AP II Digestive System
How much saliva is generally produced each day?
1 - 1½ L
A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. Which layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location? (1) Parietal peritoneum (2) Visceral peritoneum
1, 2, 2, 2
Tryspin
Acinar cells
Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility?
Distension of the intestinal wall
Gastrin
Endocrine cells
What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition?
Epiglottis
What is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine?
It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.
Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location?
Killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach
Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?
LDL
Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?
Lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue
If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?
Lipids
Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?
Liver
Peristalsis
Muscular contractions that propel food
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?
Muscularis - two layers; both circular
Pepsinogen
Stomach
Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?
The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?
The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus
How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract?
The superior part is skeletal muscle.
The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is
absorption
Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
absorption of food.
Enterokinase
activates trypsinogen
Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue
are quickly dissolved and absorbed.
Chylomicrons
are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.
Contact digestion takes place in/at the
brush border of the small intestine
What muscle forms the cheek?
buccinator
Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that
cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.
Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the ________ phase.
cephalic
Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of
cholecystokinin (CCK)
The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called
chyme
A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is
chymotrypsin
The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the
common bile duct and pancreatic duct.
The liver
consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.
Which structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach?
esophagus
Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the
facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
Intrinsic factor
facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
falciform ligament
Inflammation of the gums is called
gingivitis
Mastication
increases the surface area of food particles.
The enterogastric reflex serves to ________.
inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
Duodenal gland secretion prevents
irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.
Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of
lipids
Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
liquefying and digesting the food
Bile is produced by cells of the
liver
The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are
moistening and starch digestion
Saliva
moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
The pyloric pump
moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.
Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food?
mucosa
The major secretion of the large intestine is
mucus
The liver
produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
Functions of the liver include
production of many blood proteins interconversion of nutrients detoxification of harmful chemicals bile production
The movement of food through the digestive is
propulsion
LDLs are taken into a cell by the process of
receptor mediated endocytosis
Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of
relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.
A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called
segmental contraction
Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?
segmental contraction
The gallbladder
stores bile
The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the ________ glands.
submandibular
A cracker will "melt in your mouth" because of the action of lingual lipase.
true
The enteric nervous system acts independently of the CNS to control local reflexes in the digestive tract.
true
Without a properly functioning large intestine a person will have chronic diarrhea.
true
Monosaccharides
use a symport process in their absorption.
Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ________ nerve.
vagus
Feces consist of
water undigestible food bacteria sloughed-off epithelial cells
Pancreatic amylase
Maltose and isomaltose
What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus?
Pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle
Trypsin
Pancreas
Which of the following is associated with the tongue?
Papillae and taste buds
What is ascites?
The excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice?
Trypsin
The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the
active transport of H+ from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include
amylase, maltase, and sucrase
Teeth in adults
are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.
The pancreatic islets
are endocrine glands
The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by
distention of the duodenal wall.
Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?
elimination of undigested food
Bile
emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
Cholecystokinin and the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate the release of bile into the small intestine.
false
Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as
gastric ulcer
Insulin increases the rate of ________ transport into cells.
glucose
Mucus
goblet cells
A large amount of adipose tissue accumulates in the
greater omentum
The anal canal
has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
The oral cavity
has boundaries that include the lips, palate, and cheeks.
The esophagus
has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
The hepatic sinusoids
have phagocytic cells in their lining.
Bile would flow directly from the
hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.
Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the
hepatic portal vein
The intestinal phase of gastric secretion
is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
Pepsinogen
is packaged in zymogen granules.
The defecation reflex
is stimulated by distention of the rectum.
The gastric phase of gastric secretion
leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.
In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains
less lipid
The ________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing ________.
liver; cholesterol
Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called
mass movements
Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?
mass movements
Defecation following a meal is usually the result of
mass movements stimulated by the gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes moving feces towards the rectum.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine?
mastication of food
Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
The myenteric plexus is found in the ________ of the digestive tract wall.
muscularis
Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport?
nasopharynx
The major types of enteric neurons include all of the following, except
neurons that suppress epithelial secretions.
What muscle forms the lips?
orbicularis oris muscle
The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the
oropharynx
Carboxypeptidase
pancreas
Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?
pancreas ascending colon duodenum descending colon
Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be
retroperitoneal
salivary amylase
salivary glands
When chyme enters the duodenum, ________ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates.
secretin
The enteric plexus is composed of the ________ and the ________.
submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus
The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the
teniae coli
Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. Which of the following would be consistent with inserting a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat? (1) Decreased gastric acid secretion (2) Increased bile production (3) Increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion (4) Increased secretin and cholecystokinin
1, 2, 3, 4
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest. (1) Dipeptide (2) Protein (3) Amino acid (4) Polypeptide
2, 4, 1, 3
Arrange the following events involving lipids in the correct order. (1) Absorption of lipids (2) Emulsification (3) Micelle formation (4) Digestion of lipids
2, 4, 3, 1
Arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body. (1) Digestion (2) Elimination (3) Ingestion (4) Absorption
3, 1, 4, 2
Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) Common bile duct (2) Common hepatic duct (3) Cystic duct (4) Left and right hepatic ducts
4, 2, 1
The hepatic lobule is a ________ -sided structure with a/an ________ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.
6; portal
Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?
Absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes
How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen?
Active transport
Carboxypeptidase
Amino acids
Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion?
Amino acids
Coronary ligament
Attaches the liver to the diaphragm
Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?
Blood supply decreases More likely to develop ulcerations and cancers Enamel on teeth becomes thinner
What is the function of enteric sensory neuron?
Both "Detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents" and "Detect stretch of the digestive tract wall" are correct.
The enteric plexus
Both "Helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract" and "Contains parasympathetic neurons" are correct
Chemical digestion
Breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes
Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion?
CO2 and H2O → carbohydrates
Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad?
Central vein
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Changing the tongue shape during swallowing
What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?
Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution.
What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?
Cystic duct
Lactase
Glucose and galactose
Where does bile enter the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Which of the following is not a substance found in saliva?
Hydrochloric acid
Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?
In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.
Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?
Mucosa
Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?
Pancreas
Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?
Pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?
Rugae
Gastric lipase
Stomach
Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle?
The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.
Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition?
Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent
chyme from entering the large intestine.
Trypsin can activate
chymotrypsinogen.
One of the major functions of the large intestine is to
convert chyme to feces.
Serum cholesterol levels are solely dependent on a person's dietary intake of cholesterol.
false
Emulsification
increases surface area for lipid digestion.
Hydrochloric Acid
parietal cells
The abdominal cavity is lined with
parietal peritoneum
The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the ________ glands.
parotid
The enzyme(s) called ________ break(s) down the substrate called_______.
peptidases; proteins
Hepatocytes
phagocytize cells. form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D. convert ammonia to urea. remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen.
The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the ________ phase of swallowing.
pharyngeal
The tongue
plays a major role in swallowing.
In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the
serosa
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
small intestine
Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the
small intestine
Disaccharidase
small intestine
Enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the
small intestine
Lactase
small intestine
Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the
small intestine
The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the
small intestine
peptidases
small intestine
secretin
small intestine
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the
small intestine; small intestine
Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the
soft palate
Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue?
speech
The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to ________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ________.
stimulate; inhibit
What is found in an intestinal villus?
Blood capillaries and a lacteal
Mastication
Chewing of food
lesser omentum
Connects lesser curvature of stomach to the liver
A swollen uvula might interfere with which of the following?
Deglutition and breathing.
If gases are released as digestion of food begins in the stomach, where is it most likely to accumulate?
Fundus
Bile
Hepatocyte
Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) Ascending colon (2) Descending colon (3) Sigmoid colon (4) Transverse colon
1, 4, 2, 3
A gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. Where is the stone most likely lodged?
Common bile duct
Celiac disease causes degeneration of the villi of the small intestine. What is a likely affect of this degeneration?
Decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area
Sammy is a 67-year-old man that has the following digestive issues: GERD, peptic ulcers, and diarrhea. Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of Sammy's age?
Diarrhea
Nancy has several dental caries on the visible surface of one of her molars. The caries have eroded through to the pulp cavity. Which of the following accurately lists the layers affected by the caries?
Enamel, dentin
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract?
Esophagus
Most of the water that enters that digestive tract is removed by the body in urine.
False
Pancreatic lipase
Fatty acids and glycerol
(1) Amount of bicarbonate in the aqueous component of pancreatic juice (2) Amount of bicarbonate in the enzymatic portion of pancreatic juice
First item is greater than the second item.
(1) Number of villi in small intestine (2) Number of villi in large intestine
First item is greater than the second item.
(1) pH in the stomach during digestion (2) pH in the duodenum during digestion
First item is less than the second item.
Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?
Gastrin
Gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer can all be caused by
Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.
Which disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine?
Hirschsprung disease
Which of the following statements concerning proteins is true?
Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.
Harrison loves to entertain his classmates with his strange talents. His newest "trick" is to roll his tongue into a tube shape. Which muscles are important for Harrison to perform this trick?
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Granular cells
May protect intestinal epithelium
Transverse mesocolon
Mesentery of the colon
Mesentery proper
Mesentery of the small intestine
What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine?
Mixing of intestinal contents
Absorption
Movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood
George has to have his gallbladder removed. His friend told him he can no longer eat fats because he will no longer produce bile. Is this an accurate description of George's future diet?
No; the gallbladder only stores the bile that is produced by the liver.
What are the two major neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system?
Norepinephrine and acetylcholine
Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior?
Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function?
Parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
Oliver received a blow to the left side of his head, just anterior to his ear. Which of the following digestive structures was likely affected?
Parotid salivary gland
Which of the following enzymes digests protein?
Pepsin
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
Pepsin
What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition?
Peristalsis
Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter?
Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.
Salivary amylase
Polysaccharides and disaccharides
Absorptive cells
Produce digestive enzymes
Endocrine cells
Produce hormones
Goblet cells
Produce mucus
Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?
Proper environment for functioning of pepsin
Which of the following pairs describing structures of teeth is mismatched?
Pulp cavity - cementum
Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?
Pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?
Relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity.
Elimination
Removal of undigested wastes from body
Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?
Salivary amylase - begins protein digestion
Which of the following statements concerning digestion in the stomach is not true?
Salivary amylase will eventually be inactivated in the stomach, halting carbohydrate digestion.
Which of the following apply to the small intestine?
Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ. Segmentation contractions occur in this organ. Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ. Mixing and propulsion of chyme.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?
Segmental contractions
Visceral peritoneum
Serous membrane that covers organs
Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
Sigmoid colon
What is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract?
Stimulate motility
Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract?
Stomach
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Store and concentrate bile
Which of the following is mismatched?
Sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility
Hepatocytes
Synthesize bile
Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?
Synthesize bile
Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?
The jejunum and duodenum
Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate?
Trypsin - nucleic acids
Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication?
buccinator
The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.
The mucosa of the colon
contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.
The enteric plexus
controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract
Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include
disaccharidases
During mastication, food molecules are digested as the teeth break chemical bonds.
false
Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent
food from entering the small intestine.
The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the ________ phase of gastric secretion.
gastric
A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the
hepatic flexure
Which portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?
ileum
A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDLs. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would
increase serum cholesterol levels.
The villi, microvilli, and plicae circularis function to
increase surface area for absorption.
An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the
liver
The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in
mastication, speech, and swallowing.
Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called
micelles
The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is
pancreatic juice
Bile secretion is
performed continuously by the liver.
The ________ helps hold a tooth in its socket.
periodontal ligament
When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated,
water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.
