AP Human Geography Agriculture

Dairying

A class of agricultural enterprise, used for long-term production of milk from animals like cows, goats and sheep

Mediterranean Agriculture

A form of agriculture that takes place along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers much expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

Shifting Cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left alone for relatively long periods

Cereal Grain

A grass yielding grain for food

Sustainable Agriculture

A method of agriculture that attempts to ensure the profitability of farms while preserving the environment

Carl Sauer

A professor who mapped out the agricultural origins of both vegetative and seed agriculture

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

Genetic Engineering

Altering the genetic material of plants and animals

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership or large corporations

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

Quaternary

Digital services such as eBay and Amazon and cell phone services where the service isn't tangible

Feedlot

Farms that specialize in cattle or hogs, and they may have thousands of head

Tertiary

Involve the service sectors of the economy. People are involved in selling commodities rather than producing them

Nomadic Herding

It involves moving animals on a seasonal basis to areas that have the necessary resources to meet the needs of the heard

Von Thunen

Made the Agricultural Location Model

Seed Agriculture

Means taking seeds from existing plants and planting them to produce new plants

Truck Farm

Refers to a farm where farmers produce fruits for the market

Vegetative Agriculture

Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants

Farm Crisis

Term used to describe times of agricultural recession, low crop prices and low farm incomes that can lead to farm bankruptcy

Green Revolution

The Third Agricultural Revolution which corresponded with the exponential population growth around the world

Transhumance

The action or practice of moving livestock form one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle

Milkshed

The area surrounding a cuty from which milk is supplied

Interlillage

The clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a potion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain

Biotechnology

The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

Double Cropping

The growing of two crops per year to double the harvest

Market Gardening

The growing of vegetables or flowers for markets

Core/periphery

The idea that core countries rely on periphery countries for their raw materials or agricultural products

Secondary

The industrial sectors of the economy. Uses the raw materials from Primary to make products for trading or selling

Grain Farming

The mass planting and harvesting of grain crops

Agricultural Location Model

The model constructed by Von Thunen which shows that the center of a city is dairy and market gardening, forest, grains and field crops, and the outer ring is ranching *Von Thunen also has a formula to figure out the maximum amount a farmer could pay for using the land without losing profit

Growing Season

The part of the year during which rainfall and temperature allow plants to grow

Crop rotation

The planting of different types of crops each year to replenish the soil with nutrients used up by the previous crop

Food Chain

The process of food getting harvested then sent to the market area, then to a producer which makes it into a product then is sold to a wholesaler who sells it to a grocery store, who sells it to people

First Agricultural Revolution

The transition to hunting and gathering which happened about 8,000-5,000 BC

Plant Domestication

To adapt a plant to be used by humans

Slash and Burn Agriculture

To cut down crops and fields and burn the debris for new crops

Livestock Ranching

To use the most land per farm of any of the zones in the Von Thunen model

Second Agricultural Revolution

Use the technology provided by the Industrial Revolution as a means to increase production and distribution of products

Staple Grains

Wheat, barley, millet and other grain products

Hunting and Gathering

When a group is able to support itself by fishing or hunting and gathering fruits and vegetables

Plantation Agriculture

When cash crops are grown on large estates

Mixed Livestock and Crop Agriculture

When cows are raised for meat and other products and are fed with crops grown on the same farm

Subsistence Agriculture

When farmers produce food that they need to survive on a daily basis

Animal Domestication

When nomads started to domesticate animals to either hunt along with them or be used for livestock

Aquaculture

When people have a "fish farm" meaning that they keep a population of fish on a certain amount of land and raise them to be sold

Suitcase Farming

When someone owns and operates a farm but lives somewhere else

Primary

When subsistence farming using hunting and gathering techniques or pastoral nomadism are used

Agriculture Industrialization

the mechanization of the farming process to increase productivity and profits