AP Psych 7

The drug _, or MDMA, is both a _ and a _. This drug triggers the release of the neurotransmitter _ and_and blocks the reabsorption of_. Among the adverse effects of the stroke or disruption of the bodies_clock, suppression of the_, and impaired_and other_functions

Ecstasy, stimulant, mild hallucinogen, Dopamine, serotonin, serotonin, circadian, immune system, memory, cognitive

Dreams experienced during ___ sleep are vivid, emotional, and bizarre. During ____ dreams, the dreamer may be sufficiently aware to wonder whether he or she is, in fact, dreaming.

REM, lucid

In most teenagers, drug use _ across _ and _ groups.

Varies, culture, ethnic

During REM sleep, the motor cortex is ___, while the muscles are ___. For this reason, REM is often referred to as ___ sleep

active, relaxed, paradoxical

For _ such as smoking and drug use, a subject's hypnotic responsiveness _ make a difference in the effectiveness of hypnosis.

addictions, does not

The hypnotic demonstration in which a subject supposedly relives earlier experiences is referred to as _. Research studies who that the subject in such demonstrations have memories that are _ accurate than the memories of fully conscious persons.

age regression, no more

Alcohol may make a person more _, more _, or more _ daring. Alcohol affects memory by interfering with the process of transferring experiences into _ memory. Also, blackouts after drinking result from alcohols suppression of _.

aggressive, helpful, sexually, long-term, REM sleep

The relatively slow brain waves of the awake but relaxed state are known as _____ waves.

alpha

PET scans show that hypnosis reduces brain activity in a region involved in _ to painful stimuli, but not the _ cortex that receives the raw _ input.

attending, sensory, sensory

An _ person in a legitimate _ can induce people - hypnotized or not - to perform some unlikely acts.

authoritative, context

Tranquilizers, which are also known as _, have effects similar to those of alcohol.

barbiturates

Asked to press a button when they feel a tap, people respond ______ they become conscious that they have responded. In comparison with unconscious processing, conscious processing has a(n) ______ capacity, is relatively _____, and processes piece information ______.

before, limited, slow, serially

Our bodies' internal "clocks" control several ___ ___. Among these are _____ ____, which may give rise to seasonal variations in ____, _____ _____, and ______.

biological rhythms, annual cycles, appetite, sleep length, and moods

Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcoholism if they have a(n) _parent with a history of alcoholism. Boys who at age 6 are _ excitable more likely as teens to smoke, drink, and use other drugs. Genes that are more common among people predisposed to alcoholism may cause deficiencies in the brains _ _ system.

biological, more, dopamine reward

Advances in neuroscience made it possible to relate ___ ___ to various mental states; as a result, psychologists once again affirmed the importance of ___.

brain activity, cognition

The most widely used stimulants are_, _, the_, _, _, and _. Stimulants _ addictive.

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, methamphetamine, are

Depressants _ nervous system activity and _ body function. Low dose of alcohol, which is classified as a _, slow the activity of the _ nervous system.

calm, slow, depressant, sympathetic

Hypnosis _ relieve pain. One theory of hypnotic pain relief is that hypnosis separates, or _, the sensory and emotional aspects of pain. Another is that hypnotic pain relief is due to selective _, that is, to the person's focusing on stimuli other than pain.

can, dissociates, attention

the sleep-waking cycle follows a 24-hour clock called the ___ ___

circadian rhythm

The study of ___ was central in the early years of psychology and in recent decades, but for quite some time it was displaced by the study of observable ___.

consciousness, behavior

large, slow brain waves are called ___ waves. They occur first in stage ___, and increasingly during stage ___ sleep which are therefore called ___-___ sleep. A person in the latter stage of sleep generally will be ___ to awaken. It is during this stage that children may wet the bed or begin ___.

delta, 3, 4, slow-wave, difficult, sleepwalking

Opium, morphine, and heroin all _ neural functioning. Together these drugs are called the _. When they are present, the brain eventually stops producing _.

depress, opiates, endorphins

The three broad categories of drugs discus in the text include _, which tend to slow body functions; _, which speed body functions; and _, which alter perception. These drugs all work by mimicking, stimulating, or inhibiting the activity of the brain's _. Psychologically, our _ also play a role.

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, neurotransmitters, expectations

Hilgard has advanced the idea that during hypnosis there is a _, or split, between different levels of consciousness.

dissociation

The weight of research evidence suggests that hypnosis _ allow a person to perform feats that are impossible in the normal walking state. The strength, stamina, learning, and perceptual abilities of hypnotized people _ like those of motivated hypnotized people.

do not, are

REM sleep ___ occur in other mammals. Animals such as fish, whose behavior is less influenced by learning, ___ ___ dream. This finding supports the ___-___ theory of dreaming.

does, do not, information-processing

Cocaine and crack deplete the brain supply of the neurotransmitters_,_, and_, and result and depression as the drugs effects wear off. They do this by blocking the _ of the neurotransmitters, which remain in the nerve cells' _.

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, reuptake, synapse

Dream Theory- Cognitive Theory Explanation Criticism

dream content reflects dreamer's cognitive development and brain maturation, does not address the neuroscience of the dreams

The rapid eye movements generally signal the beginning of a ___. PET scans reveal heightened activity in the ____ and _____ areas of the brain during REM sleep.

dream, visual and auditory

Dream Theory- Information-Processing Explanation Criticism

dreams may help to sift, sort, and fix our daily lives into memories, people dream about things they haven't experienced

Dream Theory- Activation-Synthesis Theory Explanation Criticism

dreams trigger impulses that evoke random memories which are weaved into stories, they're still being dreamed, saying something about the dreamer

The mind and body are distinct entities is the position of the theorist known as_. In contrast, the_believe that the mind and body are one.

dualists, monist

Drug use by North American youth_during the 1970s, then the client until the early 1990s do to it increased_and efforts by the media to deglamorize drug use.

increased, drug education

Freud's theory has given way to the theory that dreams serve an _____-______ function. Support for this theory is provided by the fact that REM sleep facilitates thinking and memory.

information-processing

A persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep is characteristic of ___. Sleeping pills and alcohol may make the problem worse because they tend to ___ REM sleep.

insomnia, reduce

One statistical digest showed that hypnosis _ especially helpful for the treatment of obesity.

is

We may experience ___ ___ if our circadian rhythm is interrupted by travel across time zones. Our circadian rhythm also may be interrupted by ___ changes, such as the one that occurs in the spring in many areas, and by work _____.

jet lag, time, shifts

The sleep disorder characterized by extreme fright and rapid heartbeat and breathing is called ___. Unlike nightmares, these episodes usually happen early in the night, during stage ___ sleep. The same is true of episodes of ___ and ___, problems that (run/do not run) in families. These sleep episodes are most likely to be experienced by (young children, adolescents/older adults) in whom this stage tends to be the ___ and ___.

night terrors, 4, sleepwalking, sleeptalking, run, young children, lengthiest and deepest

Skeptics believe that hypnosis may reflect the workings of _ _. These findings provide support for the _ _ theory of hypnosis.

normal consciousness, social influence

The negative after effects of drug use may be explained in part by the principle that emotions trigger_.

opposing emotions

Two possible reasons for sleep are to ___ us and to help restore body tissues, especially those of the ___. Animals with high waking ___ produce an abundance of chemical ___ ___ that are toxic to ___. Sleep also facilitates our ___ of the day's experiences and stimulates ___ thinking.

protect, brain, metabolism, free radicals, neurons, memory, creative

Hallucinogens are also referred to as _. Two common synthetic hallucinogens are _ and LSD, which is chemically similar to a subtype of the neurotransmitter _. LSD works by _ the actions of this neurotransmitter

psychedelics, MDMA, serotonin, blocking

Drugs that alter moods and perceptions are called _ drugs.

psychoactive

Dream Theory- Physiological Function Explanation Criticism

regular brain stimulation from REM may help develop and preserve neural pathways, people have meaningful dreams

Novel tasks ______ conscious attention

require

Some people, especially those in far northern regions, may experience a depressed winter moon called a ______ _____ _____. We may also experience cycles lasting ____ days, such as the female ______ ______; ______- hours cycles of varying _____; and ______ - minute cycles, such as the various stages of sleep.

seasonal affective disorder, 28, menstrual cycle, 24, altertness, 90

Excessive use of alcohol can also affect cognition by _ the brain, especially in _. Alcohol also reduces _-_ and focuses one's attention on the _ _ and away from _ _.

shrinking, women, self - awareness, immediate situation, future consequences

Individuals suffering from ___ ___ stop breathing while sleeping. This disorder is prevalent among ___ _____.

sleep apnea, overweight people

The bursts of brain-wave activity that occur during stage 2 sleep are called ___ ___

sleep spindles

When people are at their daily peak in circadian arousal, ___ is sharpest and ___ is most accurate. In contrast to university students, who often are at their peak in the _____, older adults tend to peak in the _____,

thinking, memory, evening, morning

Drug users who require increasing doses to experience a drug's effects have developed _ for the drugs. The user's brain counteracts the disruption to its normal functioning; thus, the user experiences _.

tolerance, neuroadaptation

According to Freud, most of the dreams of adults reflect ___ wishes and are the key to understanding inner ___.

unconscious, conflicts

Newborns spend nearly ___ of their day asleep, while adults spend no more than ___.

2/3, 1/3

The sleep cycle consists of ___ distinct stages

5

Teenagers typically need ___ hours of sleep but now average nearly ___ hours less sleep than teenagers of 80 years ago. To psychologist William ___, this indicates that the vast majority of students are dangerously sleep-deprived. One indication of the hazards of this state is that the rate of ___ tends to increase immediately after the spring time change in Canada and the US. Another is that sleep deprivation may suppress the functioning of the body's ___ system and alter metabolic and hormonal functioning in ways that mimic ___ and are conductive to ___, _____, and ___ ___.

8 or 9, 2, Dement, accidents, immune, aging, obesity, hypertension and memory impairment

Allowed to sleep unhindered, most people will sleep ___ hours a night.

9

The sleep cycle repeats itself about every ___ minutes. As the night progresses, stage 4 sleep becomes ___ and REM periods become ___. Approximately ___ percent of a night's sleep is spent in REM sleep.

90, briefer, longer, 20-25%

The active ingredient in marijuana is abbreviated_. Marijuana is being used therapeutically with those who suffer from_. However these medical uses are complicated buy marijuana's toxicity, which can cause _, _ _, and _ _.

THC, AIDS, cancer, lung damage, and pregnancy complications

Resetting of a disrupted biological clock is facilitated by exposure to ___ ___, which triggers proteins in the __ of the eyes to signal the brain's ___ gland to increase or decrease its production of ___. The cluster of cells called the _____ _____ controls the circadian clock. The longer we remain awake, the more our brains accumulate _____, which tends to ____ certain neurons and make us sleepy. We can also reset our biological clocks by adjusting our ____ ____.

bright light, retina, pineal, melatonin, suprachiasmatic nucleus, adenosine, inhibit, sleep schedules

Cocaine's psychological effects depend not only on dosage and form but also on_, _, and _.

expectations, personality, situation

The rhythm of sleep cycles was discovered when Aserinsky noticed that, at periodic intervals during the night, the ___ of a sleeping child moved rapidly. This stage of sleep, during which ___ occur, is called ___ ___.

eyes, dreams, REM sleep

Sleep patterns are influenced by ___, as indicated by the fact that sleep patterns among ___ twins are very similar. Sleep is also influenced by __.

genetics, identical, culture

The report of people who have had a near death experiences are very similar to the _ reported by drug users. These experiences may be the result of a deficient supply of _ or other insults to the brain.

hallucinations, oxygen

In the 21st-century, attitudes toward alcohol_changed, with_people abstaining from drinking.

have, more

The existence of a separate consciousnesses, which is aware of what takes place during hypnosis, is expressed in the concept of the _. Although this theory has provoked controversy, there is little doubt that _ influences do play an important role in hypnosis.

hidden observer, social

During stage 1 sleep, people often experience ___ sensations similar to ___. These sensations may later be incorporated into ___.

hypnagogic, hallucinations, memories

African - American high school senior report the _ rate of drug use. A major influence on drug use is the_culture.

lowest, peer

Although females tend to dream equally often males and females, males tend to dream more about ____. This gender difference ___ found in cultures worldwide.

males, is

Freud referred to the actual content of a dream as its __ content. Freud believed that this is a censored, symbolic version of the true meaning, or ___ ___, of the dream.

manifest, latent content

The sleep disorder in which a person experiences uncontrollable sleep attacks is ___. People with severe cases of this disorder may collapse directly into ___ sleep and experience a loss of ___ ___. The brains of the people with this disorder lack a neural center in the ____ that produces the neurotransmitter ____.

narcolepsy, REM, muscular tension, hypothalamus, hypocretin

Researches agree that we ___ REM sleep. After being deprived of REM sleep, a person spends more time in REM sleep; this is the ____ ___ effect.

need, REM rebound

For both men and women, 8 in 20 dreams are marked by ___ emotions, such as fears of being ___, ___, or ____.

negative, attacked, pursued, rejected

Still other theories propose that dreams are elicited by random bursts of ___ activity originating in lower regions of the brain, such as the ___. According to the ___-___ theory, dreams are the brains's attempt to make sense of this activity. The bursts are believed to be given their emotional tone by the brain's ___ system. PET scans of sleeping people reveal increased activity in the brain's ___system, especially the ___. Other theorists see dreams as a natural part of brain ___ and ___ development.

neural, brainstem, activation-synthesis, limbic, limbic, amygdala, maturation, cognitive

Other theories propose that dreaming serves some ___ function, for example that REM sleep provides the brain with needed ___. Such an explanation is supported by the fact that ___ spend the most time in REM sleep

physiological, stimulation, infants

During sleep a growth hormone is released by the ___ gland. Adults spend ___ time in deep sleep than children and so release ___ growth hormone.

pituitary, less, less

Hypnotherapists have helped some people alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders through the use of _ suggestions.

posthypnotic

Hypnosis is a _ in which a hypnotist suggests that a subject will experience certain feelings or thoughts, for example. Its discovery attributed to _, who claimed to have discovered an "_"

social interaction, Mesmer, animal magnetism

Most people are _ hypnotically suggestible.

somewhat

Dream Theory- Wish Fulfillment Explanation Criticism

what we dream is actually what we want/desire, not based on enough scientific research

If people are led to expect that they are hypnotizable, their responsiveness under hypnosis _ increase.

will

After ceasing to use a drug, a person who experiences _ symptoms has developed a physical _. Regular use of a drug that relieves stress is an example of a _ dependence. A person who has a compulsive carving for a substance despite adverse consequences is _ to that substance.

withdrawal, dependence, psychological, addicted