AP Human Geo Unit 5: Agriculture & Rural Land Use

Compared to North American ranchers, commercial ranchers in the Pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil are more likely to a. raise mostly sheep b. lease their grazing land c. rely on feedlots d. raise livestock primarily for export. e. use practices developed by indigenous people.

d. raise livestock primarily for export.

Which is NOT a form of commercial agriculture? a. plantation agriculture b. Mediterranean c. extensive grain farming d. pastoral nomadism

d. pastoral nomadism

Typically, swidden agriculture leads to a. plantation farming b. aquaculture c. agribusiness d. pastoralism e. shifting cultivation

e. shifting cultivation

Which of the following regions was least impacted by the Green Revolution? a. Africa b. South Asia c. East Asia d. Southeast Asia e. Latin America

a. Africa

Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange? a. Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. b. Grain crops such as wheat, oats, and barley were introduced to Europe as a result of interaction with indigenous people in the Americas. c. Many new diseases were introduced to European colonizers when they began to explore the Americas. d. Many crops that became valuable cash crops were introduced by European colonial powers to the Americas. e. Crops such as potatoes and tomatoes were introduced to the Americas.

a. Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers.

Which of the Agricultural Revolutions did not include increased usage of complex machines? a. First Agricultural Revolution b. Second Agricultural Revolution c. Third Agricultural Revolution d. Green Revolution

a. First Agricultural Revolution

A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States? a. Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons. b. Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar growing seasons but different climates. c. Customers have seasonal demands for different varieties of oranges. d. Different varieties of oranges are grown for different markets. e. Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different prices for oranges.

a. Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons.

Which of the following correctly compares the significance of the different technologies shown in the images? a. Invention of the plow eased the intensive use of labor, and the innovation of mechanized farm equipment led to improved food production. b. Invention of the plow enabled an increase in production during the Green Revolution while protecting the environment and reducing pollution from mechanized farm equipment. c. The mechanized farm equipment shown in image 2 is solely responsible for the improved yields of the Green Revolution over yields produced by the draft animal and plow shown in image 1. d. The method used to tend the crop in image 2 is more labor intensive than the method used to tend the crop in image 1. e. Both images show practices that led to shorter life expectancies due to the long hours of labor required for farming and exposure to unhealthy conditions despite the improvements in technology.

a. Invention of the plow eased the intensive use of labor, and the innovation of mechanized farm equipment led to improved food production.

Which of the following best explains a neo-Malthusian perspective on the Green Revolution? a. The Green Revolution represents a jump in agricultural technology, but the population will still grow faster than our ability to produce food will over the long run. b. The Green Revolution solves the entire problem of feeding the planet, and Malthusian ideas are no longer relevant. c. Local food production is the key to long-term food production. d. The distribution of food in a capitalist system results in too many people being unable to afford basic foods. e. The increase in the food supply and a resulting increase in the population available for farm labor will solve the food crisis.

a. The Green Revolution represents a jump in agricultural technology, but the population will still grow faster than our ability to produce food will over the long run.

Agricultural settlement patterns are partly determined by the survey system used to organize landownership. Which of the following best describes the survey methods used to delineate agricultural land and the associated settlement patterns shown in the two images? a. The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and- bounds survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern. b. The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a township-and-range survey method with a clustered settlement pattern. c. The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a clustered settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and-bounds survey method with a linear settlement pattern. d. The first image show a metes-and-bounds survey system with a dispersed settlement pattern, and the second image shows a township-and-range survey method with a linear settlement pattern. e. The first image shows a township-and-range survey system with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a long-lot survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern.

a. The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and- bounds survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern.

Agricultural settlement patterns are partly determined by the survey system used to organize land ownership. Which of the following best describes the survey methods used to delineate agricultural land and the associated settlement patterns shown in the two images? a. The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a township-and-range survey method with a clustered settlement pattern. b. The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a clustered settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and-bounds survey method with a linear settlement pattern. c. The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and-bounds survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern. d. The first image show a metes-and-bounds survey system with a dispersed settlement pattern, and the second image shows a township-and-range survey method with a linear settlement pattern. e. The first image shows a township-and-range survey system with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a long-lot survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern.

a. The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a township-and-range survey method with a clustered settlement pattern.

Grain raised in the US is used today primarily for a. animal feed b. biofuel c. corn syrup and other byproducts d. export to foreign countries e. human consumption

a. animal feed

The Second Agricultural Revolution developed at the same time as a. growing urban markets were demanding increased food production. b. improved genetic modification of food allowed for increased harvests. c. humans were forming communes and practicing open-field farming. d. vast shortages in laborers existed because of communicable diseases.

a. growing urban markets were demanding increased food production.

Farming that requires lots of labor and/or capital investment is a. intensive agriculture b. extensive agriculture c. subsistence agriculture d. diffusion agriculture

a. intensive agriculture

_______________________ requires large amounts of labor and capital but smaller amounts of land. a. intensive agriculture b. extensive agriculture c. subsistence agriculture d. commercial agriculture e. sedentary cultivation

a. intensive agriculture

Which of the following developments is predicted by the von Thunen model of land use around cities? a. large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands b. large-scale rubber plantations in Malaysia c. large-scale commercial fishing in Japan d. extensive cattle raising in northern France e. very large dairy farms in Utah and southern Idaho

a. large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands

Which settlement and pattern reflects a culture that prioritizes individualism? a. metes-and-bounds b. French long-lot c. Hispanic long-lot d. linear e. clustered

a. metes-and-bounds

Isolated farmsteads in the US evolved as a result of all the following except a. physical barriers preventing communal farm practices b. government land policy c. agricultural private enterprise d. colonization by individual pioneer families e. political stability

a. physical barriers preventing communal farm practices

Land parcels in the American Midwest tend to be rectilinear because a. the federal survey system adopted in the late 18th century imposed a geometric pattern on the landscape. b. Native American settlement patterns were rectangular c. English-speaking settlers replicated the landscape patterns of England. d. Spanish colonists laid out settlements in a reign geometric pattern. e. there were no mountains or rivers to use as boundaries.

a. the federal survey system adopted in the late 18th century imposed a geometric pattern on the landscape.

The most widely produced grains in the world are a. wheat, rice, and maize b. wheat, rice, and oats c. rice, maize, and oats d. rice, maize, and millet e. rice, wheat, and barley

a. wheat, rice, and maize

A food assemblage that includes olives, pita bread, cheese, figs, lamb, and wine is most associated with which of the following? a. Spain b. Greece c. Mexico d. France e. Russia

b. Greece

What type of agriculture is generally located on the west coasts of continents, includes dry summer climates of southern California, central Chile, South Africa's cape, Greece and other areas, and involves the growing of crops such as grapes, olives, and citrus? a. Chapparal b. Mediterranean c. Commercial d. Plantation e. Luxury

b. Mediterranean

Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in the modern agriculture? a. The End of famine in the world. b. The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas. c. The loss of prime agricultural land and smaller yields from grain crops. d. The construction of new irrigation systems and a reduction in the use of fertilizers. e. An increase in the circulation of investment capital to help the poorest farmers.

b. The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas.

Why do difference regions of the United States specialize in different dairy products? a. Soil fertility varies from region to region. b. Their relative location with respect to the milkshed. c. Other crops are more economical. d. Historical customs differ for various dairy products. e. All of the above.

b. Their relative location with respect to the milkshed.

Which of the following best explains why in the model the amount of land used for dairying is much smaller than the pasture used for beef cattle? a. dairy cows are small in numbers compared to beef cattle and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size. b. dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable. c. dairy cows are more expensive and should be kept close to farmers to prevent theft compared to less expensive beef cattle that can be kept in remote pastures. d. beef cattle are small in numbers compared to dairy cows and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size. e. beef cattle must be transported to the market town for frequent feedings and as a result need more space for herding.

b. dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable.

Nomadic pastoralism is an extensive agricultural system practiced a. in tropical regions of Africa and Asia b. in the dry regions of Africa and Asia c. in the hinterlands of Australia d. by people who shift location in pursuit of rain clouds e. by Native American buffalo hunters

b. in the dry regions of Africa and Asia

The type of commercial agriculture in which a single luxury crop such as coffee, tea, cacao, palm oil, bananas, is grown in less developed peripheral countries for export to more developed core countries is called: a. slash-and-burn farming b. plantation agriculture c. intensive subsistence agriculture d. shifting cultivation e. commercial agriculture

b. plantation agriculture

Modern agribusiness is not typically associated with a. commercial agriculture b. subsistence agriculture c. plantations d. transportation networks

b. subsistence agriculture

Which of the following revolutions allowed people to start building towns and cities? a. the Scientific Revolution b. the First Agricultural Revolution c. the Industrial Revolution d. the Digital Revolution e. the Second Agricultural Revolution

b. the First Agricultural Revolution

Von Thunen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use? a. labor cost b. transportation cost c. fertilizer cost d. machinery cost e. seasonal fluctuation in prices of farm products

b. transportation cost

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of improvements in transportation systems on agriculture? a. Local markets have become more important for dairy farmers b. Individual farms have become more diversified c. Corporate farms have gained a greater advantage over family farms d. Subsistence farmers are given great advantages e. Cuisines have become more regionalized

c. Corporate farms have gained a greater advantage over family farms

Three of the largest dairy regions in the US are in the Northeast (New York and Pennsylvania), the Upper Midwest (Wisconsin and Minnesota), and California. What explains this phenomenon? a. The transportation systems are much better in these areas b. The climates are more conducive to raising dairy cattle c. Large urban centers are located in each zone d. Industrial output is much greater due to the crops produced in these regions e. There are more milk drinkers in these parts of the country than in other parts

c. Large urban centers are located in each zone

The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries? a. Excess production of grain products for which there is no market. b. Increase in the acreage used for agriculture that affects the open space surrounding villages. c. Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources. d. Collapse of the grain export market that results in farm foreclosure. e. Double-cropping processes that lead to soil erosion and a decline in soil fertility.

c. Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources.

A country with a high percentage of people engaged in agriculture is likely to be in which stage of the demographic transition? a. Stage 3 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 1 d. Stage 4

c. Stage 1

Which of the following best describes the survey system used in both locations shown? a. Long lot: nucleated linear settlements with all of the houses arranged along a road or river b. Circular rural settlements: a ring of houses that surround a central open space for keeping livestock c. Township and range: unit-block field patterns with dispersed farmsteads and occasional villages d. Fragmented: land-holdings that allow each farmer a variety of fields dispersed through the community e. Metes and bounds: irregular field patterns with clustered farmsteads in river valleys.

c. Township and range: unit-block field patterns with dispersed farmsteads and occasional villages

All of the following are true of truck farming except a. It is the predominant agricultural practice found in the southeastern US. b. Among the most common truck crops are strawberries, lettuce, and asparagus. c. Truck farmers' harvest are usually intended for distant markets. d. Most often it is characterized by the use of mechanized farming tools.

c. Truck farmers' harvest are usually intended for distant markets.

In North America, which of the following frequently consumed items is most likely to be supplied by a trans-national corporation? a. Milk b. bread c. coffee d. water e. electricity

c. coffee

All of the following crops were a part of the Columbian Exchange except a. potatoes in Ireland. b. chocolate in Switzerland. c. corn in Mexico. d. oranges in Florida.

c. corn in Mexico.

During the first half of the 20th century, which of the following facilitated the transportation of beef over long distances to global markets? a. commercial canning b. irradiation of food c. refrigerated ships d. airplanes e. high-speed railroads

c. refrigerated ships

What type of diffusion is most closely associated with the Columbian Exchange? a. stimulus diffusion b. expansion diffusion c. relocation diffusion d. hierarchical diffusion e. contagious diffusion

c. relocation diffusion

What type of agriculture uses the largest percentage of the world's land area? a. dairying b. plantation c. shifting cultivation d. Mediterranean

c. shifting cultivation

Production of agricultural products destined primarily for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market is called a. plantation farming b. hunting and gathering c. subsistence agriculture d. sedentary cultivation e. shifting-field agriculture

c. subsistence agriculture

Where in the US can you find the largest number of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO)? a. the Northeast b. the Southeast c. the Midwest d. the Northwest e. the Southwest

c. the Midwest

Which countries are top producers of corn? a. Indonesia, Brazil, China b. Germany, India, US c. Brazil, India, US d. US, China, Brazil

d. US, China, Brazil

It is estimated that ___________ of the world's population is seriously malnourished. a. 1/100th b. 1/10th c. 1/20th d. 1/6th e. 1/2

d. 1/6th

The practice of "specialty farming" of expensive crops (such as mushrooms, asparagus, and nursery plants) with somewhat of limited demand is growing in what US region? a. Midwest b. Southwest c. Southeast d. West e. New England

d. West or e. New England

In recent years, many wooded areas in which region have been deforested to provide beef for hamburgers for fast-food chains in the US? a. East and South Asia b. West Africa c. East Africa d. Central and South America e. Canada

d. Central and South America

All of the following statements about the geography of meat production in the US and Canada are true except a. Industrial farmers are raising ever-increasing numbers of animals on their farms. b. Fast-food restaurants have created a demand for increased standardization and homogeneity of animals raised for meat. c. The development of the poultry industry has made chicken the least expensive kind of meat consumed in the US and Canada d. Consumer demand for organic foods has significantly decreased the amount of meat produced by most agribusiness firms. e. Animal slaughtering and meat-processing activities are dominated by a few large corporations.

d. Consumer demand for organic foods has significantly decreased the amount of meat produced by most agribusiness firms.

Which of the following best explains why in the model above the amount of land used for dairying is much smaller than the pasture used for beef cattle? a. Dairy cows are more expensive and should be kept close to farmers to prevent theft compared to less expensive beef cattle that can be kept in remote pastures. b. Beef cattle are small in numbers compared to dairy cows and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size. c. Beef cattle must be transported to the market town for frequent feedings and as a result need more space for herding. d. Dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable. e. Dairy cows are small in numbers compared to beef cattle and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size.

d. Dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable.

The images show examples of agricultural technology developed during different time periods. Which of the following statements is best supported by the images? a. Image 1 shows an innovation that occurred early in the Third American Revolution, improving the standard of living for small farmer families. b. Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Third Agricultural Revolution, resulting in a diffusion of agricultural practices to less developed countries. c. Image 1 shows an innovation that occurred early in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulting in more sustainable livestock production. d. Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Second Agricultural Revolution, reducing the amount of labor needed and increasing crop yields. e. Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred late in the First Agricultural Revolution, increasing farmers' profits.

d. Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Second Agricultural Revolution, reducing the amount of labor needed and increasing crop yields.

Who would agree the most with the following statement: agriculture caused an unequal balance of wealth that is still in effect today? a. Carl Sauer b. Johann von Thunen c. Derwent Whittlesey d. Jared Diamond e. Norman Borlaug

d. Jared Diamond

Which of the following best explains the spatial patterns illustrated in von Thünen's model? a. The cost-to-distance ratio of the land-rent curve indicates that the highest-cost land is in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model. b. The cost-of-labor inputs are related to a crop's distance from the market, as more labor-intensive farming is done in large-scale plots far from the market town. c. Highly perishable agricultural goods are produced in small-scale plots far from the market town, so that they can be more quickly traded with other communities. d. Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town. e. Labor-intensive planting and harvests of wheat and corn are done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while less labor-intensive pasturing of sheep or beef cattle takes place in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model.

d. Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.

Which statement best describes banana farming, a form of plantation agriculture in Central America today? a. Small farming collectives of indigenous groups own segmented portions of a plantation. b. Local entrepreneurs own multiple consolidated plantations. c. Subsistence farmers have modern-day sharecropping systems on plantations. d. Multinational companies control production and distribution on plantations. e. Foreign individual landholders export plantation crops to the home country.

d. Multinational companies control production and distribution on plantations.

In which of the following countries is terracing least likely to be used by farming groups to create additional space and minimize erosion on steep slopes? a. Nepal b. Peru c. the Philippines d. Niger e. Greece

d. Niger

Which of the following includes the world's earliest centers of plant domestication? a. British Isles, Scandinavia, US b. Russia, China, Latin America c. Northeast Asia, Eastern Europe, South Africa d. Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East e. Australia, New Zealand, China

d. Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East

Wheat was probably first domesticated in a. East Africa b. South Asia c. Southeast Asia d. Southwest Asia

d. Southwest Asia

Mixing crops and livestock allows farmers to a. create a system where crops provide food for livestock and the livestock provide manure for crop fertilization b. distribute the workload of the crops and livestock evenly throughout the year c. generate 3/4ths of their income from the sale of livestock d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

California droughts are especially problematic for the truck and fruit farms because they rely heavily on steady rains typical of ________________ climate zones. a. humid equatorial b. arid and semi-arid c. humid cold climate d. humid temperate e. cold polar

d. humid temperate

Central Mexico was a hearth for a. barley b. rice c. sorghum d. maize

d. maize

The focus of the Green Revolution was a. improving crop yields in commercial agribusiness corporations. b. saving undeveloped land from urban sprawl. c. encouraging the use of fertilizers less damaging to the environment. d. reducing starvation in less-developed countries.

d. reducing starvation in less-developed countries.

The two most widely used and distributed Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) crops are a. corn and wheat b. wheat and millet c. soybeans and wheat d. soybeans and corn e. corn and flax

d. soybeans and corn

How did the Second Agricultural Revolution improve agricultural production? a. The four-field crop rotation system increased yields and soil fertility b. New technologies such as the drill press increased production c. The Enclosure Movement encouraged the use of machinery d. Advances in breeding livestock increased production of meat and dairy e. All of the above

e. All of the above

What advantages do cattle feedlots have over traditional methods of livestock ranching? a. Feedlots combine a number of steps in the meatpacking industry in one location. b. Feedlots are more efficient at adding weight to cattle. c. Feedlots reduce transportation costs of cattle prior to being slaughtered. d. Feedlots reduce transportation costs of the finished product. e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards? a. Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa. b. Both farming practices are used for tropical plantation crops grown on large estates with hired labor who plant and harvest crops. c. According to von Thunen, both farming practices occur in the outermost areas of agricultural land. d. According to land-rent theory, both farming practices are found on small farms and must be located close to markets. e. Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.

e. Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.

After learning about the environmental consequences of agribusiness, you are fed up. You decide to start your own organic farm. Where in the US would you make the most money? a. Virginia b. Ohio c. Indiana d. Idaho e. California

e. California

The two images represent two different methods of raising livestock in the US. Which of the following statements most accurately compares these two agricultural practices? a. Feedlots require more space than cattle ranching does, which reduces profits due to the cost of the land. b. Consumers prefer to pay higher prices for grass-fed beef than for corn-fed beef raised in feedlots because of the environmentally friendly practices associated with grass-fed beef. c. Cattle ranching is a more economically friendly way to raise livestock than using feedlots because less infrastructure is needed. d. Feedlots require less food consumption by the cows than cattle ranching because the livestock are grazing on available grass in the pastures. e. Feedlots can minimize costs associated with livestock production because feedlots do not use as much space as cattle ranching.

e. Feedlots can minimize costs associated with livestock production because feedlots do not use as much space as cattle ranching.

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication? a. Wheat was first domesticated in the foothills of the Himalayas because the tropical climate in the region is necessary to grow wheat. b. Wheat was first domesticated in the Yellow River valley because vast floodplains are the best places to grow wheat. c. Wheat was first domesticated in the Nile River valley because overharvesting of the wild form of wheat was causing a widespread famine. d. Wheat was first domesticated in Mesoamerica because the wild wheat variety flourished in the highland climate. e. Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

e. Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

Which of the following statements would NOT be associated with factors that affect the location of food processing facilities? a. Government incentives, such as tax breaks, will be considered by food production facilities as they choose to build food processing facilities. b. Historically high energy costs will cause food processing plants to gravitate towards areas of more affordable electricity costs. c. Water supply issues will need to be considered, especially in densely populated areas of the western United States. d. The perishability of a product will need to be considered due to transportation costs. e. With more concentrated populations, proximity to markets will take precedence over proximity to raw materials in the next few years.

e. With more concentrated populations, proximity to markets will take precedence over proximity to raw materials in the next few years.

US agricultural policies include a. encouraging farmers not to grow certain crops which are in excess supply b. paying farmers subsidies when commodity prices are low c. buying surplus agricultural products from farmers to donate to LDCs d. none of the above e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Dramatic increases in global grain production since 1950 have been made possible by a. substantial increases in the amount of land under cultivation b. global warming c. an increase in the urban workforce d. an increase in the agricultural workforce e. an increase in the use of energy and technology

e. an increase in the use of energy and technology