signature.

(B) reduce appropriations for executing the president's foreign and defense policies.

21. What is a goal common to both the Pendleton Act? (A) reducing the exercise of administrative discretion (B) reducing the influence of partisan politics on the federal bureaucracy (C) increasing presidential control of the federal bureaucracy (D) streamlining the policy implementation process

(B) reducing the influence of partisan politics on the federal bureaucracy

19) The free exercise clause guarantees that the national government will not interfere with which of the following? (A) assembly (B) religion (C) press (D) speech

(B) religion

"First, for open, competitive examinations for testing the fitness of applicants for the public service now classified or to be classified hereunder. Such examinations shall be practical in their character, and so far as may be shall relate to those matters which will fairly test the relative capacity and fitness of the persons examined to discharge the duties of the service into which they seek to be appointed. Second, that all the offices, places, and employments so arranged or to be arranged in classes shall be filled by selections according to grade from among those graded highest as the results of such competitive examinations. Third, appointments to the public service aforesaid in the departments at Washington shall be apportioned among the several States and Territories and the District of Columbia upon the basis of population as ascertained at the last preceding census.... " —Pendleton Act, 1883 3. ) The Pendleton Act (1883) reformed the system of hiring and firing of most federal employees because it (A) required hiring and firing decisions to be based on partisan loyalty rather than merit. (B) required hiring and firing decisions to be based on merit rather than partisan loyalty. (C) continued to allow hiring on the basis of merit, but made firing federal employees easier. (D) continued to allow hiring on the basis of partisan loyalty, but made firing federal employees more difficult.

(B) required hiring and firing decisions to be based on merit rather than partisan loyalty.

This demographic information might be important to political leaders because they (A) work to make sure that everyone agrees on policies they implement. (B) support issues that their constituents approve. (C) are rarely informed of Americans' feelings on important topics. (D) care more about what different age groups think than different races.

(B) support issues that their constituents approve.

Where does a bill go after it is reported by a full committee in the House or Senate? (A) a conference committee composed of members from the original House and Senate committees (B) the House Committee on Rules or the Senate floor (C) a subcommittee (D) the House or Senate floor

(B) the House Committee on Rules or the Senate floor

5) The president is generally thought to have the lead when it comes to foreign and military policy because (A) Congress has delegated complete power to the president in this area. (B) the presidency has both formal and informal powers in this area, which gives the president the primary responsibility. (C) the military swears a personal oath to the president, which makes them completely loyal. (D) the president creates the budget, which increases their power in this area.

(B) the presidency has both formal and informal powers in this area, which gives the president the primary responsibility.

4) The civil service system was created to address (A) executive privilege. (B) the spoils system. (C) division of labor within the government. (D) bureaucratic slowdown in the government.

(B) the spoils system.

22. Based on historical voting patterns, which of the following is the best inference of the effect of the information from above? (A) More people will vote (B) Fewer candidates for public office (C) Democrats will have an advantage (D) Republicans will become more moderate

"The warning of the right to remain silent must be accompanied by the explanation that anything said can and will be used against the individual in court. This warning is needed in order to make him aware not only of the privilege, but also of the consequences of forgoing it. It is only through an awareness of these consequences that there can be any assurance of real understanding and intelligent exercise of the privilege. Moreover, this warning may serve to make the individual more acutely aware that he is faced with a phase of the adversary system—that he is not in the presence of persons acting solely in his interest." —Chief Justice Earl Warren, Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 24) Miranda v. Arizona required that the police inform suspects of their rights under which amendment? (A) First (B) Fourth (C) Fifth (D) Eighth

23. ) In which of the following scenarios in the media acting as a watchdog? (A) CNN hosts a debate between the Republicans seeking to win the party's nomination for president. (B) A local media outlet investigates local officials for accepting bribes from Amazon to approve a new distribution warehouse. (C) Fox News does a report on the latest round of polling in the 2022 mid-term elections. (D) MSNBC produces a segment on the Oscar nominees for best picture.

Which of the following statements reflects a critique of gerrymandering? (A) It often gives female voters more power in national elections. (B) Only one political party has attempted to use gerrymandering to its advantage. (C) Gerrymandering dilutes the strength of the minority vote in many districts. (D) Gerrymandering frequently helps new, eager candidates win elections.

20. According to the political cartoon above, which of the following is a criticism of the role interest groups play in American politics? (A) The courts have been "captured" by interest groups. (B) The presidency is too reliant on PAC contributions. (C) Interest group money plays too large a role in the legislative process. (D) Interest groups receive too much financial support from the rich.

1) How can redistricting threaten incumbent members of Congress? (A) It can alter district-based funds from special interest groups. (B) It can shift incumbents into a caucus district. (C) It can add voters from an area that is less supportive of an incumbent's party. (D) It increases the probability of a strong third-party challenger.

10) How does libel differ from slander? (A) Libel is a true statement about a person, whereas slander is a false statement about a person. (B) Libel is a false spoken statement about a person, whereas slander is a false written statement about a person. (C) Libel is a false written statement about a person, whereas slander is a false spoken statement about a person. (D) Libel contains hate speech, whereas slander contains profanity.

9 ) Which of the following confirms all federal judges? (A) House of Representatives (B) Supreme Court (C) Senate (D) president

Based on the graph, why are federal and state governments financially intertwined? (A) The federal government depends on states to collect the taxes that allow it to function. (B) The federal government assumes all states' debts to ensure its international credit rating. (C) States receive nearly a third of their finances from the federal government. (D) Categorical grants allow states to use federal money in any way they choose.

8) Which of the following conclusions might you draw from this photograph? (A) The Warren Court was among the most popular in U.S. history. (B) Earl Warren made decisions without consulting other justices. (C) The Warren Court's decisions were divisive. (D) People are rarely aware of the Supreme Court's decisions.

13) Which of the following scenarios would the exclusionary rule prevent? (A) The dismissal of students who objected to the classroom prayer. (B) It would prevent the arrest of a suspect without a warrant. (C) The introduction of evidence that was collected without probable cause. (D) It would allow the government to prevent the publication of certain material.

Whoever attentively considers the different departments of power must perceive, that, in a government in which they are separated from each other, the judiciary, from the nature of its functions, will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the Constitution; because it will be least in a capacity to annoy or injure them. The Executive not only dispenses the honors, but holds the sword of the community. The legislature not only commands the purse, but prescribes the rules by which the duties and rights of every citizen are to be regulated. The judiciary, on the contrary, has no influence over either the sword or the purse; no direction either of the strength or of the wealth of the society; and can take no active resolution whatever. It may truly be said to have neither FORCE nor WILL, but merely judgment; and must ultimately depend upon the aid of the executive arm even for the efficacy of its judgments. —Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 78, 1788 4) According to Hamilton, why is the judiciary the least dangerous branch? (A) Supreme Court justices are appointed for life and don't have to fight for power. (B) The executive oversees all of the judiciary's actions. (C) The judiciary has neither power of the sword nor power of the purse. (D) Supreme Court justices are the most familiar with the Constitution. 5) Why might Hamilton have stated that the judiciary has "neither FORCE nor WILL, but merely judgment"? (A) The Supreme Court can issue, but not enforce, its own decisions. (B) The Constitution prohibits the judiciary from ruling on military matters. (C) Congress regularly makes laws that contradict Supreme Court decisions. (D) The judiciary was created to be the weakest of the three branches. 6) The philosophy that contradicts Hamilton's stance on the role of the judiciary is (A) judicial restraint. (B) strict constructionism. (C) judicial activism. (D) originalism.

(C) The judiciary has neither power of the sword nor power of the purse. (A) The Supreme Court can issue, but not enforce, its own decisions. (C) judicial activism.

1. Which of the following statements reflects the cartoonist's opinion of the spoils system? (A) Having a panel of close advisors led to a more effective government. (B) It is the president's prerogative to select the advisors he chooses. (C) The spoils system and the president who relied on it were corrupt. (D) Andrew Jackson's presidency was majestic.

23. Which of the following demonstrates how policy making is decentralized in the United States? (A) The United States has a unitary form of government. (B) Congressional power often trumps state power. (C) The states have authority over policy making in areas such as education. (D) The federal government is responsible for Medicare and Medicaid.

10) What effect has the use of social media had on the relationship between the president and the public? (A) The president is now able to involve the public directly in policy decision-making. (B) Citizens now have access to the inner workings of the president's office, rather than just events covered by the press. (C) Through social media, members of the public now feel a more personal connection to the president. (D) The president now engages in direct personal communication with anyone who uses social media

26) Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX? (A) an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community (B) a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women's reproductive health (C) a college that provides significantly more sports scholarships for men than for women (D) an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

14. An example of the merit system is (A) the president evaluating a policy proposal based on its merits. (B) citizens evaluating political candidates based on candidates' work experience. (C) agencies hiring people based on their performance on entrance exams. (D) agency officials evaluating a policy proposal based on its merits.

4) In addition to raising and maintain the military, Congress can also influence a military conflict by (A) outlining the broad goals of the conflict. (B) relieving officers of their command. (C) declaring war. (D) issuing orders directly to military leaders.

14) Considering the Fifteenth Amendment's mandate, southern states enacted poll taxes in order to (A) raise revenue for the government. (B) ensure that only people who really wanted to vote would do so. (C) disenfranchise African Americans through economic means. (D) enfranchise formerly enslaved people.

18. Grassroots lobbying differs from other actions taken by interest groups to influence government because grassroots lobbying (A) focuses more on cultivating relationships with elected officials. (B) is more heavily regulated. (C) focuses more on influencing public opinion. (D) is more costly.

When a legislator is acting according to a delegate view of representation, they (A) may follow their conscience unless public opinion is clear. (B) do whatever is best for their reelection. (C) follow the public opinion of their constituency. (D) heed public opinion in every case, except in matters of personal conscience.

7. ) A president's direct appeals to the electorate via television, social media, or live appearance are referred to as (A) constant contact. (B) executive privilege. (C) going public. (D) public service.

Polling in Rep. Sanchez's district shows that 85 percent of his constituents want greater access to healthcare. At the same time, polling shows that 90 percent of his constituents do not know much about nuclear waste policy, which Rep. Sanchez has some reservations about. Rep. Sanchez is going to vote on these two issues using a politico approach. This means that Rep. Sanchez will vote (A) in favor of both bills because that is what his constituents want. (B) against both bills because his constituents have flooded his office with comments on both bills. (C) in favor of a bill eliminating restrictions on healthcare access and against the bill regarding nuclear waste policy. (D) against the bill expanding access to healthcare and in favor of the bill regarding nuclear waste regulation.

(C) in favor of a bill eliminating restrictions on healthcare access and against the bill regarding nuclear waste policy.

7) Article III (A) describes how the Supreme Court reaches its decisions. (B) allows for the elimination of the Supreme Court by a two-thirds vote in Congress. (C) is vague, which gives Congress a lot of authority in shaping the judicial branch. (D) explains how a case makes its way to the Supreme Court.

12) The power of the courts to review and overturn the actions of the executive and legislative branches is called (A) original jurisdiction. (B) stare decisis. (C) judicial review. (D) precedent.

12) In the United States, New Deal programs and other social welfare programs are mostly supported by (A) conservatives. (B) socialists. (C) liberals. (D) libertarians.

3) What did the Supreme Court declare unconstitutional in Citizens United? (A) limits on individual citizens' campaign contributions (B) laws prohibiting religious institutions from donating to political candidates (C) limits on corporate political expenditures (D) restrictions on PACs' donations to political campaigns

13. The president is authorized to (A) abolish existing programs and agencies. (B) investigate agency activities and compel bureaucrats to testify about them. (C) make changes in an agency's annual budget proposals. (D) refuse to appropriate funds for certain federal programs.

3. A tracking poll helps candidates by (A) encouraging voter turnout. (B) winning support among undecided voters. (C) measuring the impact of their campaign. (D) finding campaign volunteers.

28. Political action committees tend to give money to (A) presidential candidates. (B) challengers. (C) members of Congress who serve on committees or subcommittees that routinely consider legislation important to that group. (D) members of Congress with policy preferences that would not normally coincide with those of the group.

(C) members of Congress who serve on committees or subcommittees that routinely consider legislation important to that group.

29. In recent years, confidence in the media has declined dramatically. One possible explanation for this trend is (A) a lack of media choices has led to distrust of the few that exist. (B) the decrease in the number of newspapers has led to less quality news. (C) more Americans perceive the media as biased than before. (D) increased limits on free press have led to increased distrust.

1) Modern presidents differ from the original intentions of the Framers of the Constitution in that modern presidents are (A) considerably less democratic than the Framers originally intended. (B) considerably less powerful as leaders of their political parties than the Framers originally intended. (C) much more influential in the legislative process than the Framers originally intended. (D) more subservient to the will of Congress than the Framers originally intended.

6.) Based on the graph, from which of the following sources do Americans get most of their political news? (A) social media (B) local TV (C) news Web site or app (D) radio

5. The most effective group in voter mobilization has been (A) family and friends. (B) television advertisements. (C) political parties. (D) voter registration drives.

17) Medicaid is a (A) prescription drug plan for Medicare. (B) state funding of federal hospitals. (C) program that subsidizes health insurance for poor people. (D) long-term care supplement for Medicare.

19. ) An activity in which lobbyists regularly engage is (A) answering e-mails on behalf of elected officials. (B) speaking on behalf of elected officials at press conferences. (C) providing elected officials with information about an issue that is important to the group. (D) providing legal counsel to members of Congress.

6) Congress can exercise influence over foreign policy because it (A) commands the armed forces. (B) appoints the Secretary of Defense. (C) ratifies treaties. (D) recognizes the sovereignty of foreign countries.

18) What role is the Environmental Protection Agency taking when it sets limits on air pollution from power plants? (A) adjudication (B) deliberation (C) regulation (D) oversight

25. In 2020, Joe Smith, who is an independent, voted for President Trump. He did this because he liked what the Trump administration had done with taxes and America's border with Mexico. What type of voting behavior is Joe exhibiting? (A) party-line voting (B) prospective voting (C) retrospective voting (D) individualistic voting

25) The "right to remain silent" is a citizen's protection against (A) the suspension of habeas corpus. (B) unreasonable search and seizure. (C) self-incrimination. (D) a biased jury.

15) Medicare is intended for (A) children and college students. (B) business owners and their employees. (C) seniors and people with disabilities. (D) low-income individuals.

12. What opinion of a Democratic president would you expect a fourteen-year-old child raised in a politically active Republican household to have? (A) indifference toward the president (B) approval of the president (C) skepticism of the president (D) trust of the president

3) The Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were similar in that both (A) were enacted quickly and easily. (B) passed the strict scrutiny test administered by the Supreme Court. (C) sought equal rights for African Americans. (D) sought equal rights for women.

22. The Framers of the Constitution created a decentralized policy-making process with powers shared by Congress, the president, the courts, and (A) political parties. (B) interest groups. (C) states. (D) business interests.

An example of logrolling in Congress is (A) awarding a government contract to a campaign supporter. (B) introducing and sponsoring a bill. (C) supporting someone else's bill in exchange for future support of your bill. (D) supporting a presidential nominee in return for a floor vote on your bill.

20. Congress's influence over agency budgets is that it has (A) final say over all department budgets but has no control of the budgets of independent agencies. (B) final say over the budgets of independent agencies but has no control of department budgets. (C) the authority to appropriate money to agencies. (D) influence over the initial budget proposal but depends on the president for appropriations of federal money.

30 What does the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution protect against? (A) litigation (B) limits on free speech (C) unreasonable searches (D) prior restraint

4) Which power of the president is used to cancel any proposed legislation from Congress (A) appointment (B) pardon (C) veto (D) impeachment

Which individual keeps close contact with all members of his or her party, counts votes for key legislation, prepares summaries of bills, and acts as a communications link within the party? (A) majority leader (B) minority leader (C) whip (D) president pro tempore

12) A test created by the Supreme Court to determine whether speech is protected by the First Amendment is called the (A) "Lemon" test. (B) strict scrutiny standard. (C) fundamental freedom doctrine. (D) "clear and present danger" rule.

(D) "clear and present danger" rule.

Which of the following situations would violate the holding in Shaw v. Reno? (A) A state draws their congressional districts to favor a specific party. (B) The populations of a state's congressional districts are very different. (C) The geographic area of districts in a state are extremely unequal. (D) A state draws a congressional district that is based solely on race.

(D) A state draws a congressional district that is based solely on race.

4. Based on this graph, what did tracking polls indicate about the 2020 election? (A) Trump consistently had a stronger campaign than Biden. (B) Trump had more money to spend on his campaign than Biden did. (C) Biden had more technologically modern campaign methods than Trump. (D) Biden's campaign was mostly stronger than Trump's in the year before the election.

(D) Biden's campaign was mostly stronger than Trump's in the year before the election.

8) Which of the following is a Senate-confirmed presidential advisory group that helps the president make decisions and execute laws? (A) White House staff (B) Presidential staff (C) Chiefs of staff (D) Cabinet

(D) Cabinet

15. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between moderates and conservatives?

(D) Conservatives oppose government regulation. Moderates view themselves as pragmatists

18) Which amendment makes the protections in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states through selective incorporation? (A) Fourth (B) Fifth (C) Tenth (D) Fourteenth

(D) Fourteenth

13. Based on the graph, which news source is the most staunchly conservative? (A) NPR (B) CNN (C) MSNBC (D) Fox News

(D) Fox News

10) In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court first claim the right of judicial review? (A) Chisholm v. Georgia (B) Brown v. Board of Education (C) United States v. Nixon (D) Marbury v. Madison

(D) Marbury v. Madison

8) Brown v. Board of Education overturned (A) the Civil Rights Cases. (B) Dred Scott v. Sandford. (C) separate-but-equal doctrine. (D) Plessy v. Ferguson.

(D) Plessy v. Ferguson.

29) Which U.S. Supreme Court case found that a woman's right to have an abortion is protected by the implied constitutional right to privacy? (A) McDonald v. Chicago (B) Schenck v. United States (C) Miranda v. Arizona (D) Roe v. Wade

(D) Roe v. Wade

13) Based on the map, the region of the U.S. that experienced the highest unemployment rates in 2020 was the (A) Northeast. (B) Midwest. (C) Rockies. (D) Southeast.

(D) Southeast.

Which officer presides over the House of Representatives and is expected to smooth the passage of majority-backed bills? (A) majority leader (B) majority whip (C) president pro tempore (D) Speaker

(D) Speaker

19) Which of the following entities is responsible for setting the discount rate that influences interest rates in the United States? (A) Congress (B) The Office of Management and Budget (C) The Executive Office of the President (D) The Federal Reserve

(D) The Federal Reserve

10. Which of the following do some consider a problem with the Electoral College? (A) Career politicians have a natural advantage over outsiders. (B) It favors Democrats over Republicans. (C) It is inconsistent with the intentions of the Framers. (D) The winner of a popular vote can still fail to be elected.

(D) The winner of a popular vote can still fail to be elected.

11. Political socialization is the process through which individuals (A) self-select themselves to participate in public opinion polls. (B) acquire status as opinion leaders. (C) seek out the beliefs and values of those in office. (D) acquire their political beliefs and values

(D) acquire their political beliefs and values

15. ) Before 1883, government jobs were awarded based on (A) an applicant's expertise. (B) a lottery system. (C) applicants' performance on entrance exams. (D) applicants' loyalty to the party in power.

(D) applicants' loyalty to the party in power.

Based on this graph, since 1990, Americans' views on Congress have (A) grown more positive. (B) grown consistently more negative. (C) remained relatively the same. (D) been highly unpredictable.

(D) been highly unpredictable.

22) The doctrine of prior restraint says that the government cannot prevent speech or publication (A) that is critical of the government. (B) that is illegal. (C) after the fact. (D) before the fact.

(D) before the fact.

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." —Fourteenth Amendment, U.S. Constitution, 1868 1) The Fourteenth Amendment attempted to guarantee formerly enslaved people (A) forty acres of farmland. (B) free public education. (C) economic equality with White people. (D) citizenship rights.

(D) citizenship rights.

9. A child's peer group is most politically influential (A) after high school. (B) during preschool. (C) after college. (D) during middle and high school.

(D) during middle and high school.

2) Which provision of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits any state from denying "any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"? (A) due process (B) privileges and immunities (C) grandfather (D) equal protection

(D) equal protection

27) Which rule bars the use of illegally seized evidence at trial? (A) double jeopardy (B) equal protection (C) prior restraint (D) exclusionary

(D) exclusionary

7. ) Based on the passage, the Administrative Procedures Act (A) allows executive branch officials to make secret decisions. (B) established rules for hiring federal workers. (C) made Congressional committees more powerful. (D) gave more people a chance to participate in the political process.

(D) gave more people a chance to participate in the political process.

9. Under the spoils system, jobs in the federal bureaucracy were awarded to those who (A) scored highest on aptitude tests. (B) did not affiliate with a political party. (C) previously served in the military. (D) helped candidates win election.

(D) helped candidates win election.

10. How are exit polls conducted? (A) over the telephone (B) on the Internet (C) through the mail (D) in person

(D) in person

2.) Based on the graph, how have recent presidents changed the federal courts? (A) appointed more White male judges than in the past (B) raised judges' salaries (C) appointed as many female judges as male judges (D) increased the diversity of federal judges

(D) increased the diversity of federal judges

2) Social Security (A) will eventually be replaced by a private system. (B) is limited to only those over the age of 30. (C) is expected to be financially stable for the next 100 years. (D) is a non-means-tested program.

(D) is a non-means-tested program.

Shays's Rebellion contributed to calls for a stronger national government because (A) the Massachusetts state militia was stronger than the United States army. (B) farmers in other states assisted those affected by the foreclosures. (C) foreigners supported Shays's Rebellion and sent supplies to help the farmers. (D) it indicated that the state and national governments were weak.

(D) it indicated that the state and national governments were weak.

13) A term for a federal justice is (A) three years. (B) ten years. (C) twenty years. (D) life.

(D) life.

Which of the following is an advantage enjoyed by incumbent candidates? (A) the desire to "throw the bums out" (B) surge and decline cycle (C) lower property taxes (D) name recognition

(D) name recognition

12. A registered Republican can vote for a Democratic seeking the presidential nomination in a(n) (A) runoff caucus. (B) closed primary. (C) crossover caucus. (D) open primary.

(D) open primary.

The primary job of whips is to (A) act as official spokespersons for their chambers. (B) help the Speaker schedule proposed legislation for debate. (C) meet with members of the executive cabinet. (D) persuade party members to support the party.

(D) persuade party members to support the party.

18) After the Supreme Court makes a decision, it is often used to guide decision making at the district and appellate court levels. In doing this, these courts are using which of the following concepts to guide their decision making? (A) judicial confirmation (B) original intent (C) activism (D) precedent

(D) precedent

9) Lobbyists typically seek to influence members of Congress who already tend to support the interest group by (A) formally introducing bills to Congress. (B) filing amicus curiae briefs. (C) organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill. (D) providing information on policy issues.

(D) providing information on policy issues.

20) The main goal of fiscal policy is to (A) ensure that money is available to state governments for capital projects. (B) pay down the federal debt. (C) increase exports into the United States. (D) stimulate or slow down economic growth.

(D) stimulate or slow down economic growth.

8) Prospective voting is typically based on (A) a candidate's personal history. (B) what the candidate has done in the past. (C) the candidate's ethnic background. (D) the candidate's policy promises.

(D) the candidate's policy promises.

3) The Twenty-Second Amendment was designed to prevent (A) the early removal of the president. (B) a candidate who was not born in the United States. (C) someone with not enough experience from becoming president. (D) the presidency from becoming too powerful.

(D) the presidency from becoming too powerful.

5) The Twenty-Fifth Amendment was designed to prevent (A) the early removal of the president. (B) a candidate who was not born in the United States. (C) someone with not enough experience from becoming president. (D) the presidency from becoming too powerful.

(D) the presidency from becoming too powerful.

4 According to the Supreme Court, the First Amendment protects (A) seditious libel. (B) the right to keep and bear arms. (C) public use of obscenity. (D) the right to assemble.

(D) the right to assemble.

22. Presidents exercise their influence over the ideology of the federal courts by A. Appointing only judges who agree with their ideology and political views B. Requesting the Congress impeach judges who are too liberal or too conservative C. Demoting judges to lower courts D. Allowing them to hear only cases on which judges are likely to agree with the president's point of view

A. Appointing only judges who agree with their ideology and political views

25. Critics of judicial restraint would favor a Supreme Court that would A. Create new precedents. B. Decrease the power of the federal government. C. Decrease the power of the state governments. D. Only agree to hear a limited number of cases.

A. Create new precedents.

25. The Japanese attack of the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor caused United States to change from which of the following foreign policies? A. Isolationism B. Internationalism C. Containment D. Confrontationalism

A. Isolationism

23. The Constitution authorizes Supreme Court justices to be appointed for life for which of the following reasons? A. To shield justices from political influence and pressure B. To reward judges for their distinguished careers C. To create a strong relationship between the court and Congress D. To allow politicians to use the patronage system

A. To shield justices from political influence and pressure

In Federalist No. 51, James Madison wrote that the Constitution protected against national government from gaining too much power because of (A) seperation of powers (B) property qualifications for voting (c)the impeachment process (D) the amendment process

A. separation of powers.

16. Which of the following is generally a factor in determining someone's ideological behavior? Birth order Gender Sport preference Age

B or D Gender or Age

24. Which represents a major reason for the submission of an amicus curiae brief? A. The Supreme Court must rely on precedent cases. B. A friend of the court wishes to provide additional information to the Supreme Court. C. Lower courts must provide transcripts of its decisions. D. The Supreme Court requires related interests in the case to submit briefs.

B. A friend of the court wishes to provide additional information to the Supreme Court.

23. Which article of the Constitution is referenced in The Federalist No. 70? a. Article I b. Article II c. Article II d. Article VI

B. Article II

19. What is the final step in the Supreme Court's decision making process? A. Taking a vote B. Writing the opinion C. Hearing oral arguments D. Reading briefs

B. Writing the opinion

16 A function of the federal bureaucracy is (A) issuing executive orders. (B) issuing executive agreements. (C) implementing congressional statutes. (D) implementing state laws.

C) implementing congressional statutes.

Party Affiliation in the United States Based on Educational Attainment 20. Which of the following statements does the above table support? a. Women whose highest educational level is a master's degree are more likely to identify as Republicans as compared to all the other groups. b. Men who have attained a doctoral degree are more likely to identify as Democrats than those with only a college degree. c. Women whose highest level of education is grade school and men whose highest level of education is high school are equally likely to identify as Republicans d. Women who have attained a doctoral degree are the most reliable group of Democratic women voters.

C. Women whose highest level of education is grade school and men whose highest level of education is high school are equally likely to identify as Republicans

18. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the powers of Congress and the powers of the president?

Congress - Members' service is not-term-limited President - Is limited to serve no more than two terms of office

18. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between conservative and liberarian beliefs?

Conservatives Opposes foreign military intervention Libertarian Socially liberal and fiscally conservative

24. Which of the following was a major consequence of the Vietnam War? A. The United States failed to stop the spread of communism throughout Asia. B. The Cold War came to an end, leaving the United States as the sole superpower. C. NATO was created to protect the United States and Western nations from the threat of communism. D. American citizens lost faith in the government after being lied to about the progress of the war.

D. American citizens lost faith in the government after being lied to about the progress of the war.

13. Which of the following statements about a presidential veto is true? (A). A successful veto sends the bill back to a conference committee B. The president has to justify why he or she vetoes a bill C. Congress can overturn a veto with a simple majority in both chambers D. Modern presidents rarely have the opportunity to use the pocket veto

D. Modern presidents rarely have the opportunity to use the pocket veto

25. Which of the following is a consequence of the merit system in a bureaucracy? A. Greater fragmentation in the bureaucracy B. Greater loyalty to the president's party in the bureaucracy C. Greater inefficiency in the bureaucracy D. More qualified workers in the bureaucracy

D. More qualified workers in the bureaucracy

27. Which of the following pair demographic descriptors best predicts for which party the person will vote?

Democratic- A Black American woman in Chicago Republican- A white american man who is an evangelical christian

12) Which of the following pairs identifies an example of the president using a formal and an informal power?

Formal -Send troops to another country to fight terrorism Informal - Entering into an executive agreement with another nation.

Which of the following events in the 20th century caused a party realignment in the United States? a. World War I b. Great Depression c. Korean War d. President Kennedy assisination

Great Depression

Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a difference between the House and the Senate?

House- 2 year term Senate - 6 year term

11) Who nominates Cabinet secretaries? Who confirms their nomination?

Nomination- President Confirmation- Senate

23. Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a way in which the president and the judicial branch can influence the bureaucracy?

Presidency - Alter and agency's budget proposal Judicial Branch - Determine an action taken by an agency violates the Constitution

17. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the powers of the president of the United States and the governor of a state?

President - Can sign treaties with foreign governments Governor of a State - Can grant pardons and reprieves

8) Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a power of both the president and of Congress in making foreign policy?

President- Negotiates treaties Congress declares war

11) Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a presidential power and a congressional power?

Presidential- appoint justices Congressional- Declare war

30. Which of the following statements best explains the differences in the distribution of electoral votes across the country? a) The number of electoral votes is equal in number to that state's combined total of US senators and representatives. b) The number of electoral votes is determined by the geographical size of each state. c) The number of electoral votes is proportionate to the size of each state's legislative body. d) The Constitution specifically mandates the number of electoral votes granted to each state and this number cannot be changed.

a) The number of electoral votes is equal in number to that state's combined total of US senators and representatives.

25. If the president cannot get his agenda through Congress, then he may use which of the following techniques to appeal directly to the people of the United States? a. Bully pulpit/ Going public b. An executive order c. A signing statement d. A veto threat.

a. Bully pulpit/ Going public

20. How are cabinet members chosen? a. By the president and then confirmed by the Senate. b. By the president and then confirmed by both houses of Congress c. By the Supreme Court d. By the president alone, without confirmation

a. By the president and then confirmed by the Senate.

"Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons." 14. According to the excerpt above, which of the following statements is true? (A) Enslaved persons would be counted as three-fifths of a person in the census. (B) Taxes would be determined by Congress. (C) "Indians" were taxed at three-fifths the rate of White people. (D) States in the Union could not tax "Indians."

a. Enslaved persons would be counted as three-fifths of a person in the census.

17. A member of which of the following demographic groups is most likely to support a Democratic presidential candidate? a. Unmarried African American female b. Retirees over the age of 65, male or female c. Married white female d. Unmarried white female

a. Unmarried African American female

Federalism is best defined as a (A) constitutional arrangement by which power is distributed between a central government and state governments. (B) constitutional arrangement by which sovereign states create a limited central government. (C) loose association of states constitutionally created by a strong central government. (D) loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no central government.

a. constitutional arrangement by which power is distributed between a central government and state governments.

What two types of powers does Congress have under Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution? (A) enumerated; implied (B) enumerated; suggested (C) Implied; explicit (D) suggested; explicit

a. enumerated; implied

"The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general welfare of the United States; ... To regulate Commerce with foreign nations.... To coin money ... To declare war ... And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States..." —Article I, United States Constitution, 1787 15. Based on this passage, Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution creates (A) legislative powers. (B) executive powers. (C) judicial power. (D) states' rights.

a. legislative powers.

What are republics? (A) representative democracies (B) citizen-run governments (C) conservative governments (D) communist regimes

a. representative democracies

How Do Federal Grants Help State Governments? Source: 2017 data from the Pew Charitable Trusts, www.pewtrusts.org. 8. Based on the graph, what is the states' most significant source of financing? (A) state taxes (B) federal grants (C) service charges (D) local taxes

a. state taxes

29. Based on the distribution of the Electoral College shown in the map, which of the following would be a good strategy for presidential candidates seeking to win a general election? a) Avoid battleground states and focus their campaigns on "safe" states. b) Campaign more heavily in states with large populations c) Spend more television advertising money in the Plain States d) Campaign extensively in states that heavily favor one party over the other.

b) Campaign more heavily in states with large populations

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of gerrymandering? a) To increase the control voters have over their elected officials b) To influence elections by drawing boundary lines to increase or decrease the influence of some voters. c) To put all racial minorities into a single district d) To equally divide a state's congressional districts by size

b) To influence elections by drawing boundary lines to increase or decrease the influence of some voters.

21. Most cases reach that reach the Supreme Court do so through a. Congressional approval b. Certiorari appeals from lower federal courts c. Review and selection by the solicitor general d. Original jurisdiction

b. Certiorari appeals from lower federal courts

21. Based on the information in the table and your understanding of political ideology, male voters with college degrees (no post-graduate degree) would most be most likely to support which of the following policies? a. The United States should project its military power abroad b. Congress should increase spending on social welfare policies c. The Supreme Court should overturn Roe v. Wade d. The Justice Department should harshly prosecute drug users

b. Congress should increase spending on social welfare policies

Why did smaller states support the New Jersey Plan? (A) It limited the reach of the federal government into small states' governments. (B) It gave them the same representation in Congress that the larger states had. (C) It allowed for term limits on Supreme Court justices. (D) It replaced many of the Articles of Confederation.

b. It gave them the same representation in Congress that the larger states had.

16. Which of the following parts of the Executive Office of the President is responsible for allocating money to cabinet departments. a. The Domestic Policy Council b. Office of Management and Budget c. The Council of Economic Advisors d. The US Trade Representative

b. Office of Management and Budget

Which amendment establishes the idea of reserved powers? (A) Eighth (B) Tenth (C) Eleventh (D) Fourteenth

b. Tenth

24. Which of the following developments did Hamilton not anticipate? a. Legislative action b. The rise of political parties c. Growth of the federal bureaucracy d. An increase in national security threats

b. The rise of political parties

Which of the following descriptions characterizes the Federalists? (A) They were primarily farmers, laborers, merchants, and other "commoners." (B) They favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed U.S. Constitution. (C) They supported stronger state governments and limitations on the national government. (D) They sought to abolish the separation of powers among the branches of federal government.

b. They favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed U.S. Constitution.

The greatest concern the Anti-Federalists had during the Constitutional Convention and subsequent debate was that (A) a weak national government would undermine the survival of the United States. (B) a strong national government would infringe on the rights of the states. (C) a powerful judiciary would restrict freedom of religion. (D) powerful state governments would infringe on individual liberties.

b. a strong national government would infringe on the rights of the states.

What type of grant typically allocates federal dollars for a specific purpose based on a state's population? (A) block (B) categorical (C) commerce (D) federal

b. categorical

The principle that each branch of the federal government has some ability to oversee and influence actions by other branches of government is called (A) weights and measures. (B) checks and balances. (C) federalism. (D) privileges and immunities.

b. checks and balances.

"The purpose of this title is to ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and state academic assessments. This purpose can be accomplished by— (1) ensuring that high-quality academic assessments, accountability systems, teacher preparation and training, curriculum, and instructional materials are aligned with challenging State academic standards... (2) meeting the educational needs of low-achieving children in our Nation's highest-poverty schools... (3) closing the achievement gap between high- and low-performing children, especially the achievement gaps between minority and nonminority students, and between disadvantaged children and their more advantaged peers; (4) holding schools, local educational agencies, and States accountable for improving the academic achievement... (5) distributing and targeting resources sufficiently to make a difference to local educational agencies and schools where needs are greatest..."—Title I—Improving the Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged, No Child Left Behind, 2001 Which of the following was a goal of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)? (A) prepare students for college (B) ensure all students have a quality education (C) guarantee that students have well-educated teachers (D) ensure that all students learn the same information The conflict between the states and the national government over No Child Left Behind (NCLB) demonstrates the tension inherent in the (A) division of power between states and the national government. (B) racial disparities in educational outcomes. (C) growing costs of public education, especially. (D) massive resistance on the part of states to desegregation.

b. ensure all students have a quality education a. division of power between states and the national government.

In Federalist No. 10, James Madison asserted the Constitution would control the effects of (A) monarchies. (B) factions. (C) political parties. (D) trade associations.

b. factions.

Which of the following best supports the goal of ensuring domestic tranquility? (A) tolerating individual differences (B) providing for the safety of citizens (C) allowing religious freedom (D) overseeing free and fair elections

b. providing for the safety of citizens

What was the subject of the Great Compromise? (A) the legality of slavery (B) representation in Congress (C) the number of Supreme Court justices (D) the form of the executive branch

b. representation in Congress

Which of the following philosophies addresses the idea that governments exist based on the consent of the governed? (A) implied right (B) social contract (C) divine right (D) unitary executive

b. social contract

"If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the American people. . . . The Court has bestowed on this subject its most deliberate consideration. The result is a conviction that the States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government. This is, we think, the unavoidable consequence of that supremacy which the constitution has declared. " —Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 Which clause of the U.S. Constitution did the Supreme Court interpret as preventing Maryland from taxing the national bank in McCulloch v. Maryland? (A) commerce (B) supremacy (C) due process (D) equal protection

b. supremacy

Which of the following defines an open primary election? a) Voters select the winner by caucus instead of by individual ballots b) These election results are not binding c) Any registered voter may participate, regardless of party affiliation. d) Voters may register to vote on the day of the election

c) Any registered voter may participate, regardless of party affiliation.

19. A president wishes to reduce the number of inmates in federal prisons. Which of the following is a power mandated by the Constitution that the president could use to accomplish this? a. Ratifying a treaty b. Overriding a legislative veto c. Granting reprieves and pardons d. Formally declaring war upon an enemy nation

c. Granting reprieves and pardons

22. According to Hamilton, pluralism in the legislative branch is a good idea for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. Pluralism encourages deliberation b. Pluralism checks excesses of the majority c. Pluralism encourages the legislature to act quickly d. Pluralism encourages competition between political parties

c. Pluralism encourages the legislature to act quickly

A state's number of congresspersons determines which of the following? a. Electoral College votes b. Federal funding c. Redistricting procedures d. House committee chairs

c. Redistricting procedures

19. Which of the following best describes a liberal view concerning economic policy? a. Private charities should be responsible for social welfare initiatives b. Poor people should not receive economic handouts from the government. c. The government should provide a universal basic income for all citizens d. The government should lower taxes on large businesses.

c. The government should provide a universal basic income for all citizens

15. Which of the following scenarios best describes a way a president can have a lasting political impact even after leaving office? a. The president becomes a member of the Electoral College after leaving office. b. The president appoints cabinet members who remain in the next administration. c. The president appoints one or more Supreme Court justices d. The president writes a memoir after leaving office

c. The president appoints one or more Supreme Court justices

Which of the following scenarios is an example of political socialization? a. Working on a group project in math class b. Playing high school football c. Watching the evening news with family d. Joining a fiction book club

c. Watching the evening news with family

On which of the following powers did Congress rely to create the National Bank? (A) reserved (B) enumerated (C) implied (D) concurrent

c. implied

22. Which of the following scenarios reflects a conservative political belief? a. A state law passes a law to protect an endangered species b. A city hall makes its restrooms gender neutral c. A person waits five days before receiving the gun they purchased d. A military base opens in a rural community, providing jobs to residents.

d. A military base opens in a rural community, providing jobs to residents.

Upon the principles of a free government, inconveniences from the source just mentioned must necessarily be submitted to in the formation of the legislature; but it is unnecessary, and therefore unwise, to introduce them into the constitution of the Executive. It is here too that they may be most pernicious. In the legislature, promptitude of decision is oftener an evil than a benefit. The differences of opinion, and the jarrings of parties in that department of the government, though they may sometimes obstruct salutary plans, yet often promote deliberation and circumspection, and serve to check excesses in the majority. When a resolution too is once taken, the opposition must be at an end. That resolution is a law, and resistance to it punishable. But no favorable circumstances palliate or atone for the disadvantages of dissension in the executive department. Here, they are pure and unmixed. There is no point at which they cease to operate. They serve to embarrass and weaken the execution of the plan or measure to which they relate, from the first step to the final conclusion of it. They constantly counteract those qualities in the Executive which are the most necessary ingredients in its composition, vigor and expedition, and this without any counterbalancing good. In the conduct of war, in which the energy of the Executive is the bulwark of the national security, every thing would be to be apprehended from its plurality. —Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist No. 70 21. Hamilton argued against having a plural executive. What was his main idea? A. A plural executive would be too powerful b. The jarring of political parties in the executive branch would obstruct justice c. A plural executive would be embarrassing when compared to other countries d. A single executive is more capable of taking decisive action than a plural executive

d. A single executive is more capable of taking decisive action than a plural executive

The U.S. Constitution was adopted in response to the weaknesses of the (A) Federalist Papers. (B) Constitution of the United Kingdom. (C) Declaration of Independence. (D) Articles of Confederation.

d. Articles of Confederation.

Which of the following was a problem under the Articles of Confederation? (A) The national government was too strong compared to the states. (B) Amendments were too easy to ratify. (C) Western lands established guidelines for residency and education. (D) Congress had little power to enforce the taxes it imposed.

d. Congress had little power to enforce the taxes it imposed.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between conservative and liberal beliefs?

d. Conservatives believe in limited regulation of business Liberals believe in increased regulation of businesses

20. Which of the following statements are true about the cases on the Supreme Court's docket? a. The Supreme Court tries to hear every case that is appealed to it. b. Cases pertaining to civil liberties are likely to be placed on the docket. c. The US solicitor general has influence on the cases the Supreme Court will hear. d. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving civil disputes among residents of a particular state. a. II only b. IV only c. I and II only d. II and III only

d. II and III only

Which government entity has the power to settle disputes between the states? (A) Senate (B) House of Representatives (C) Department of State (D) Supreme Court

d. Supreme Court

An enumerated power of the national government is the (A) creation of a national bank. (B) regulation of guns near schools. (C) creation of marriage and divorce laws. (D) printing and coining of money.

d. printing and coining of money.

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." —Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 26. According to the excerpt above, the purpose of government is to (A) create a powerful nation. (B) protect the Christian faith. (C) develop economic growth. (D) protect the rights of the people.

d. protect the rights of the people.

Reserved powers are powers (A) specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution. (B) specifically delegated to state governments by the Constitution. (C) that belong to the national government because they are not specifically delegated to the state governments by the Constitution. (D) that belong to the states or people because they are not specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution.

d. that belong to the states or people because they are not specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution.

The clause that expands the power of Congress beyond those specifically listed in the Constitution is the (A) commerce clause. (B) power to declare war. (C) supremacy clause. (D) the necessary and proper clause.

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