AP II Digestive System

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How much saliva is generally produced each day?

1 - 1½ L

A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. Which layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location? (1) Parietal peritoneum (2) Visceral peritoneum

1, 2, 2, 2

Tryspin

Acinar cells

Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility?

Distension of the intestinal wall

Gastrin

Endocrine cells

What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition?

Epiglottis

What is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine?

It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.

Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location?

Killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?

Lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue

If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?

Lipids

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

Liver

Peristalsis

Muscular contractions that propel food

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?

Muscularis - two layers; both circular

Pepsinogen

Stomach

Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?

The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.

Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus

How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract?

The superior part is skeletal muscle.

The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is

absorption

Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in

absorption of food.

Enterokinase

activates trypsinogen

Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue

are quickly dissolved and absorbed.

Chylomicrons

are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.

Contact digestion takes place in/at the

brush border of the small intestine

What muscle forms the cheek?

buccinator

Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that

cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.

Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the ________ phase.

cephalic

Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of

cholecystokinin (CCK)

The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called

chyme

A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is

chymotrypsin

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the

common bile duct and pancreatic duct.

The liver

consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.

Which structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach?

esophagus

Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the

facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

Intrinsic factor

facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.

Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

falciform ligament

Inflammation of the gums is called

gingivitis

Mastication

increases the surface area of food particles.

The enterogastric reflex serves to ________.

inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine

Duodenal gland secretion prevents

irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.

Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of

lipids

Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in

liquefying and digesting the food

Bile is produced by cells of the

liver

The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are

moistening and starch digestion

Saliva

moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

The pyloric pump

moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food?

mucosa

The major secretion of the large intestine is

mucus

The liver

produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.

Functions of the liver include

production of many blood proteins interconversion of nutrients detoxification of harmful chemicals bile production

The movement of food through the digestive is

propulsion

LDLs are taken into a cell by the process of

receptor mediated endocytosis

Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of

relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.

A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called

segmental contraction

Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?

segmental contraction

The gallbladder

stores bile

The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the ________ glands.

submandibular

A cracker will "melt in your mouth" because of the action of lingual lipase.

true

The enteric nervous system acts independently of the CNS to control local reflexes in the digestive tract.

true

Without a properly functioning large intestine a person will have chronic diarrhea.

true

Monosaccharides

use a symport process in their absorption.

Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ________ nerve.

vagus

Feces consist of

water undigestible food bacteria sloughed-off epithelial cells

Pancreatic amylase

Maltose and isomaltose

What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus?

Pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle

Trypsin

Pancreas

Which of the following is associated with the tongue?

Papillae and taste buds

What is ascites?

The excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice?

Trypsin

The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the

active transport of H+ from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.

Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include

amylase, maltase, and sucrase

Teeth in adults

are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.

The pancreatic islets

are endocrine glands

The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by

distention of the duodenal wall.

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

elimination of undigested food

Bile

emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

Cholecystokinin and the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate the release of bile into the small intestine.

false

Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as

gastric ulcer

Insulin increases the rate of ________ transport into cells.

glucose

Mucus

goblet cells

A large amount of adipose tissue accumulates in the

greater omentum

The anal canal

has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.

The oral cavity

has boundaries that include the lips, palate, and cheeks.

The esophagus

has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

The hepatic sinusoids

have phagocytic cells in their lining.

Bile would flow directly from the

hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.

Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the

hepatic portal vein

The intestinal phase of gastric secretion

is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.

Pepsinogen

is packaged in zymogen granules.

The defecation reflex

is stimulated by distention of the rectum.

The gastric phase of gastric secretion

leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.

In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains

less lipid

The ________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing ________.

liver; cholesterol

Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called

mass movements

Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?

mass movements

Defecation following a meal is usually the result of

mass movements stimulated by the gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes moving feces towards the rectum.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine?

mastication of food

Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

The myenteric plexus is found in the ________ of the digestive tract wall.

muscularis

Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport?

nasopharynx

The major types of enteric neurons include all of the following, except

neurons that suppress epithelial secretions.

What muscle forms the lips?

orbicularis oris muscle

The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the

oropharynx

Carboxypeptidase

pancreas

Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?

pancreas ascending colon duodenum descending colon

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be

retroperitoneal

salivary amylase

salivary glands

When chyme enters the duodenum, ________ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates.

secretin

The enteric plexus is composed of the ________ and the ________.

submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus

The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the

teniae coli

Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. Which of the following would be consistent with inserting a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat? (1) Decreased gastric acid secretion (2) Increased bile production (3) Increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion (4) Increased secretin and cholecystokinin

1, 2, 3, 4

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest. (1) Dipeptide (2) Protein (3) Amino acid (4) Polypeptide

2, 4, 1, 3

Arrange the following events involving lipids in the correct order. (1) Absorption of lipids (2) Emulsification (3) Micelle formation (4) Digestion of lipids

2, 4, 3, 1

Arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body. (1) Digestion (2) Elimination (3) Ingestion (4) Absorption

3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) Common bile duct (2) Common hepatic duct (3) Cystic duct (4) Left and right hepatic ducts

4, 2, 1

The hepatic lobule is a ________ -sided structure with a/an ________ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.

6; portal

Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?

Absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes

How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen?

Active transport

Carboxypeptidase

Amino acids

Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion?

Amino acids

Coronary ligament

Attaches the liver to the diaphragm

Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?

Blood supply decreases More likely to develop ulcerations and cancers Enamel on teeth becomes thinner

What is the function of enteric sensory neuron?

Both "Detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents" and "Detect stretch of the digestive tract wall" are correct.

The enteric plexus

Both "Helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract" and "Contains parasympathetic neurons" are correct

Chemical digestion

Breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes

Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion?

CO2 and H2O → carbohydrates

Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad?

Central vein

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Changing the tongue shape during swallowing

What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?

Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution.

What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?

Cystic duct

Lactase

Glucose and galactose

Where does bile enter the duodenum?

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Which of the following is not a substance found in saliva?

Hydrochloric acid

Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?

In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.

Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?

Mucosa

Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?

Pancreas

Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?

Pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?

Rugae

Gastric lipase

Stomach

Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle?

The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition?

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

chyme from entering the large intestine.

Trypsin can activate

chymotrypsinogen.

One of the major functions of the large intestine is to

convert chyme to feces.

Serum cholesterol levels are solely dependent on a person's dietary intake of cholesterol.

false

Emulsification

increases surface area for lipid digestion.

Hydrochloric Acid

parietal cells

The abdominal cavity is lined with

parietal peritoneum

The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the ________ glands.

parotid

The enzyme(s) called ________ break(s) down the substrate called_______.

peptidases; proteins

Hepatocytes

phagocytize cells. form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D. convert ammonia to urea. remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen.

The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the ________ phase of swallowing.

pharyngeal

The tongue

plays a major role in swallowing.

In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the

serosa

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

small intestine

Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the

small intestine

Disaccharidase

small intestine

Enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the

small intestine

Lactase

small intestine

Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the

small intestine

The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the

small intestine

peptidases

small intestine

secretin

small intestine

Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the

small intestine; small intestine

Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the

soft palate

Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue?

speech

The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to ________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ________.

stimulate; inhibit

What is found in an intestinal villus?

Blood capillaries and a lacteal

Mastication

Chewing of food

lesser omentum

Connects lesser curvature of stomach to the liver

A swollen uvula might interfere with which of the following?

Deglutition and breathing.

If gases are released as digestion of food begins in the stomach, where is it most likely to accumulate?

Fundus

Bile

Hepatocyte

Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) Ascending colon (2) Descending colon (3) Sigmoid colon (4) Transverse colon

1, 4, 2, 3

A gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. Where is the stone most likely lodged?

Common bile duct

Celiac disease causes degeneration of the villi of the small intestine. What is a likely affect of this degeneration?

Decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area

Sammy is a 67-year-old man that has the following digestive issues: GERD, peptic ulcers, and diarrhea. Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of Sammy's age?

Diarrhea

Nancy has several dental caries on the visible surface of one of her molars. The caries have eroded through to the pulp cavity. Which of the following accurately lists the layers affected by the caries?

Enamel, dentin

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

Esophagus

Most of the water that enters that digestive tract is removed by the body in urine.

False

Pancreatic lipase

Fatty acids and glycerol

(1) Amount of bicarbonate in the aqueous component of pancreatic juice (2) Amount of bicarbonate in the enzymatic portion of pancreatic juice

First item is greater than the second item.

(1) Number of villi in small intestine (2) Number of villi in large intestine

First item is greater than the second item.

(1) pH in the stomach during digestion (2) pH in the duodenum during digestion

First item is less than the second item.

Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?

Gastrin

Gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer can all be caused by

Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.

Which disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine?

Hirschsprung disease

Which of the following statements concerning proteins is true?

Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.

Harrison loves to entertain his classmates with his strange talents. His newest "trick" is to roll his tongue into a tube shape. Which muscles are important for Harrison to perform this trick?

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Granular cells

May protect intestinal epithelium

Transverse mesocolon

Mesentery of the colon

Mesentery proper

Mesentery of the small intestine

What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine?

Mixing of intestinal contents

Absorption

Movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood

George has to have his gallbladder removed. His friend told him he can no longer eat fats because he will no longer produce bile. Is this an accurate description of George's future diet?

No; the gallbladder only stores the bile that is produced by the liver.

What are the two major neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system?

Norepinephrine and acetylcholine

Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior?

Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function?

Parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid

Oliver received a blow to the left side of his head, just anterior to his ear. Which of the following digestive structures was likely affected?

Parotid salivary gland

Which of the following enzymes digests protein?

Pepsin

Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?

Pepsin

What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition?

Peristalsis

Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter?

Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.

Salivary amylase

Polysaccharides and disaccharides

Absorptive cells

Produce digestive enzymes

Endocrine cells

Produce hormones

Goblet cells

Produce mucus

Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?

Proper environment for functioning of pepsin

Which of the following pairs describing structures of teeth is mismatched?

Pulp cavity - cementum

Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?

Pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach

Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?

Relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity.

Elimination

Removal of undigested wastes from body

Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?

Salivary amylase - begins protein digestion

Which of the following statements concerning digestion in the stomach is not true?

Salivary amylase will eventually be inactivated in the stomach, halting carbohydrate digestion.

Which of the following apply to the small intestine?

Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ. Segmentation contractions occur in this organ. Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ. Mixing and propulsion of chyme.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

Segmental contractions

Visceral peritoneum

Serous membrane that covers organs

Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?

Sigmoid colon

What is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract?

Stimulate motility

Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract?

Stomach

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Store and concentrate bile

Which of the following is mismatched?

Sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility

Hepatocytes

Synthesize bile

Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?

Synthesize bile

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

The jejunum and duodenum

Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate?

Trypsin - nucleic acids

Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication?

buccinator

The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is

composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

The mucosa of the colon

contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.

The enteric plexus

controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract

Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include

disaccharidases

During mastication, food molecules are digested as the teeth break chemical bonds.

false

Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent

food from entering the small intestine.

The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the ________ phase of gastric secretion.

gastric

A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the

hepatic flexure

Which portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?

ileum

A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDLs. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would

increase serum cholesterol levels.

The villi, microvilli, and plicae circularis function to

increase surface area for absorption.

An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the

liver

The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in

mastication, speech, and swallowing.

Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called

micelles

The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is

pancreatic juice

Bile secretion is

performed continuously by the liver.

The ________ helps hold a tooth in its socket.

periodontal ligament

When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated,

water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.


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