AP Government Unit 1,2,3
Antifederalists
Group of people opposed to ratification of the constitution & strong central government
Unfunded mandate
Requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements by the government ex: citizens with disabilities get
Concurrent Powers
Powers shared by the national and state governments -Tax -Borrow money - Establish Courts
Inherent Powers
Powers which belong to the national government by virtue of their existence
Impoundment
Presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds that Congress authorized and appropriated.
Bicameralism
Principle of two-house legislature
Amendment 18
Prohibition (of alcohol).
New Jersey Plan
Proposal @ Constitutional Convention by William Patterson of New Jersey --> central government w/ single house legislature with each state represented equally
Amendment 4
Protection against unlawful search & seizure; must have a warrant and/or probable cause.
State Rights
Refers to political powers reserved for the state governments rather than the federal government according to the United States Constitution, reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the Tenth Amendment.
Amendment 6
Right to a fair and speedy trial.
Amendment 2
Right to bear arms. State has the right to keep a well regulated militia.
Statism
Rights of the nation are superior to the rights of the people
Amendment 21
Repealed Prohibition.
Federalist #10 covers what?
factions
Ideology
system of ideas --> especially ones that form basis of economic/political theory & policy
What are the two biggest problems in our nation today?
terrorism and economy
What does Article 5 of the Constitution state?
the amending (changing) power; must have 2/3 from both houses and 3/4 votes from states
What conditions are conductive to Constitutional Democracy?
- educational conditions - economic conditions - social conditions - ideological ideas
What were our Founding Fathers afraid of?
- mob rule - tyrannical government
Powers of federalism
-Concurrent powers(shared) -Implied powers(inferred from expressed) - Informal(not directly stated) -Formal(found or stated in the constitution) -Expressed('') -Enumerated(")
How many essays are on the AP exam?
4 essays
How many minutes do you have to complete the multiple choice portion of the AP exam?
45 minutes
Constitutional democracy
Democracy where limits of political authority are clearly stated; idea of consent of the governed (can eliminate ineffective government officials)
Amendment 10
Reserved power of the states(any power not directly stated in the Constitution goes straight to the states)
Amendment 5
Rights of the accused: - no double jeopardy - due process - eminent domain - grand jury - no self-incrimination
Amendment 9
Rights retained by the people(whether it's stated in the constitution or not)
New/ Our Federalism
Ronald Reagan- Conservative movement 1980 -Devolution Revolution - States dictate what Federal does
Theocracy
Ruler claims to be divine; government imposes religion upon its peasants
Federalists
Supported ratification of Constitution & strong central government
Colonies complained to King George the third of Britain for?
The passage of the intolerable acts
Executive Privilege
The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.
Preemption
The rule of law that if the federal government through Congress has enacted legislation on a subject matter it shall be controlling over state laws and/or preclude the state from enacting laws on the same subject if Congress has specifically stated it has "occupied the field."
Express Powers
Those powers of Congress specifically listed in the Constitution.
Centralists
Those who favor a centralized form of government(People who favor national action over action at the state and local levels)
Decentralists
Those who oppose a centralized form of government(People who favor state or local action rather than national action)
Amendment 27
Politicians cannot adjust salary until after a new term begins.
Amendment 24
Poll taxes are unconstitutional.
Connecticut Compromise
"The Great Compromise" - bicameral legislature w/ representation based upon population in lower house and 2 representatives for every state in upper house
Powers only for state government?
-Establish local governments -Issue license - Regulate intrastate commerce - Conduct elections - Ratify amendments -Provide for public health and safety
Powers shared by National and state governments?
- Set up courts - Build highways - Tax -Borrow money -Make and enforce laws - Charter banks and incorporations
Why was the Articles of Confederation's so weak?
-No taxation -No national executive -No centralized government -No army or navy -No real communication -No money -Basically 13 separate states
Powers only for National Government?
-Print money -Declare war - Establish an army and navy -Enter into treaties -Regulate commerce -Establish post offices -Make laws to enforce Constitution
What're the types of federalism?
1. Dual federalism- National government limited, states have more power 2. Cooperative- levels of government work together(concurrent powers) 3. Competitive- National/state/local governments(compete for power/best way to do things) 4. Permissive- Federal laws come before state
How many minutes do you have to complete the essay portion of the AP exam?
100 minutes
Amendment 26
18-year olds can vote.
What must you get on the AP exam in order to receive college credit for the class?
3-5
How many multiple choice questions are on the AP exam?
60 questions
What percentage of multiple choice must you get correct if you want at least a 5?
80%
What does Article 7 of the Constitution state?
9 out of 13 states needed to ratify the Constitution
Block Grant
A block of money that can be spent how the state/country sees fit
Impeachment
A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office.
Divided Government
A government in which one party controls the presidency while another party controls Congress.
Federalism
A political system in which power is divided and shared between the national/central government and the states (regional units) in order to limit the power of government.
Direct Primary
A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office.
Initiative
A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.
Recall
A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.
Executive Order
A rule issued by the president that has the force of law.
Referendum
A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power.
Amendment 13
Abolition of slavery and servitude (except prison).
Representative democracy
Government derives power indirectly from people who elect those who will govern
Amendment 15
All males can vote. (even male slaves)
Necessary and Proper Clause
Allows Congress "To make all Laws which shall be _______ and ______for carrying into Execution the [enumerated] Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."
Devolution Revolution
An ideology supported by Ronald Reagan. New Federalism is sometimes called "states' rights," which is a theory in U.S. politics that refers to political powers reserved for the U.S. state governments rather than the federal government
Federal Mandate
Are orders that induce "responsibility, action, procedure or anything else that is imposed by constitutional, administrative, executive, or judicial action" for state and local governments and/or the private sector. - A requirement imposed by the federal government as a condition for the receipt of federal funds.
National Supremacy
Article IV says that federal law is supreme. (So if the states and federal government argue, the feds win.)
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state."
Judicial Review
Authority given to the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the other branches; created in Marbury v. Madison
Amendment 12
Ballots cast for President and Vice President. A "tie-breaker" will happen in the House for President, Senate for VP. Now we have a Presidential ticket with one VP for each President.
Plurality
Candidate has the most votes, but not the majority (3-party election)
Democracy
Government by the people, either directly or indirectly, with free & frequent elections
Three-fifths compromise
Compromise between North and South states: 3/5s of slave population accounted for when determining direct taxation & representing in House of Representatives
Confederation
Constitutional arrangement in which sovereign nations or states, by compact, create a central government but carefully limit its power and do not give it direct authority over individuals.
Separation of Powers
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law.
Writ of Mandamus
Court order directing an official to perform an official duty.
Direct democracy
Democracy in which every citizen's vote on laws and officials is counted
Amendment 17
Direct election of senators.
Amendment 16
Federal government can place an income tax.
Project Grant
For projects, but not necessarily for a specific purpose ex: research help
Popular consent
Idea that the power of the government comes from the people being governed
Cross cutting Sanctions
If you do not follow a mandate, you may lose funding in any/all activities -Civil Rights Act of 1964
Virginia Plan
Initial proposal @ constitutional convention by Virginia delegation: strong central government 2/ bicameral legislation dominated by big states
Interstate Compact
Is an agreement between two or more states. Article I, Section 10 of the United States Constitution provides that "No State shall, without the Consent of Congress... enter into any Agreement with another State."
"The Federalist" Papers
James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton: group of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution published anonymously
Amendment 20
Lame duck amendment-President and VP should end January 20
Natural Law
Laws that exist outside and above all people and are discovered by reason (people should govern themselves)
Amendment 22
Limits presidential terms to 2 of 4 years each.
Levels of federalism?
Local, state, and federal(national)
Amendment 14
Makes slaves citizens, therefore states must treat them as other citizens.
Amendment 8
No cruel and unusual punishment or excessive fines/bails
Implied Powers
Not literally stated but reasonably ________ - Powers of the US government which have not been explicitly granted by the Constitution but is ______ by the necessary and proper clause for the purpose of carrying out the enumerated powers
Articles of Confederation
Original constitution for the United States, ratified 1781
Majority
Over 1/2 of votes
Majority rule
Person with majority of votes will be elected official (greater number=greater power)
Constitutional Convention
Philadelphia, May 14, 1787: debated and agreed upon Constitution of United States
Unitary System
Places formal authority in the central government - A sovereign state governed as a single entity
Annapolis Convention
September 1786: Meeting of 12 delegates from 5 states (NY, NJ, Penns, Delaware, Virginia) that called for a constitutional convention.
Amendment 25
Sets up presidential succession- VP takes over if something happens to the President
Amendment 3
Soldiers cannot be forced to sleep in your house at times of peace, and a law must be passed during wartime if soldiers are going to be quartered in homes.
Amendment 7
Trial by jury of peers.
What is the main difference between the Two Treatises of Government and the Constitution?
Two Treatises- Life, Liberty, and Property Constitution- Life, liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness
Amendment 23
Washington DC has 3 voters in electoral college.
Amendment 19
Women's suffrage- Have the right to vote
Amendment 11
You cannot sue a state without the state's permission.
Cross over sanctions
You lose money in a category if you don't follow a mandate -Drinking age 21 lead to highways
What does Article 4 of the Constitution state?
full faith and credit: - people are entitled to the same rights from state to state and documents remain credible - states trust one another
Federalist #78 covers what?
judicial review & Supreme Court
Federalist #51 covers what?
separation of powers
What does Article 6 of the Constitution state?
supremacy clause: - federal law overrules state law - cannot push religion onto constituents
Commerce Clause
Describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3). The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate money with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes."
What does Article 2 of the Constitution state?
Establishes the executive branch of the federal government(which carries out and enforces federal laws) - It includes the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees
What does Article 3 of the Constitution state?
Establishes the judicial branch of the federal government -The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress
Amendment 1
Freedom of religion, assembly, press, petition, speech (RAPPS) -Establishment Clause
What does Article 1 of the Constitution state?
Gives Congress its powers and limits -Congress is the legislative(makes the laws) branch of the government -creates the two sections of Congress, which is called a bicameral legislature -The first is the Senate, which is made up of two senators from each state. -The second is the House of Representatives, which has representatives from each state based on the population
Funded Mandate
Government pays
Extradition
Legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed.
Shay's Rebellion
Massachusetts 1786-1787: started by Daniel Shay, rebellion of farmers protesting mortgage foreclosures --> highlighted need for strong national government
Categorical/ Formula Grant
Most specific guidelines ex: what food can be sold in schools, special ed programs