AP Gov FINAL (1.1-5.13)

"Publius"

Hamilton, Madison, John Jay write 85 essays after an ancient Roman who toppled a king & set up a republic. The Federalist Papers were the most comprehensive commentary designed to sell ratification.

Committee of 5 men

Jefferson John Adams, Franklin Roger Sherman Robert Livingston - draft statement of colonists' views. handed to Jefferson

Elite gov

(ex: The Electoral College) Elected representatives make decisions & act as trustees for the people who elected them. recognizes an inequity in the spread of power among the general populace & the elites. Despite the inequality of power, some people argue that the elected representatives are well equipped to secure the rights of the individual. They tend to have the necessary skills & education to represent the governed. Proponents of an elite democracy argue that elite leaders can prevent popular but possibly unwise positions from forcing their way into policy. Elected representatives are charged with representing their constituencies. The Electoral College enables elites to determine the president. Federalists desired representative gov & trusted the process of regular elections to remove representatives when they did not meet the needs of their constituents. Anti-Federalists argued only smaller units of gov can represent their constituents.

Virginia plan New Jersey plan

- 3 branch system (executive, judiciary, & bicameral) - Ppl elects house of rep - house of rep elect senate. - National Gov supreme over states. - Separation of power. - Reps by population - states have sovereignty through national gov w/ limited & defined powers. - No National court system. - 1 state = 1 vote

Buckley v. Valeo (*NOT REQUIRED SC CASE*)

- Conservatives and liberals joined Senator Buckley to overturn FECA. - Argued that FECA unconstitutionally limited free speech. - The Court upheld the $1,000 limit on individual donations and the $5,000 limit on PAC donations, claiming they didn't violate free speech guarantees. - The Court ruled that Congress can't limit a candidate's donation to their own campaign nor can it place a maximum on the overall receipts or expenditures for a federal campaign. - Congress and Court reached consensus that unlimited donations make for unfair elections.

Miranda v AZ (*NOT REQUIRED SC CASE*)

- Miranda confessed to rape because he thought he had to answer them (it wasn't voluntary). - 5th Amendment states no one can be forced to be a witness against themselves. - Court declared the 5th amendment rights apply once a suspect is in custody of the state. - If the police are going to pressure the suspect intensely during interrogation, then they must inform the suspect of their rights.

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

- Virginia vs New Jersey. - Bicameral: Senate & House - House of Representatives - by population. - Senate: 1 state = 2 votes. - ⅗ compromise. - Prohibited Congress to stop international slave trade for 20 yr after ratification of Constitution. - Extradition clause—state return run away slaves/criminals

ROE v WADE (*NOT REQUIRED SC CASE*)

- does Texas's anti-abortion violate the due process clause of 14th amendment, & a woman's constitutional right to an abortion. Yes. - A woman wanted an abortion but Texas had anti-abortion laws. Roe argued Texas violated the right to privacy and that it wasn't the government's decision to determine a pregnant woman's medical decision. (in Griswold v Connecticut the right to privacy was present in the Bill of Rights). State said it's their authority to regulate health under police power doctrine. Roe relied on the 14th amendment due process clause and won. (1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 9th Amendment) - Supreme Court ruled with Roe because the 14th amendment meant that the states had to have the right to privacy (of an abortion) applied to the states.

National voter registration act (Motor-Voter Law)

- increase citizen participation - rid of the burden of making a special effort to register to vote - addresses national standards and enforcement of voter registration, mail registration and government agency-based registration - Requires states to offer citizens a chance to register at state-run agencies - (increased # of eligible voters, locations, integrity of elections with accuracy)

Help America Vote Act

- requirements on states - create national standards for voting and election management. - States have to upgrade their voting systems to electronic format, replace punch cards, lever systems, and provide funds for changeover, address voting for people with disabilities. - Let's people in the military to have access to absentee ballots, registration forms and elections information

Federal - Governing Elections

- sets date for federal, general elections. - Has judicial jurisdiction on election policy. - Addresses suffrage in constitutional amendments. - Enforces relevant civil rights laws. - Administers and enforces campaign finance rules.

State - Governing Elections

- sets times/locations for elections (based on federal, state, and local criteria). - Chooses format of acceptable ballots and filing for candidacy. - Creates rules and procedures for voter registration. - Draws congressional district lines. - Certifies election results dates or weeks after election.

Congress- Enumerated (EXCLUSIVE) Powers (powers of congress (Article I, S8)

- tax - borrow money - raise army - create postal system - address piracy on seas - define immigration - naturalization process - determine nations foreign policy - funding for gov - regulate commerce/currency - allow foreigners to become citizens - declare war - authority over U.S. Navy - coin money

Grand Committee

1 delegate from a state represented at the convention and it was instrumental in forging the compromises needed to work out the many conflicting interests as the new form of gov took shape.

Republicanism

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws (citizens attempting to influence policymaking decisions through elected representatives).

Needing Senate Approval

Cabinet members, Ambassadors, Positions within Executive Office of the President, Federal Judges

participatory democracy

Citizens vote directly for laws & other changes (no representatives). It is unwieldy with a larger population so farmers left room for individuals to exercise self-representation at state & local levels. States are free to determine how to allow for direct citizen involvement. Anti-Federalists feared in the large United States too many people with too many different views to be adequately represented, so they favored smaller units of gov more responsive to local needs.

The President's Foreign and Military Powers

Commander in Chief of Armed Forces, appoints ambassadors and receives foreign ministers, negotiates treaties with other nations, issues executive orders that can impact foreign policy, makes executive agreements with other leaders of nations, commissions military officers, is the face of the country.

Ways and Means Committee (house committee) Conference Committee The House Rules Committee The Houses' Committee of the Whole

First to outline details when proposals are put forward to raise or lower taxes (determines tax policy) House and Senate members who reconcile differences on a bill after the bill has been marked up separately by both houses (make a final draft and pass it in both houses → president). reflects the house leadership and majority caucus, disposes of bills, defines guidelines for debate, nothing reaches the floor without its approval, assigns bills to the appropriate standing committee, schedules bills for debate, decides when voting takes place. includes all House representatives, but only needs 100 present (quorum), longer debate among fewer people and to allow members to vote as a group rather individually. After shaping a bill they report it to the house which they can officially vote on. Chairman presides, 5 min rule for amendments, 25 members can trigger for a vote (not actual vote-but to end debate and vote). Get something done without the approval of a group.

Revenue sharing/fiscal federalism Grant in aid programs Categorical grants Block Grants Mandates Federalism Separation of powers of branches & division of federal & state leads to Stakeholders ⅔ override Shays Rebellion What type of democracy does the central gov reflect? ⅗ Compromise Gerrymandering One person One vote principle The redistricting process has

Congress collects federal tax & distributes to states for national concerns give funds with incentives grants w/ requirements or strings federal money given without strings require state to comply with federal directive (sometimes funded) is a system of government where power is divided between a national/central government and subunits/states (sharing of powers between national gov & state gov dilution of power to prevent abuse people/group who'll be affected by policies Congress overrides a veto w/ ⅔ vote in each house (super majority) Emphasized need for a strong central gov able to raise an army reflects an elite model of democracy, since elected representatives have the power to represent their constituents. only count ⅗ of enslaved ppl for house's rep manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class. States required to apportion their representatives in a way that equally represented all the people (no vote worth more than another) increased partisanship and decreased accountabilities

House of Representative candidates, bc they're running statewide and may attract wealthier opponents, begin raising money much earlier than Senate candidates and devote more time to soliciting cash. T or f Party Realignment Critical elections Party Realignments are marked by As African Americans began to vote they sided with When the breakup of the new deal coalition occurred Party dealignment Gender gap Women and Voting Binding Precedent Men and Voting married women vote more National gun laws exist based on the Court outlaws' death penalty for Writs of assistance

F, Senate and House of Reps swap change in underlying electoral forces due to changes in party identification contests that reveal sharp lasting changes in loyalties to political parties critical elections Republican Party—freed them era of divided government independents, turn away from politics (rise after the watergate scandal) difference in political views between men and women and how these views are expressed at the voting booth. oppose harsh punishment and death penalty, favor spending on welfare and less war prone (DEMOCRAT) Precedent that a court must abide by in its adjudication of a case. favor harsh punishment, more fiscally conservative. (REPUBLICAN) Republican—moral traditionalist commerce clause mentally handicapped defendants, and those under 18 British government law, search warrant that let British soldiers search any vessel, home or wagon.

Department of State White House Office - Department & Agencies Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) Woodrow Wilson Abraham Lincoln Riding circuit Treaty Ratification House of Reps - Qualifications, Unique Powers, Members, Terms, Constituencies, Structures and Processes Senate - Qualifications, Unique Powers, Members, Terms, and Constituencies, Structures & Processes In the House, majority and minority leaders Precedent US District Court US circuit courts US Supreme Court Trustee model

Main body of the President that promotes foreign policy. White House Staff, Chief of Staff, Press Secretary, Legal Counsel New Deal program, Social Security, failed court packing. These plan widely accepted because of war (served 4 terms) involvement in international affairs (WWI) suspended habeas corpus over fears that riot might interrupt Union troop movement. justices would hold 1 court after another in a circular pattern consent to a treaty proposed by president (senate has to agree with 2/3 vote) (NO HOUSE OF REPS) +25 old, citizen past 7, resident of state they rep. originates revenue bills, initiates impeachment, breaks tie for President. 2yr term. centralized & hierarchical, rules committee controls agenda, limited debate time, powerful speaker of house, focus on revenue & spending +30 old, citizen past 9, resident of state they rep. advice & consent on treaties & presidential appointments, handles trial of impeached officials. 6 term. less centralized, committees w/ little authority, loose debate, filibuster, cloture vote, foreign policy, leaders less powerful except for majority leader 1st recognized in debate, direct debate among party members, spokesperson for the party. a ruling that firmly establishes a legal principle. 94 trial courts, resolve disputes by determining facts & applying legal principles to decide whos right. District judge tries case & jury decides. Magistrate judges prep cases for trial. 11 regional court, 2 courts in WA (DC & federal), takes appeals from district courts, justices sit in a panel of 3 9 justices, original jurisdiction, and appellate jurisdiction, oversee appeals courts & circuit courts Reps believe they're entrusted by their people to use their best judgment, regardless of how the people may view an issue. (Mainly in senate)

National performance review

Offer solutions and ideas for different government savings. Diminished the paperwork, replaced more discretionary responsibilities with agencies, cut inefficiency, put customers first, empower employees, and produced a better and less expensive government.

Checking on Judicial

Passing laws that modify the impact of prior Supreme Court decisions congress passes amendments in passing legislation that changes the courts jurisdiction Judicial appointments executive not enforcing the ruling create a law that was declared unconstitutional in a slight different form

John Locke & Natural law

Second Treatise of Civil Gov. Natural law is law of God recognized w/ human sense & reason. Proposed that under natural law-ppl are born free & equal. "no one can be subjected to power of another w/o consent"

Federalists

Supported the proposed constitutional structure, a strong federal gov. argued that a strong national gov & the diversity of America's large population would protect the rights of all citizens from the elite & would protect the units of states from the collective whole. They wanted to Prove that their plan would not subject people in the states to abuses by this new national gov.

Representative republic

The framers wanted the citizen representation of a democracy, but on a national level, created a collection of sovereign states gathered for the national interest, national needs, & national defense.

Gatekeeper Watchdog adversarial press political reporting political analysis Editorials Op-ed Commentary news bureaus Investigative reporting Dark Money most states require their pledged electors (people already committed to a party's ticket) to Electors Who counts the presidents votes from Electoral college? Since most states now require their electors to follow the popular vote, the electoral vote total

What the public sees becomes the important issue (determine what's newsworthy and what info public will receive/prioritize). role played by national media in investigating political personalities and exposing scandals. reporters continually question government officials, their motives, and their effectiveness. standard "just-the-facts" types of stories, unbiased approach offers explanations on topics, usually by experts, which help readers understand complex subjects. (no bias) opinionated articles that reveal newspaper's view, no by-line or author, a team of editors draft them an opinion piece by a guest writer that makes a clear argument about a topic usually in the news. opinion and interpretation rather than just facts reporting (newscasters/newsroom editors read their commentary as the word "Commentary" appears on screen,) is a group of journalists who work for a news organization and are responsible for reporting news from a specific location or region reporters dug deep into stories to expose corruption in government and institutions. Funds given to nonprofit organizations that can receive unlimited funds and influence elections. follow the state's popular vote. are typically long-time partisans or career politicians who are ultimately appointed by the state party. sitting vice president and Speaker of the House count these votes before a joint session of Congress essentially becomes known on election night in November.

Joint Chiefs of Staff

a council of the top uniformed officials from each division, advises the president on military strategy.

Safe seats Bills can originate in either Senate or House except President can introduce bills/laws to house or senate. T or f: If Senate approves, president can facilitate trade, Provide mutual defense, set international environmental standards, or prevent weapon testing. T or f: Commander in Chief's authority stays consistent w/ Presidency. T or f: How a bill becomes law in the House of Reps How a bill becomes law in the Senate Popular sovereignty Regulatory agencies can impose fines/punishments. T or f: Agencies don't have to publish info about what's implemented. T or f: Secretary of Departments may be removed whenever President wants. T or f: Partisan Gerrymandering Racism Gerrymandering Support from Citizens to handle an issue, could cause agencies to Few executive branch leaders will ignore actions Congressional committee request, bc

a party consistently wins by more than 55% tax proposals or revenue laws must originate from The House F T F, Commander in Chief's authority shifts with each president sent to committee or desk. Committee action or inaction (hearings/markups). Vote to report the bill then write a report. Floor activity, refer to rules Committee, debate, vote. sent to committee or desk . Committee action or inaction (hearing/markups). Vote to report the bill then write a report. Floor activity, debate, vote. ppl have ultimate ruling authority & gov officials carry out laws (to promote the framers required popular elections every 2 years for members of the House of Reps) t, only target industries or companies, not individual citizens F T, usually are friends of president (doesn't need senate approval) when they favor a political party over another drawing of legislative districts on the basis of race was first used to dilute the votes of African-Americans, followed by an over correction of the problem. take action on devising new rules. (New tech may cause new rules) they determine the agencies funding (they can lower funding if not acting properly)

Way before elections people respond more to ____ ideas from campaigns and respond to ____ idea more right before the elections Minor party Ideological party Splinter parties Economic protest parties Single issue parties The other two majority parties have money, resources, and are highly organized leading to For presidency, nominees party needs to have won a certain percentage of the vote in the previous election in order to National organization for women Strict scrutiny standard Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Don't ask, don't tell Civil Rights v Civil Liberties Parties provide training to candidates on how to run an effective campaign. T or f All House seats and 1/3 of Senate seats are up for election every 2yrs. T or F

abstract, concrete are third parties, (ex beginning of Jacksonian Democrats and Lincoln's republic) they subscribe to a consistent ideology across multiple issues (Libertarians and Socialist) form when large factions of members break off from a major party A political party dominated by feelings of economic discontent. Party seeking a single policy, usually revealed by its name, and avoiding other issues. minor parties rarely succeeding qualify for government funding in the current election. fighting for women's rights, equality, & discrimination analysis by courts to guarantee legislation is narrowly tailored to avoid laws violation equality of rights under law won't be denied on account of sex & have Congress power to enforce. (Failed to be passed) prevented military from asking about privates' sexual status but prevented gays from revealing it (removed so they could freely talk abt their sexual interests) civil liberties protect an individual's personal freedoms, whereas civil rights advance specific standards of equality (especially for those discriminated against) t t

When corruption is suspected in executive agencies committees call The majority party holds the majority of seats on each committee and therefore Together, the Members of the house represent Which has more constitutional responsibilities, House of representatives or Senate. And why? Framers designed congress as the most democratic & chief policymaking branch so Different chambers of Congress allows for Most members of the house of representatives are responsible for a Coalition Committees The only official congressional leader names in the constitution are Power of the purse Tariffs and excise taxes Other sources of federal income District lines = State Lines. T or f: When refer to judges as liberal/conservative = political party. t or f

agency directors to testify controls legislation because a bill must clear committee with majority vote before it moves to senate or house entire public Senate, represent an entire state, each has more diverse constituency it'd reflect citizens & elite views checks and balances, prevent rash laws, balance of majority rule and minority rights small geographic area an alliance for combined action tackle tough issues and draft precise laws than the entire senate or house. Allow lawmakers to put their expertise to use, and make process of moving a bill to law manageable Speaker of the House, President of Senate, and President Pro Tem ability of a group to control actions of another group by withholding funding, or stipulations on funds. Congress can determine financial state of an agency and success if it wants to allocate some money. The agency can't spend public funds until committee or subcommittee passes authorization of spending measures taxes paid on certain imports or products. Tariffs on imports meant to raise their prices are US made goods that'll be more affordable and competitive. Excise taxes are levied on specific products associated with health risks taxes that include interest on government to holdings or investments and estate taxes, paid by people who inherit large amount of money t f

Criminal Record and Voting

all but 2 states prevent felons from voting while in prison. In most states reinstate felons voting rights after parole. 12 states deny felons who committed severe crimes the right to ever vote again.

Office of information and regulatory affairs

all regulations that have a significant effect on economy, health, and aspects of society undergo close to review. Any regulations that conflict with the president's agenda may be questioned, revised and eliminated. Part of the office of management and budget

George Washington

as president of the Convention. He presided as a calming force during heated debate. In fact, Washington's participation alone elevated the validity of the endeavor.

Politico model Delegate model Majority opinion Concurring opinion Dissenting opinion Per curiam opinion Issue networks Iron Triangle Iron triangle - Congress and interest group relations Iron triangle - bureaucracy and interest group relations Iron triangle - Congress and Bureaucracy relations The four party caucuses (entire party membership within each house) gather privately after elections, to determine their nominations for Speaker/leadership. The public vote for leadership positions takes place once congress opens. Once the leaders are elected they will US attorneys Attorney General Solicitor general

blends delegate & trustee models. With little public concern, use their own judgment. With strong public concern, representatives would take people's opinions into account. vote for what the people want and without their better judgment to vote. (Mainly in the house) sums up case, decision, rationale (Majority justices write it) written opinion by judges of a court which agrees w/ majority decision but for different reasons. no force of law. allows a justice to explain disagreement to influence court issues a decision without explanation include committee staffers, experts, and people. They're all at odds with one another on matters unrelated to an issue, but collaborate to create specific policy on one issue system and relationship Congress, Bureaucracy, and interest groups have with one another. Congress provides friendly legislation. Interest groups provide electoral support, and expert testimony. bureaucracy provides regulatory consideration. Interest group provides input on regulations. Congress provides funding and guidance. Bureaucracy provides policy choices and execution. oversee organization of congress, help form committees, proceed with legislative agenda each of 94 districts has an attorney appointed by president & approved by Senate, who represents federal ogv in federal courts (work in department of justice under Attorney General) Head of Justice Department, assisted by federal law-enforcement agencies (immigration, crimes, drug offenses, fraud) Appointed by the president and approved by the Senate, Determines which case to appeal to the US Supreme Court and represent the US in Supreme Court cases..

Branches other than judicial have the powers to

bring matters in crime to court, impeach and remove judges, use the power of the purse to affect the judiciary and judicial decisions, partially redefined courts' jurisdiction, and implement court rulings in their own way

State of the Union Address

constitution requires president to report to congress on the state of the union, explain economics, military, social state, proposes new policies, explains administration of governmental programs

Executive Office of the President (EOP)

coordinate several independent agencies that carry out presidential duties, handle budget, economy, and staffing across bureaucracy. Includes Council on Economic Advisors, Office of Management & Budget, Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Council

Judicial Activism "Liberal" -"Loose/Liberal Constructionist" Judicial Restraint "Conservative" - "Strict Constructionist", Originalist

courts can and should go beyond the applicable law to consider broader societal implications of its decisions. when judges strike down laws or reverse public policies. (Exercised when judges overlook legal precedents and follow their own political views in ruling). a judicial interpretation that favors the status quo in judicial activities. Elected representative legislature should create policy. The court should not decide disputes in matters, unless there is a concrete injury, to be relieved by the decision. (Exercised when judges hesitate to inject their own preferences into legal rulings, unless a law is clearly unconstitutional).

Congress has given the executive branch significant Authority in three ways

creating agencies to pay subsidies to groups (Social Security), creating a system to distribute money going into the states (grants), giving federal offices the ability to devise and enforce regulations for various industries or issues

2nd Continental Congress

debated & enhanced document, Jefferson & committee made 85 revisions/deletions. Voted on July 4, 1776, to approve document → Declaration of Independence. Provided a moral & legal justification for rebellion.

Human resources category, most of which is mandatory, has grown in revenue. That increase needs to balance with a Federal spending falls into three categories Sources of revenue Markup Reporting out Hearing In a committee a bill goes through 3 stages Selective exclusiveness Superfund Mayflower compact The constitution creates a __ __.... Referendum What type of democracy does the state gov reflect? Initiation Examples of Participatory Democracy

decreasing discretionary spending, or an increase in revenue or national debt mandatory spending, discretionary spending, interest on debt individual income taxes, corporate taxes, social insurance taxes (payroll taxes), tariffs and excise taxes, other sources committee members amend the bill until satisfied after bill is passed on committee vote it's reported to senate or house expert testimony, investigation, the chair will call for a published summary and analysis of the proposal with views from other members. hearings, mark-up, and reporting out. Congress may regulate only when a commodity requires a national uniform rule. industry pays insurance so taxpayers don't pay cleanup (guilty polluter pays but if guilty party is unknown or bankrupt, super fund is used) Christian morals, God-given right to self-rule Representative republic that limits gov & tempers hasty popular ideas. allows citizens to contest the work of the legislature. If the legislature passes an unpopular law, the public can gather support, usually through signatures on a petition, Participatory democracy, freedom of states to make own decisions. give the people the power to place a measure on the ballot for a popular one. through state & local ballot initiatives.

Congress has set federal elections to occur Party leaders and the Congressional Campaign Committees realize the advantage incumbents have so they What will decrease incumbents' chances Regardless of the condition of the economy, the president's party usually ____ (losses/wins) some seats in Congress during midterms, especially during the president's second term coattail effect How does gerrymandering affect the general election? What population has the lowest turnover? Linkage institutions Examples of Linkage Institutions What plays a large role in deciding which candidates run for office and drawing of legislative districts Platform Absentee ballot Voting eligible population Congressional midterm elections Voter apathy

every two years, in even-numbered years, on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November support the incumbent when they are challenged in a primary. A bad economy because in hard economic times, the voting public holds incumbents and their party responsible losses The tendency for a popular political party leader to attract votes for other candidates of the same party in an election. dampens competitiveness youngest (18) (underdeveloped opinion and experience channels that connect people with the government—keeping people informed and trying to shape public opinion and policy political parties, interest groups, elections, media Political Parties a written list of beliefs and political goals (expresses primary ideology) if a voter can't make it to the polls, they can mail it citizens who could legally vote if they wished federal elections that occur midway through a president's term (have lower turnout) a lack of concern for the election outcome (don't vote)

Inevitable discovery exception Good faith exception Public safety exception Right to privacy Slaughterhouse case National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (NAACP) Credit Mobilier scandal Bundling At school students have less protection against searches because A bag was left on a bus w/ no owner in sight. Can it be searched? A kid left to go to the restroom. Can his bag be searched? State governments are based on a federal model A Company pays or convinces the public to oppose a bill. Effect on Interest group Free-rider problem Demographics Psychographic

evidence obtained during an unlawful search that would have been found later in a lawful search addresses police searches under a court-issued warrant that is later proven unconstitutional/erroneous puts the protection of the people before procedural protections for suspects. is not explicitly stated but can be derived from several amendments before Grisworld v Connecticut, privileges or immunities of the 14th amendment only applied to the federal government not state equal right for Blacks, overturn of segregation, fought white primary, school segregation a company sold low-priced shares of the railroad stock to members in Congress if they voted favorably. raising large sums from multiple donors for a candidate. (+$15,000 in 6 months) public interest outweighs concern for individual liberties yes. no multi-member legislature, state agencies, various courts, all which are targeted by interest groups. The interest group will be convinced and will lobby the government, leading to the bill not being passed The problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the groups' activities without officially joining. The bigger the group, the more serious the problem. explain who the voter is, race, sex, gender, neighborhood, church, political affiliation, similar traits. explains why people vote the way they do

Congress' Foreign and Military Powers

exclusive power to declare war fund military, foreign endeavors and aid, oversight of the state and defense departments and relevant agencies, can institute a mandatory military draft, Senate confirm presidential nominations for ambassadors and high-ranking military, Senate ratifies treaties with other nations by ⅔.

Presidents often pick senators to move over to The senate usually accepts Cabinet appointees based on the reasoning that treason Executive orders can't address matters under Checks on President Inherent powers If the senate isn't in session when vacancy arises Senate standoffs Monroe Doctrine Press conferences Why people may want to rid Electoral College Entitlement costs grow, discretionary spending opportunities will decrease unless Bully pulpit Hold in Senate A smaller congressional district allows for more intimate constituent representative relationship which lies within __ responsibilities

executive branch and serve in their cabinet since the president won democratic election he represents the people levying war, giving aid or comfort to the enemy. Only crime mentioned in the constitution. At least 2 witnesses must testify in open court to the treasonous action in order to convict. exclusive congressional jurisdiction advice & consent, president's salary is set by congress and can't change, President's impeachment not explicitly listed but are within the jurisdiction of the executive branch President can appoint a replacement who'll serve til senate meets and votes on replacement. Rare when the government is divided. Pro forma (in form only) session will be called to ensure the senate is technically in session Senate disagrees with president's appointment/staff foreign policy assuring US dominance in Western Hemisphere staged event, press secretaries and presidents anticipate questions and rehearse in advance with planned answers In early years 1st got president & 2nd got Vice-Pres. Corrupt bargain- Andre Jackson had more electoral point than Adams but wasn't majority, so house of rep voted (House was influenced by Henry Clay) for Adam. For popular vote Trump 46.4% & Hilary 48.5%, Trump secured 304 electoral votes by winning key states tax revenues increase or budget deficit increases stage where the president pitches ideas to the people, speaks to persuade the people, who then persuade Congress only one person can say no to bringing a bill to the floor. (stall a bill) House of Representatives'

Controlled Substance Act USA patriot act USA freedom act Civil Rights Act & Grants Personal Responsibility & Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act Every student succeeds act No child left behind act Elementary & secondary education act Brady handgun violence prevention act War Powers Act

fed drug policy, punish weed dealers/users, war on drugs Allowed gov agencies to share info abt suspects, wire tapping suspects phones. gov can share grand jury, testimony & proceedings detain illegal immigrants for longer period of time & monitor email communications. version of USA patriot act by phase out, a book of collection of phone & Internet data & set limits sports collection in certain circumstances. The governmnet needs a warrnet to look at metadata withheld grant for segregated schools denied Congress ability to issue unfunded mandates, laws that take up 30% of state budgets. Restructured the welfare system ACT kept student achievement standards & returned accountability to states. (Congress & state gov decided). states are free to determine their own standards for educational achievement, while still upholding protections for disadvantaged students. Must still be approved by FDofE improvements in teaching methods, testing to measure progress, sanctions for under performing schools. states held accountable for student achievement under federal supervision (standardized testing). (Congress decided) ensuring that lesser funded schools received adequate resources federal funding offered to states if they met requirements. (Congress & State Govs decided) 5 day wait for gun purchases for background check (impulse). Replaced by NICS). Loopholes; avoid background check—buy guns at private gun shows or on Internet. Federal law & 28 states allow juveniles to purchase guns from unlicensed dealers. Has an insufficient data base of all people maintains president's need for urgent action & preseres war-declaring Congress. President can order military into combat 48hr before telling Congress, which Congress can vote to approve or disprove w/in 60 days (90 w/ extension)

Confederation (defintion) A confederal system

form of government in which several powers unite to form a central power loose gathering of sovereign state for a common purpose (Defined under Article of Confederation)

Pork barrel spending Omnibus bill Riders Sponsor Both houses have foreign affairs committee, but the __ has more foreign relations duties The only house members who may speak for as long as they like are Under divided government, bureaucracy is Compliance monitoring Committee clearance The courts mostly rule in agencies' favors, because Appropriations Court stripping or jurisdiction stripping Standing In the bureaucracy people become experts in their agency, so Congress would want to front-loading

funds for specific purposes in a legislators district includes multiple areas of law or addresses multiple programs nongermane amendments added to benefit a members own agenda to enhance the political chances of the bill (often during passing of the bill) the member who introduces bill and assumes authorship senate speaker of the house, majority leader, and minority leader weaker because congress defines and creates bureaucracy department and the President appoints nominees (with congress approval) making sure the firms in companies are subject to industry regulations are following the standards and provisions the ability of a congressional committee to review and approve certain agency decisions in advance and without passing a law bureaucrats are experts in the field. Courts will rule against only if it's strictly unconstitutional. Agencies responsibilities are often vague funds, set aside for certain purposes are typically made annually as a part of the federal budget when Congress wants to limit the judiciary power, and hearing cases on particular topics the requirement for bringing a case to court rely upon the expert advice and information provided for lawmaking states scheduling their primaries and caucuses earlier and earlier to boost their political clout and to enhance their tourism

Appeal courts

have a panel of judges, but no witness stand and no jury box, because such courts don't entertain new facts, but rather a narrow question or point of law. The petitioner appeals the case and the respondent defends the lower court's ruling. The public hearing lasts about an hour as each side makes oral arguments before the judges. Appeal courts don't declare guilt or innocence when dealing with criminal matters they don't generally reverse judgments in civil suits, they rule on procedural matters which the lower courts or other parts of the government have erred or violated the constitution. They establish new principles with case law.

Thomas Hobbes & Leviathan

humans live in "a state of nature" turn to war. Human life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short." solution—ppl give up some rights & agree to peace → hold society together, honor social contract, as long as sovereign wanted good of society .

Preclearance

if states were to make a test or requirement to vote it would have to be passed/cleared with the Justice Department (If states acted in a way to diminish black suffrage then they'd be watched carefully.

Civil rights act of 1875 Civil rights act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1957 1965 Voting Rights Act

illegal for privately owned places of public accommodation to discriminate based on race. Outlawed discrimination in jury selection, public schools, churches, cemeteries, transportation. made the EEOC; investigates discrimination in hiring/firing. Addressed discrimination in voting registration. Required equal application of voter registration rules (title I). No discrimination in public facilities bc of race, religion, national origin (title II & III). Empower attorney general to initiate suits against noncompliant segregated schools (title IV). Cut off federal funding for discriminating gov agencies (title VI). Outlawed discrimination in hiring based on race, religion, sex, or national origin (title VII) address discrimination in voter registration, made Office of Civil Rights most effective, Outlawed literacy tests (all tests). Justice Department watch states w/ low Black voter rates. lowered national voting age to 18 for presidential & congressional elections. Requires states to ask for preclearance from Justice Department before they'd use new registration policies. (struck down by Supreme Court (2013) bc its burdensome on states)

James Madison

in creating the plan for the new gov earned him the name "Father of the Constitution"

Jean-Jacques Rousseau & Social Contract

influenced by Locke. no irrational & oppressive political order & monarchy. ppl give up rights for safety/protection & acknowledge "man was born free & is everywhere in chains." Popular sovereignty. - Social Contract-- agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Alexander Hamilton

intellect, drive, & guest to elevate the nation made him instrumental in shaping the new design.

Examples of Pluralist Democracy Examples of Elitism in gov Factions Big Three networks of ABC, CBS, and NBC The Cable News Network (CNN) Horse-race journalism Candidates' ideas, policies, or biographies remain static, so once those are reported, they're when local party organizations sees a competitive primary with two or more strong candidates A typical campaign is divided into three segments Hard money Soft money Electorate Franchise At the very beginning of the US, who was given the right to vote Suffrage

interests groups, Advancement of Colored People (NAACP & the National Organization for Women (NOW), Individuals with the most time, education, money, & access to gov will take more action than the less privileged, & because of their resources, they will be heard. is a group of citizens who desires to dominate the government to impose their own interests on all of society. set tone for TV journalism, create in-depth programming that examined national affairs, international relations, and lives of celebrities. Access to national news 24hrs a day. focus on polling data, public perception instead of candidate policy, and exclusive reporting on candidate differences not similarities. no longer newsworthy. party stays out, sometimes the party sees who the favorite is and endorses that person. biography, issues, and attack. a donation given directly to a candidate, could be traced and regulated. a donation to a party or interest group isn't tracked. The party could flood a congressional district with ads that paint opponent in a bad light, causing untraceable spending on elections. percentage of Americans that go to the polls to vote for president and other offices right to vote white land-owners qualification for voting equally

Dobbs v Jackson (*NOT REQUIRED SC CASE*) Plessy v Ferguson (*NOT REQUIRED SC CASE*)

is the court case that overturned the precedent of Roe v Wade that an abortion was not under the right to privacy. Handed power to the states -federalism. Supreme Court ruled that equal protection clause wasn't violated by segregated public places, separate but equal.

Limited gov

kept under control by law, checks & balances, separation of powers. Example; although gov uses taxpayer money to fund projects, it can't make commitments unless reps elected by ppl agree

Dictatorships Military leadership and policymaking apparatus must be For each nation the US recognizes, the state department operates an Ambassador Government Corporation Rules Committee has 3 rules Open Rule Closed Rule Modified Rule Polarization Leadership in House of Reps Leadership in Senate Members of Congress can specialize in a few topics and therefore can create or join In the house, amendments → bills, must first be approved by House has rules that limit debates

lack constitutional protections, when a strong military leader takes over the military first and government second distinct and separate from uniformed divisions that carry out military missions. Ultimately, the people run the military through their elected and constitutional civil officers embassy in that country and employs an ambassador. The foreign nation may also have an ambassador in DC top diplomat appointed to represent the US with that other nation. provides service that could be provided by the private sector, runs like a business (charges for its services) open rule, closed rule, modified rule any representative proposes anything germane No amendment to the bill Some parts of the bill may be amended but not others. when political attitudes move toward ideological extremes speaker of the house, majority & minority leader, majority and minority whip Vice president, President Pro Tem, majority & minority leader, majority and minority whips specific Committees committee overseeing the bill members can't speak +1 hour, and can only offer germane amendments to a bill

Vice president

little influence, president of senate, may break a tie in the senate, replace president if needed, undefined job description, presidents have differing authority and roles for VP.

Partisan voting Partisan Bi-Partisan Divided Government In the senate bill are brought to the floor with__ ___, but a senator may request a ___ on a bill to prevent it from getting to the floor for a vote Sharing of powers States had prisons, state militias, other services when the federal system was created. T or f A bill can originate in House or Senate but must be passed by both w/ simple majority (50% +1) then to President to sign or veto. T or f States don't have police powers. T or f National needs requires Police powers incumbent Devolution Law enforcement is predominantly composed of Federal grant

member of congress vote based on their political party affiliation and polarization prejudiced in favor of a particular cause Two political parties working together to reach a common goal when the Senate majority and House majority are of different parties, or when the President and the Congress are of different parties (Causes Gridlock). unanimous consent, hold make federal gov slow to protect from popular & rash policies t t f consistency across state lines power to create & enforce laws on health, safety, & morals president already in office seeking a 2nd term has an easier time securing nomination than a challenger. incumbent advantage phenomenon---ability to use tools of presidency to support candidacy for a 2nd term. return power to states state personnel include categorical grant, block grant, revenue sharing

Griswold v Connecticut (*NOT REQUIRED SC CASE*)

old anti-birth control state statute was in violation of the constitution. (Before ppl couldn't get a hold of birth control literature) emphasized right to privacy CREATED "RIGHT TO PRIVACY" (ROE V WADE DIDNT CREATE IT)

Anti-Federalists

opposed the consolidation of the states under a federal gov, desired a federal gov more like the confederation under Articles. Some feared the proposed single executive might replicate a monarchical king, potentially limiting state & individual rights. Congress' power to tax, to control a standing army, & to do anything else it felt "necessary & proper" made the Anti-Federalists wary.

Civil service commission Cloture rule (rule 22) Discharge Petition Discretionary authority Rule-making Authority Agency officials and new rules Congressional oversight Committees and subcommittees receive reports from agencies... nuclear option Authorization of spending The agency will not receive the actual funds until Independent Regulatory Agencies/Commission Warren Court Burger court State government policies that might violate substantive due process rights must

oversee process, prevent officials from getting federal employees to contribute to political campaigns. ⅔ stops filibuster, allows for a vote (Lowered to ⅗) (once reached each senator can speak 1 hour) a simple majority to bring a bill from a reluctant commute & to floor. (ONLY IN HOUSE OF REPS) power given to agencies to make decisions abt implementation of existing laws, using discretion, act or not Agency's ability to make rules that affect how programs operate, force states & corporations to obey rules research the issue themselves, & basics of the rule, agent officials meet w/ experts, engage industry officials, lobbyist, citizen power of Congress to regulate actions of executive branch/agencies, ensure they follow laws & carrying out responsibilities. Ex; holding hearings/investigations, conducting budget reviews, requesting reports Agency's Director or ranking members testify to the relevant committee. May update Congress on goals, plans, or an issue Maneuver exercised by presiding officer in Senate that eliminates possibility of filibusters by simple majority vote. measures states max amount agency can spend on programs. each house has an appropriations committee, and the full chamber also approves the spend regulatory or rulemaking authority, isolated from presidential control bc they must have a reason to rid of head. Purpose to regulate economy, set/enforce rules w/ force of law, led by board staggered election. (Appointed & confirmed). An activist court that expanded rights of criminal defendants, racial & religious minorities Not as activist as Warren court. Maintained most of rights expanded by its predecessor & issued important rulings on abortion & sexual discrimination meet some valid state or public interest to promote the police powers of regulating health, welfare and morals.

Most campaigns have a two stage process In most states, a candidate must first Every state has a prescribed method for candidates to earn a spot on the ballot, usually involves Congress - formal power Congress - informal powers President - Formal powers President - Informal powers Title IX of the Education Amendments 1972 Legislative Veto

parties rank & file voters nominate their candidates in a primary election, these nominees compete against each other in the general election. The party & leaders will be like a referee rather than a coach. win one primary election to earn the right to run as the party nominee. The candidate must follow both federal and state law a fee and obtaining a minimum number of signatures (disadvantage to minor parties) legislation, override vetoes, advice & consent, treaty power media, congressional oversight of bureaucracy Executes law, appoints, pardons, reprieves, directs office of legislative affairs to draft bills and assist legislative process, Signs/Vetoes bills, works w/ Congress on budget, negotiates treaties, controls military, submits a federal budget, commander-in-chief signing statements, executive orders & agreement, bargaining/persuasion, Leader of Nation, media, Commander in Chief— civilian controls military (send troops w/o war), sets agenda for 4yrs, Chief of State—symbolic leader amended 1964 civil rights act, guaranteed women have the same educational opportunities as men in programs receiving federal funding. Schools must try to expand opportunities and accommodate the interests of the underrepresented sex. authority of Congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The Supreme Court has held that Congress doesn't have this power. Is a requirement that certain agency decisions must wait for a defined period of either 30 or 90 days

pluralist democracy

people with varying interests find others who share their interests & organize & unite into nongoval groups to exert influence on political decision making. Many people voice their interests, preventing the wealthy & elite from grabbing all the power. varying interests would dominate the gov, so they created structures to limit their influence. lawmaking process, representatives & senators from all regions of the country, representing a wide variety of views, negotiate agreements to pass laws. Federalists argued competing interests are unavoidable, but they prevent one single viewpoint from dominating.

White primary Districts can vote for Presidential elections but Paris Agreement Concurrent powers Federal power Reserved (States power) Kyoto Protocol President proposes budget, Congress debates where it be invested. T or f: Committees approve committee membership. T or f: Gridlock Leadership in Committees is determined by Speaker is elected by Lame duck President With a huge majority they become less likely to make compromises thus Swing districts/marginal seats

permitted political parties in heavily Democratic South to exclude Blacks from primary elections, thus depriving them of a voice in the real contests. can't vote for congress or house of representatives because they aren't a state congress voted against, President for. Trump → total withdrawal powers held by both state & federal (levy taxes, borrowing money, create/enforce laws for health/safety/welfare, defined crimes, run court systems, improve lands, set minimum wage, charter banks) declare war, regulate interstate commerce, define immigration & naturalization operate schools, regulate health, safety, morals, & incorporate cities & companies, Regulate trade, Marriage laws, Conduct elections, Establish local governments multi-country agreement reduce greenhouse emissions. US didn't sign, no Senate support T f, both houses vote to decide congestion of opposing forces that prevents ideas from moving forward (caused by divided government/partisanship) majority political party (they nominate ppl, then everyone in house votes) majority party makes its own selection for speaker in a caucus with only its own member, then there's a vote on the House floor, where the person must receive a majority of the votes. hasn't won re-election or who is closing in on the end of the 2nd presidential term. fewer policies are made that appease the middle districts with no party overwhelming ("swings" from party to party)

The right to substantive due process protects people from Hyde amendment Civil rights are guaranteed to all citizens through Jim Crow Laws Could detainees at our US controlled base outside of US be denied habeas corpus? If an officer was acting in the name of public safety, a delayed reading or failure to read the Miranda rights would If questioning is for purpose of neutralizing a dangerous situation, & the suspect responds voluntarily Before Gideon v Wainwright, but states needed to provide attorneys when Can gov take away life, liberty, and property? Class action suit Public school principals need __ __ to conduct searches in schools If people give consent (waving constitutional protection against unreasonable searches) then Polygamy Compels states to follow free speech and press The bill of rights doesn't give us rights but

policies with no legitimate state interest exist, or the state interest bills to override the citizens rights prevent federal funding that will contribute to an abortion due process and equal protection clause any state or local laws that enforced or legalized racial segregation. no, US exercise complete authority over the base must follow the constitution. not exclude, confessions, or statements at court (public safety exception) the statement can be used as evidence, even though it was made before the Miranda rights were read defendants had special circumstances, like incompetency or illiteracy yes but only in a highly specific, prescribed manner a large group of plaintiffs accuse the same party reasonable cause no warrant is required marrying multiple spouses isn't protected by the constitution due process clause protects the rights we are born with.

For elected Congress members, Three conditions must exist for noticeable increase of this delegation of authority

politicians must have access points to more information than voters about issues and bureaucratic actions. The bureaucrats must be policy experts (smart), so they can support needed but unpopular decisions. Politicians must care about fixing the problem > personal approval rating

Office of management and budget

prepares the president's budget proposal and reviews the budget and programs of the executive department. Headed by a Director (president's accountant). They consider needs and wants of all the federal departments and agencies, fiscal/economic philosophy of the president, federal revenues, and annual budget.

White House Staff

presidents' immediate staff of specialists. Require no senate approval, from the president's inner circle. Presidents rely on White House staff more than their Cabinet/Agencies. They don't have loyalties to departments/agencies and don't compete for funding.

Pendleton civil service act Civil service reform act The administrative procedures act Sunshine act Whistleblower protection act Freedom of information act Religious Freedom Restoration Act National firearm act Gun control act Equal pay act Defense of marriage act (doma) Congressional budget and impoundment control

prevent the constant reward to loyal party members, created merit system and Civil Service commission altered how a bureaucrat is dismissed, limited preferences for veterans to balance the genders in federal jobs, put appointments back into the president's hand, promoted merit and performance guides agencies in developing rules & procedures, ensures citizens & industries affected by a policy can have input (access points) requires most federal agencies to hold meetings in publicly accessible areas protects federal workers, who report or disclose evidence of illegal or improper government action gives the public the right to request, access to records or information government shouldn't burden religious exercise without compelling justification (made in a reaction to Employment Division v Smith). Some of it was stuck down by the Supreme Courts stating it infringed on states rights and weakened Americans right to religious freedom require registration of certain weapons, imposed a tax on sale & manufacture of certain guns, restricted sale & ownership of high risk weapons ended mail order sales of guns/ammo, banned sale of guns to felons, fugitives, drug users, mentally ill, people dishonorably discharged from the military required employees to pay men & women same wage for same job. (Back then—they could deny women a job bc of sex) declared states didn't have to accept same sex marriages recognized in other states. Rid federal recognition of same sex marriage for social security, federal income tax, federal employee benefits simple majority in both houses with limited time for debate—once a year. Set overall levels of revenue & expenditures, size of budget surplus or deficit in spending priorities.

Weakness in Articles of Confederation

prevented leaders from making domestic progress. rendered the Confederation Congress ineffective. The requirements that at least 9/13 vote to enact national law. The requirement that 13/13 votes to amend the system of gov proved daunting. The Congress couldn't tax people directly, or raise/maintain an army. No national court system or national currency. The Congress encouraged states to donate but could not regulate commerce among states.

Theodore Roosevelt Stewardship theory

progressive action for environmental conservation and standing against corporate giants, strengthens the Monroe doctrine, " speak softly and carry a big stick". insisted the president should exercise as much authority as possible to take care of the people Roosevelt's plan, approach to governing that presumed the president had a duty to act in national interests, unless the action was prohibited by the Constitution.

To prevent voter fraud Registration enables governments to Voting blocs War chest National and State party organizations must register w/ FEC and are limited in how much they can donate to National chairperson In Response to increasing Lobbyist efforts Lobbying — Usually what's their main goal Limitless searches can be conducted in Bargaining and persuasion Signing statements Executive order Executive agreement Executive privilege As danger increases the threshold for limitations on gov search and seizure

provide drivers license or last 4 digits of social security prepare for an election, verify voter qualifications, and assign a voter to only one polling place to precede repeat voting. group of voters motivated by a specific common concern or many concerns that dominate their voting patterns, causing them to vote together in elections. funding obtained from donors in advance of a campaign, accumulated by incumbent for re-election or to contest a more advanced office, or provided by a wealthy candidate to their own campaign a candidates war chests, they can give up to $5,000 per election for the war chest. chief strategist and spokesperson. They run party's machinery. It's non-governmental Congress requires lobbyist to register w/ House or Senate. talking to legislators who agree w/ them. looking for recent views of lawmakers in order to act on them. Only 1% of the time they're attempting to change a person's opinion. airports and border crossings enables president to secure congressional action (informal power) when a president signs a bill into law, makes statements explaining interpretation or commentary. (informal power) empowers president to carry out law or administer gov (Continues until another president cancels it). resembles a treaty but doesn't need senate's ⅔ vote. Contract between nations' leaders, binding as each side's ability & willingness. President will likely need cooperation from others. Can't violate other treaties/acts. Aren't binding on successive presidents (informal power) right to withhold info or their decisions from other branchs, protects confidentiality (likely informal power) decreases, if an officer saw a crime, he doesn't need a warrant

Constitutional Convention

purpose was to address the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, decided to create a new Constitution that gave more power to the federal gov. sharp differences arose, each group wanted fair reps as the delegates. Diff views on slavery, manor of executive, relationships of states to national gov

Activities of Lobbyists - Insider strat Activities of Lobbyists - Outsider Strat Activities of Lobbyists - Client Interaction Activities of Lobbyists - Legislative activity Activities of Lobbyists - Social Media Activities of Lobbyists - Implementation Activities of Lobbyists - Electoral Activity Activities of Lobbyists - Other activity Each department/agency is overseen by a committee. T or f: Legislatures are members of Caucuses & Official Congressional committees; form ideas/strategy in caucuses but must introduce bills thru official public committee system. T or f Code of Federal Regulations Directors of Indep regulatory agencies & commissions can be removed by Cabinet Logrolling Which two leadership assigns bills to committees?

quality persuading government decision makers through exclusive access public efforts to influence policy with such things as lawsuits of get out the drives informing clients, discussing strategy providing information/researching bills/drafting bills Mentoring congressional activity, targeting outreach testifying on bills/filing amicus curiae briefs advertising, making PAC donations meeting, business development, media commentary t, usually same name t where printed laws placed presidents with a cause principal officers in each executive department advise the president. Presidents can add people with Senate approval. trading votes to gain support for a bill. (By agreeing to back someone's else's bill, members can secure a vote in return for a bill of their own) Speaker of the House & house rules committee

Litmus test Swing vote John Roberts Laissez faire Which of the federal bureaucracy department is not appointed or checked by president and Senate When the Supreme Court makes a ruling Certiorari Rule of 4 Imperial presidency Filibuster Race to the top Impeachment Senatorial courtesy injunction Disputes involving constitutional questions

quick determination of an appointees political philosophy (ask controversial questions to see what ideology they are) often, tie-breaking votes, cast by justices who's opinions cannot always be predicted chief justice, has guided the court with the judicial minimalism (they are servants of the law) minimal government regulation approach government corporation it becomes the law of the land. It decides on technicalities of constitutional law. to make more certain, losing party from previous trial can appeal, must provide a violation of an established law that led to the incorrect verdict in the trial, brief argument on the error of the previous ruling of a case (reason why it should be appealed) four of the nine justices agree to accept the case, the appeal is granted a powerful executive position guided by weaker Congress An attempt to defeat a bill/nomination in the Senate by talking indefinitely, thus preventing the Senate from taking action on bill/nomination (ONLY IN SENATE) Obama's initiative that requires students to be college or career ready upon graduation house of rep can impeach President, federal judge, officers of wrongdoing. Senate holds trial. Chief of Justice serves as judge. ⅔ majority of senate to impeach. agreement among senators not to vote for any presidential nominee who is opposed by the senators from the nominee's home state a court order prohibiting a person from performing a particular act a federal judge, not a jury, determines the outcome because these cases involve a deeper interpretation of the law

Baron de Montesquieu & Spirit of Laws

recognized both sovereign & administrative aspects of gov power. He saw a republican form of gov as having defined & limited power while granting political liberty to citizens. Argued for separation of power in administrative gov, composed of executive, legislative, judicial branches.

Recognition of branches (after Shay's rebellion)

recognized need for a strong executive, so created an executive branch headed by an elected president, ultimately subject to the will of the people. Like Locke & Rousseau, they believed that people committed to a social contract by giving up some individual rights in exchange for the benefits of a gov that sought justice & preserved fairness. Like Montesquieu, they supported the separation of powers.

Think tanks Purposive incentives Solidary incentives Material incentives Upper class bias Swing state Lobby Hyperpluralism Pluralism Direct lobbying Ideological groups Super PACs can make unlimited amount contributions as long as Special interest groups vs public interest groups Who earns more money, the lobbyist or the official the lobbyist is talking to? President and VP have how many cabinet secretaries?

research institutions (often with specific goals)--some from universities are those that give the joiner some philosophical satisfaction (their money is going to a good cause) allow people of like mind to gather on occasion. travel discounts, subscriptions to magazines, newsletters or complimentary items interest groups tend to have upper-class people. (they can afford membership, and are interested in the cause) those states that could go either way in an election (tend to get the most attention) It's the application of pressure to influence government (usually from interest groups) when there is "gridlock" within the interest group. They are unwilling to compromise. Leads to the elite gaining power. Idea that government is a competition between competing interest groups (factions) who are all trying to get what they want at the same time. of legislatures in the most common tactic of interest groups interest groups formed around a political ideology. (Christin coalition) they are independent from the candidate public interest groups are geared to improve life or government for the masses, not just pushing for one cause. lobbyist, about 3x's 15 cabinet department

Chief of Staff

rough, punctual, detail oriented, responsible for the smooth running of White House and flow of business, paper, and information. No official policymaking power, the president seeks their opinions.

A presidential campaign requires +2 years of work to make it through two competitions Democrats give more delegates to Republicans give extra delegates to Endorsement Grassroots lobbying Grasstops campaigning voter mobilization Trade associations Intergovernmental lobby Professional associations Federal register ABA When a party sues the federal government, US attorneys do what In appealed criminal cases US attorneys do what To Bork

securing the party's nomination and winning a majority of states' electoral votes. large states loyal states tactic of interest groups, influence public voting with endorsement-a public expression of support. involves mobilizing the public around a legislative issue and asking them to contact their legislators and other officials regarding the issue) lobbyist target people they know who have direct contact with congressmen a party's efforts to inform potential voters about issues and candidates and persuade them to vote interest groups made of businesses within a specific industry involves governments lobbying other governments (state to fed, or fed to state) Represents white collar professions (suit-and-tie, work @ desk, higher-paid, higher-skilled jobs, more education/training, doctors/lawyers. Printed record of how the regulations started, developed and its final form (regulations from agencies) a group of lawyers that rate Supreme Court nominations defend the US present oral arguments in the circuit courts to destroy a judicial nominee through attacks on character background and philosophy

Hamilton and president's power of removal Madison and president's power of removal

senate should under advise and consent have a role in the removal of appointed officials to effectively administer the government the president must retain full control of subordinates

Political efficacy Voting age population Voter turnout Voter registration States election laws authorize....who to oversee elections statewide? Who oversees local elections even when the election is for federal offices? Typically a _____ governs the election and vote counting process and serves as a referee Size of the Precincts are determined by Persuasive precedent To win the presidential nomination candidates must Ward Precincts Sates can allow 17 year olds to vote State elections official County level boards of elections

sense that their vote can influence and make changes every US citizen 18+ the participation rate of the voting age population enrollment in the electoral roll-30 days in advance of election so county boards can create and maintain poll books. state department, bureaucratic agency, secretary of state local or County government county-level election board supervisor of elections Precedent that a court may, but is not required to, rely on in deciding a case. first win state primary elections or caucuses. for voting, counties, cities, and town are subdivided. Each subdivision is called a ward is the subdivision of wards, small area with 500-1000 voters who all vote at an assigned polling place only in the primary if they will be 18 by the general election. oversees the process of voting statewide tabulate and report the election returns

"Brutus"

series of essays, name evoked images of the heroic Roman republican who killed the tyrant Caesar. Brutus wrote 16 total essays, which in many ways paralleled the meticulous analysis of the Federalists from the other side, tried to sway ppls decisions to adopt or reject the Constitution. writes for the purpose of dissuading readers from supporting the new Constitution. Brutus is the man who killed Julius Caesar who owned a powerful centralized gov.

House & Senate (how do they represent us well?)

states have representatives, yet these bodies are composed of so many members from across a broad geography & diversity of views that factions within these bodies often limit the dominance of any single interest.

Any of the branches can make mandates. T or f Constitution didn't give Congress power to legislate to improve safety, health, morals. T or f All 3 branches can establish law & policy. T or f Courts can refuse to enforce a poorly written law. T or f Federal executive can enforce laws even if criminal activity is contained in 1 state. t or f Line item veto Pocket veto A President can threaten a veto Presidents may recommend new laws in public appearances or events, thus pushing Congress to Veto duel federalism interest groups dark ads scorekeeper Policy agenda (president)

t f t t t veto part but not all of the bill (most governors have this power, not president) if the president receives a bill in the final 10 days of a congressional session and does nothing thus killing the bill leading to congress trying to communicate to compromise pass their proposal (Bargaining and Persuasion) after a bill is passed in both houses, president has to sign w/in 10 days or veto (with reasoning why). Any bill not signed or vetoed after 10 day period becomes law (Article I) national gov is supreme in its sphere & states are supreme in their own sphere. came from national gov not engaging in much legislation regarding commerce groups that compete in the "marketplace of ideas" & look for access points at the local, state, & federal levels to persuade policymakers. The process of changing policy is slow due to competition among interests & the need for bargaining. anonymously placed media that appear only in target audience's social media news feeds, not in the general feeds. They match personality types of their audience to the message to manipulate emotions to sway votes. help decide who's winning/losing, examinies approval rating or crediting successes & failures of gov proposals/programs. Popularity contests, not candidate qualifications and platforms) a set of issues that are significant to people involved in policy making (do what the President promised to do)

Suing the government

technically the government is protected from suit unless it permits such a claim (sovereign immunity). Congress established the US Court of Claims to Laws so civilians can bring complaints against the US. One can sue government officials acting in a personal capacity.

Benjamin Franklin

the elder statesman at age 81, offered his experience as one who had participated in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, & the Treaty of Paris with Britain. He also held distinction in discovery, invention, & civic endeavors, embodying Enlightenment ideals.

Man burned draft card in protest (destroying draft cards = illegal), court ruled A man wore jacket saying "F--k the draft", he was arrested, court determined Prior restraint 2 ideas of military—bearing arms ORIGINALLY-bill of rights didn't apply to the state gov Public interest Civil Liberties 2 Ways to Formally Amend Lemons test Stare decisis The court upheld vouchers for parents whose kids are attending a private school because Ten Commandments monument on Texas Capitol, Court ruled it's Ten Commandments displayed in Kentucky Courthouses, Court ruled it's Freedom of choice plans White flight

they needed to prevent this behavior to protect congress' authority to raise and support an army the phrase on the jacket in no real way incited an illegal action. a form of censorship that prohibits speech or expression before it happens enable Congress to maintain a militia or states maintain militias that the federal government could call into service states took private property for public use is the welfare or wellbeing of the general public personal freedoms protected from governmental interferences of deprecations by constitutional guarantee Propose a Constitutional Amendment or Ratify a Constitutional Amendment to avoid excessive entanglement, a policy must have a secular purpose that doesn't endorse or disapprove of religion, have an effect that doesn't advance or prohibit religion, and avoid creating a relationship between religion and government. governs common law, means "let the decision stand" policy didn't make a distinction between religious or nonreligious private schools. Money went directed to parents. acceptable bc of monument's historical function, isn't a location that anyone would be forced to be in, only passerbyers would see it not acceptable bc an objective observer would perceive it as having a purpose in state courtrooms—places where some citizens must attend and places meant to be free from prejudice A school integration plan mandating no particular racial balance (weaken desegregation, transfer burden on black students seeking a move to more modern white school) the move of white city-dwellers to the suburbs to escape the influx of minorities.

The solicitor general may also submit an amicus curiae brief when supreme court case is entitled the US v John Doe it means that the Departments Federal Agency Federal Bureaucracy Congress creates departments/agencies. Original jurisdiction Appellate jurisdiction Judicial review Probable cause is needed to make an arrest. T or f US Census Bureau Patronage Spoils system Merit system Office of personnel management (replaced civil service commission)

to the Supreme Court cases in which the US is not a party, it argues for a particular ruling in the case US lost in one of the circuit courts, and the solicitor general sought an appeal contain agencies that divide the departments goals and workload subcabinet entities that carry out specific governmental functions, goal around the department's goal (divisions, bureaus, office, service, administration, boards) (hierarchical organization of executive branch employees) executive office of the president, cabinet departments, independent executive agencies, independent regulatory commissions, government corporation defines organizations, empowers it to carry out the mission, have more specific goals, independent regulatory agencies have even more specialized responsibilities. supreme court's authority to hear a case for the 1st time—in cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers, and when a State is a party Supreme Court acts as an appeals court. Takes appeals from circuits and top state courts examine law to see if they violate constitution, can overturn previous court decisions. t oversee the process and prevents officials from acquiring federal employees to contribute to political campaigns reward party leaders w/ federal jobs (senate recommend locals to congress) type of patronage, president appoints friends in branches for loyalty Competitive written exams for job applicants (Awards jobs based on performance) preserves merit system, coordinates federal job applications. Promote public service and qualified members for federal job.

Rational choice voting model Retrospective voting model Prospective voting model Party-line voting model Party identification Candidate centered campaigns Cable networks have employed more and more commentators, in part because of Narrowcasting Fox News Channel (FNC) mainstream media Cyberpolarization confirmation bias Consumer-driven media Judicial Appointments President authority/power of removal

voter who examines an issue or candidate, evaluated, campaign, promises, or platform points, consciously decided to vote in a way that seemed to most benefit the voter look backward to consider candidates track record. (Looks at accomplishments or shortcomings) citizens anticipate the future, they consider how candidates were proposed ballot initiatives might affect their lives, or the operation of the government citizens to affiliate with the political party, will likely vote with that party at most opportunities when a person identifies himself to be associated with one party, intense to vote in a way to favor that party (easiest way to predict a voters habits) refrain from printing PP, emphasis on candidates, experience, successes in business their own colorful personalities or backgrounds that draw viewers in growth of media outlets with a specific political agenda and a targeted audience an alternative news channel that altered cable news and favored conservatives, successful at persuasion. (Largest one) collection of traditional news organizations, operates an objective news model self-reinforcing/isolated loop of news isn't helpful in developing consensus policy or best solutions for America's problems, nor in understanding alternative viewpoint seek out & interpret info in a way that confirms what they believe (no incentive to consider opposing views) content is influenced by the actions and needs of consumers. they're businesses, profit drives their actions. (more consumers--more profits--influences the way media present issues) when president appoint federal judges, must be approved by senate executive branch appointees serve the president, can remove upper level executive officials, except regulatory heads who the president can remove with explanation

Majority-minority districts Affirmative action Seditious libel libel Time, place and manner test Miller test Substantial disruption test Symbolic speech Obscene speech Since 1968, No minor party has earned one electoral vote. T or F Before bill of rights applied to the states States created their own gun laws Court allowing death penalty Selective incorporation Exclusionary rule

voting district where minority group make up majority—a right required by the Voting Rights Act label on institutional efforts to diversify by race, gender, or otherwise. charge that leads to fines or jail for anyone who criticize public officials or government policies false statements that damage a person's reputation (requires a lot to be published). Prove damage & knowingly printing malicious falsehood. restriction must be content neutral (can't suppress content of expression), serve a significant gov interest, narrowly tailored, must be an alternative way of expression (can suppress time, place and manner) average person applying community standards finds the material prurient, lacks serious, literary, artistic, political, scientific value schools regulate speech when they show that expression would cause a "substantial disruption with school activities." nonverbal, nonwritten communication (flag burning, armbands, draft card burning). Protected by 1st Amendment unless specific/direct threat to another or public order. 1st amendment doesn't protect it, language/images that are offensive to the average citizen that governments ban several states had a bill of rights that protected right to bear arms as a part of militia force some prevented Blacks from joining military or owning weapons, many gun law came in court rulings no state can make death penalty mandatory by law. A careful look at circumstances during the penalty phase (2nd phase of the trial, following a guilty verdict). People may testify to affect the insurance of the death penalty. process of declaring only certain or selected provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to state rather than all of them at once evidence gov finds in violation of 4th amendment can be excluded from trial (protects citizens from aggressive police)

Representative democracy

was the result of Constitution, its a gov in which people entrust elected officials to represent their concerns

Getting Primaried

when an extreme challenger can expose a record of compromises, or tilt away from party position in order to defeat them. Ex: nominating the more conservative Republican, who will ultimately win the primary in face off with their extreme counterparts and their respective legislative chambers

Speaker of the House Senate majority leader Committee chairperson President Pro Tempore Deputy leader/Whip Joint Committee Select or Special Committee Standing Committee Individual income taxes Corporate taxes Social insurance taxes After the bill goes through the House and Senate Mandatory spending Discretionary spending Defense Department

wields significant power, organizes members from conference committees, and has influence in lawmaking. DIRECTS BILLS TO CORRECT COMMITEE 1st the chair recognizes in debate, wields more power than VP/Pro Tem, sets calendar, determines which bills come to the floor, and guides the party caucus on issues. senior member in the majority party experienced on that committee ceremonial position held by most senior member of majority party. Replaces absent VP, signing legislation, issuing oath of office to new Senators, and may break a tie in Senate. in charge of party discipline, keeps tally of votes among party, determine time for a vote, communicates leaderships' views to members, when missteps occur they insist a member step down from committee chair or leave congress entirely. members of both houses that address a long term issue or program. one or both houses, temporary committee that handles a particular issue or investigation. permanent committees, handle most of Congress's work and focus on particular areas. taxes paid by workers on the income they made (different rates depending on income). taxes paid by businesses on the profits are made taxes paid by employees and employers to fund programs like Social Security, Medicare, and unemployment insurance conference committee form resolving differences & vote. Then President signs/vetoes. payment required by law or mandated for certain programs (Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, unemployment insurance). funding congressional committees, debate, deciding how to divide up. Human resources spending is largest. civilian officers who serve president, compromises on ⅕ of overall federal budget & largest portion of the discretionary spending

Winning Candidates and Election Authorities

winning candidates are known late on election day or the next day, and isn't certified by the Election Authorities til days/weeks after while they verify and wait for absentee ballots (votes sent my mail)