AP Psych Ch. 4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14

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In psychological terms, "affect" means

"emotion."

how many source traits did Raymond Cattell discover through the process of factor analysis

16

The sex chromosomes for a female are

2X chromosomes

What is the capacity of our working memory?

7(+/-2)

A child who says juice to mean I want some juice is using

A holophrase

Rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) was developed by:

Albert Ellis

In the_________ theory of aging, cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage activity.

Cellular Clock

in order for Dr.Parsons to diagnose a psychological disorder in his patients, he must reference the descriptions and criteria for each listed in the

DSM-5

the first stage in Kübler-Ross's theory is:

Denial

Women who take fertility drugs to assist in becoming pregnant have increased chances of giving birth to

Dizygotic twins

Three-year-old. Cara loves Barbie dolls so she decided to give one to her mother for Christmas this is called

Egocentrism

Who researched "false" memories and constructed memories

Elizabeth Loftus

People who_______ have been found to be far less likely to develop memory problems in old age:

Exercise their mental abilities

The functioning, but not the structure, of the CNS is vulnerable throughout the ______ period.

Fetal

Alcohol stimulants the release of _______, the brain's major depressant

GABA

Wakefield study linking the MMR vaccine to autism

Has been discredited

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response

The impulsive and often risky behavior that can still be seen in adolescence is partially the result of:

Incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex of the brain

The method of free association was developed by

Josef Breuer.

________ occurs when there is an extra sex chromosome in the 23rd pair.

Klinefelter's syndrome

Who discovered insight?

Kohler

the most commonly used personality inventory is the ______

MMPI-2

_______ is the most commonly diagnosed mood disorder and is 1.5 to 3 times as common in women as it is in men.

Major depressive disorder

The ___ believe that a person who has died is in the underworld.

Navajo

The _______ believe that a person who has died is in the underworld.

Navajo

The acronym _____ can be used to remember the core personality trait dimensions of the Big Five model. OCEAN

OCEAN

A child who says, "Juice!" to mean, "I want some juice!" is using _____

One-word speech

_______ parents seem to be too involved with their children.

Permissive Indulgent

Which is activated when we experience the relaxing effects of alcohol and interpret the associated feelings as "relaxing" or "pleasurable"

Prefrontal cortex

Genes that tend to fade into the background on paired with a more dominant gene are called

Recessive

By five-month-old most babies can

Rollover

who conducted a study showing the dangers of psychological labels?

Rosenhan

Which of the following individuals might be LEAST likely to make the list of those who have achieved self-actualization as described by Abraham Maslow?

Saddam Hussein

Variable interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Who discovered learned helplessness?

Seligman

Keith inherited from both parents a recessive gene that is linked to the development of a blood disorder that alters the shape of red blood cells, resulting in a number of biological complications. Keith appears to have inherited the genetic disorder called _____.

Sickle-cell anemia

Eriksons believed that

Social interactions were important and development

_____ cells, which may be used to grow new organs or tissue for transplant or to repair neurological damage, develop during the germinal period.

Stem

Which might be used to grow a new organs or tissues for transplant or to repair neurological damage, develop during the terminal.

Stem cells

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder?

Tammy, who appears to her friends and all who are around her to have two distinct personalities

Kubler Ross figure involved

The steps of how people Deal and feel about death

Who came up with the law of effect?

Thorndike

Who discovered latent learning?

Tolman

Your roommate tells you to take care of your body and not subject to stress because it will make you age faster your roommates advice is constant with the____theory of aging

Wear in tear

Four year-old Denise was sound asleep. Suddenly, without warning, she sat straight up and began scream. Her mother tried to calm her down with no success. Finally, after about 45 seconds of what seemed to be a panic attack, Denise quietly lied back down. When morning came and Denise awoke, she could not remeber anything that had happened during the night. It is likely that Denise experienced ______

a night terror

A phobia which literally means "fear of the marketplace" is:

agoraphobia.

in the classical study of emotion conducted by schachter and singer, after recieveing the epinephrine, the subjects placed in the room with angry man reported feeling what emotion

anger

emotional effects of stress

anxiety depression fear irritability anger frustraion

Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved

asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room.

what are the three inborn and universal need of the self-determination theory

autonomy, competence, and relatedness

with our work hours as they are, garrett and i often feel too tired to cook dinner because of all the cleanup after but don't want to order to fast food because it is so unhealthy. this is what type of conflict

avoidance-avoidance

What did Pavlov discover?

classical conditioning

According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion and _____

commitment

______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.

companionate

Sarah is shy, so she works hard to look nice all the time in hopes that people will like her. This is:

compensation.

The __ will not fully develop until approximately 6 months after birth

cones

Adoption studies have:

confirmed what twin studies have shown about genetic influences on personality.

Julie is a psychologist involved in figuring out how to get people to purchase a certain brand of computer. Julie is involved in:

consumer psychology.

culture bound syndromes are in correlation to

cultural relativity

Disorders such as taijian-kyofu-sho, susto, and amok are considered

cultural syndromes

which of the following is not true about self-help support groups

currently there are only a limited number of self-help groups operating in the United States

____ is carried by recessive genes and inherited when a child inherits two recessive genes.

cystic fibrosis

Teri, a woman suffering from schizophrenia, believes that she is a queen of a far-off land and she has a mission to save the world from an evil force. Teri is experiencing:

delusions of grandeur.

It is probably accurate to assume that in ancient times signs of mental illness were believed to be caused by

demons

One of the four barriers to effective psychotherapy regarding different cultures or ethnic backgrounds is

differences in nonverbal communication

____ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

diffusion of responsibility

Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of:

direct contact

When parents tell their children that smoking cigarettes is dangerous and unhealthy, and the children develop negative attitudes toward smoking, this is an example of:

direct instruction

social factors of stress include all of the following except

high blood pressure

what term describes the cultural personailty of the united states according to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality

high in individualism

The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study:

highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people

The ____ is a structure of the medial temporal lobe where certain brain waves, such a theta waves, are generated

hippocampus

The case of H.M. a famous amnesiac, helped researchers discover a connection between the formation of new long term declarative memories and the

hippocampus

who believed that mental illness was caused by imbalances in the body's humors

hippocrates

Jonah's friends all love listening to rap music. Even if he didn't care too much for rap music before, Jonah now believes that rap music is cool. Jonah's attitude toward rap music was most likely formed through ______.

his interaction with others

Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state

homeostasis

some psychologists believe that behavior is motivated by the body's attempts to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively

homeostasis

anti-psychotic drugs treat symptoms such as ______

hopelessness, sadness, and suicide ideations

_____ theory is called the third force in personality theory

humanistic

As Jason was watching television late one night, he was startled by the vivid image of his dead grandmother walking toward him. While Jason may believe that he actually saw his deceased grandmother, researchers today are more likely to explain Jason's experience as being _______.

hypnogoic

a person who is preoccupied with every sensation of his or her body, worries excessively about getting ill, ad continuously goes to doctors who never find anything physically wrong with him or her is likely to be diagnosed with

hypochondriasis

Conditioned response (CR)

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

assimilation

individual gives up old culture and completely adopts ways of majority (moderate stress)

strategies for overcoming prejudice include:

intergroup and equal status contract

Latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Classical conditioning

learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response

According to Rotter, the key factors influencing a person's decision to act in a certain way in a particular circumstance are reinforcement value and:

locus of control.

vagus nerve

longest nerve in the body that connects the brain and body

studies that have examined the cultural an ethinic factors in the therapeutic relationship have found that ________

members of minority racial or ethnic groups drop out of therapy at a higher rate than members of the majority group

how does abnormality differ from insanity

mental health professionals identify abnormalities

acculturative stress

methods of accultration

delusions of reference

other people are talking about you

Withdraw is a sign of

physical dependence on a drug

my brother's high blood pressure has been a problem since getting a new boss at work. in order to bring down his bp, i suggest that he

practice meditation

____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and ____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude

prejudice; discrimination

Babies born before 38 weeks are called:

preterm

Zimbardo Study

prisoner and guard study at stanford.

Matt suffers from a dissociative disorder. The _____ model would attribute this to Matt's childhood; when Matt was a child, he was very traumatized by the unexpected and sudden death of his father. He has no memory of the death or of the months that came before and after the loss. This model would say that Matt's disorder is reinforced by avoiding the unpleasant memories and thoughts surrounding the loss of his father.

psychodynamic

As Mario is filling out his income tax forms, he makes the decision not to report all of his income. He figures that it is okay because everyone cheats on their taxes; and besides, he needs the money more than the government does. Mario is exhibiting which defense mechanism?

rationalization

sympathetic nervous system

reacts when a person when stressed -heart rate increases, digestion slows, energy is sent to the muscles to help with the situation

According to your textbook, the ____ theory explains prejudice and discrimination between the Nazi soldiers and Jewish people during WWII

realistic conflict

The ego works on the

reality principle.

Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is known as ______

reciprocal determinism

In one study, college students like another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

reciprocity

Marjorie took a personality test in April. She took the same test in June and got a very similar score. This personality test is:

reliable

The term dementia praecox once referred to the disorder now known as:

schizophrenia.

iconic and echoic memory are both forms of

sensory memory

Erikson believed that

social interaction were more important in development

over the past year, i have had a baby, moved, transitioned jobs, gotten a new pet, faced the death of a close friend, and had a family member diagnosed with cancer. these events would lead to a high score on the

social readjustment rating scale

when my grandpa died, my family, along with other church and family friends, rallied around my grandmother to help her cope with his passing. In this function, we are all considered her

social support system

Archie believes that people who think they are hypnotized are not actually hypnotized at all. In fact, they are simply acting out everything that they are being told to do by the hypnotist. Archie's way of thinking is similar to which of the following theories?

social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

when abnormal behavior is the product of behavioral shaping from family, social group, and culture, it is representing the

sociocultural perspective

disorders that take form of a physical illness that has no real physical cause are referred to as

somatoform disorders

which of the following statements is true about anxiety

some anxiety is realistic when its source is obvious and understandable

The MMPI-2

specifically tests for abnormal behavior patterns in personality.

according to Freud, the last component of an individuals personality to develop is the

superego

After being asked to describe his ex-girlfriend, Ted noted that she was loud, rude, indecisive, self-centered, and extremely picky. The characteristics Ted used to describe his ex-girlfriend would all be examples of what type of traits?

surface

the part of the ANS responsible for mobilizing the body's energy and resources during times of stress and arousal is the

sympathetic nervous system

Variables to predict higher false recall or recognition?

symptoms of depression, susceptibility to hypnosis, and exhibiting odd behaviors or unusual beliefs

When we divide our conscious awareness, say by _____, our thoughts can become fuzzy and disorganized

texting while driving

The process girls experience, with their father as the object of their affections and their mother as the rival, is called:

the Electra complex

In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is

the actor-observer bias.

a personality test that results in statements that are so general that they could apply to just about anyone is a good example of _____

the barnum effect

what is NOT a criterion used to decide if a pattern of behavior should be considered to be a psychological disorder

the behavior is physically exhausting

part of GAS: resistance

the body begins to settle into activity; the stage will continue until the stressor ends or the resources used up

In his theories of development, Piaget focused on_____

the child's internal cognitive development

In the study of human development, the term nature refers to:

the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

The view of most psychologists regarding the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development is that all we are and all we become is the result of:

the interaction between nature and nurture

Shaping

the process of reinforcing more complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps taken toward the final desired behavior

Positive punishment

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Negative punishment

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

intrinsic motivation is defined as

the pursuit of an activity for its own sake

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

the most important aspect of a successful psychotherapy treatment is _________

the relationship between the client and the therapist

companionate love

type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment

Deer hunting and getting a deer

variable-interval

Working hard to lose weight

variable-interval

Earning tips while waitressing

variable-ratio

part of GAS: exhaustion

when the body's resources are all gone

Who originally proposed the 18 instincts for humans

william mcdougall

according to the cognitive-mediational theory, what factor would be most important in determining whether you feel nervous when asked to speak in front of the class

your cognitive appraisal of the situation

what statement is most consistent with james-lange theory of emotion

"i am anxious because i perspire"

Hunger: social causes

-social cues for when meals are to be eaten -cultural customs -food preferences -use of food as a comfort device or escape from unpleasantness -some people may respond to the anticipation of eating by producing an insulin response

Cattell's personality questionnaire is based on

16 source traits.

obesity is defined as someone who is at least what percent or more over their ideal body weight

20

obesity is a condition in which body weight of a person is

20% more than the ideal body weight according to the person's height

Near the end of one's ____, oil glands in the neck and around the eyes begin to malfunction, contributing to wrinkles in those areas.

20's

Obesity is a condition in which the body weight of a person is _____ percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person's height.

20-30

approximately how long ago were the first efforts made to treat the mentally ill with kindness rather than subjecting them to harsh physical treatment

200 years ago

in any given year in the united states, approximately how many adults over age of 18 experience a mental disorder

22.6%

Approximately what percentage of people over the age of 18 suffers from mental disorders in any given year?

26%

Unrehearsed information of STM is lost in approximately _____ if not rehearsed or consolidated

30 seconds

Nearly ____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.

50, 20

generalized anxiety disorder is feelings of dread/doom and physical stress lasting at least

6 months

In the Milgram study several similar studies, ____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level

65

According to research, which individual might need the least amount of sleep

67 year-old Roger, who retired two years ago

paul ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of how many basic facial expressions of emotion

7

An estimated _______ of people feel that psychotherapy has helped them.

75-90

How many minutes is in the rest/activity cycle that is controlled partially by an internal clock in the anterior hypothalamus

90

Games such as peekaboo are important for infants because they help babies develop

A sense of object permanence

what is is NOT true about self-help/support groups?

A therapist leads the group meetings.

Tracy pulls weed out from her rose garden so that her roses can blossom. Tracy's practice of weeding to help her flowers grow is similar to which of the following processes of brain development in infancy? A. synaptic pruning B. neural modification C. Sensory adaptation D. habituation

A.synaptic pruning

When a adolescent move into piagets final stage of formal operations, what becomes possible

Abstract thinking

Jamie's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defect, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Jamie when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing:

Alcohol

Immediately after birth

And infants respiratory system begins to function

Three years old Cara loves Barbie dolls so she decides to give one to her mother for Christmas this is called

Animism

animism is the belief that

Anything that moves is alive

In efforts to understand what it means to be a girl, Maria creates a scheme that all girls have long hair, when Maria meets Jared, a boy in her preschool who has long hair, Maria becomes confused. Maria's confusion may be due to a process Piaget called:

Assimilation

With respect to their babies needs mothers of the web have a babies are unresponsible and sensitive and cuddly rejecting

Avoidant

Who came up with operant conditioning?

B.F Skinner

As people age, what happens to the body's BMR and weight set point?

BMR decreases, weight set point increases

In Eleanor Gibson and Michael walks classic study

Babies showed that perception by refusing to crawl over a visual cliff

which of the clients is the most likely candidate for Aaron Beck's form of cognitive therapy

Barabra, who suffers from depression

The cellular clock theory telomeres ___, which is ultimately causes aging

Become too short

_____ theorists link depression to learned helplessness.

Behavioral

______ studies the issue of nature versus nurture.

Behavioral Genetics

___________ studies how much of an individual's personality is inherited.

Behavioral genetics

Teratogens can cause:

Birth Defects

What was Bandura's famous experiment?

Bobo doll experiment -kid watched adult play with doll aggressively > kid plays with doll aggressively

Genes are located on

Chromosomes

Pete and Evelyn are decorating the room for the baby they are expecting. To ensure that the baby's room provides appropriate stimulation, the couples seek the advice of a developmental psychologist, who tells them that newborns prefer to look at:

Complex patterns rather than simple ones, three dimensions rather than two, and the most preferred is human faces

A child who criticizes the parent for speeding because speeding is against he law is demonstrating:

Conventional

Dr. Bronson does a study that compares a group of 20 year olds and a group of 40 year olds. Each group is revised five years later. This is a _____ design.

Cross-sequential

Behavioral genetics is the study of

Determining how much of a behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to personal experience

Behavioral genetics is the study of:

Determining how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to personal experience.

What experiment help show Seligman learned helplessness

Dogs placed in an inescapable situation failed to try to escape when it became possible to do so, remaining in the painful situation as if helpless to leave

Genes that are actively controlled with expression of a trait Is referred to as

Dominant

Which of the following theorists, along with his/her colleagues, has suggested a modification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs that incorporates aspects of evolutionary biology, anthropology, and psychology?

Douglas Kenrick

__________ is the psychological tension and physical arousal created when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.

Drive

The ultrasound report tells Shaniqua and Charles that their developing infant is about one inch long and has eyes, a nose, lips little arms, and legs, and a beating heart. Given this information, the current period of prenatal development is the ______ period.

Embryonic

The_____ period runs from two to eight weeks after fertilization.

Embryonic

The process by which an egg cell (or an ovum) and a sperm cell unite is called:

Fertilization

Cindy's unborn baby is at the stage of development where it's organs are not yet fully developed about our functional it also weighs about 5 pounds has experienced tremendous growth over the past several months and would have a high rate of survival of boring today Cindy's baby is and which period of prenatal development

Fetal

Piaget suggested that children become able to deal effectively with abstract concepts during the _______ stage.

Formal Operations

One theory suggests that the effects of aging are produced by oxygen molecules with unstable electrons bounding around the damage a structures inside our cells this is called

Free radical theory

______, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't really there, are not uncommon in someone diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Hallucinations

what did Gordon Allport think about traits

He thought they were wired into the nervous system.

Conjoined twins Abby and Brittany Hensel cannot be separated because they share a

Heart

Which model of memory operates on the assumption that the brain is stores information similar to the workings of a computer

Information processing model

Why were the findings of the meditation and brain plasticity study so novel?

It showed that meditation has the power o=to physically change our brains and that it continues to be beneficial even when we are in a non-meditative state

Which of the following would be the behavior of a person who has a need for power?

Jay is in a middle-management role within his company. Whenever he has a task to complete with his team, he dominates the group and demands that his ideas be used. He dreams of being the CEO of the company one day.

What psychoanalytic theorist most notably influenced the Big Five theory of personality?

Jung

_____ occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 23rd pair.

Klinefelter's Syndrome

____ occurs when there is an extra sex chromosome in the 23rd pair

Klinefelter's syndrome

What occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 23rd pair

Klinefelters syndrome; with extra x producing a male with reduce masculine characteristics and large breasts obesity in excess of heights

Which one of the following is an example of Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

Little Jenny's mother works one-on-one with her on a new task but gradually helps less and less, and Jenny becomes more skilled and capable

Conjoining twins Abby and Brittany handsel cannot be separated because they share a

Lower body

The cessation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle is called:

Menopause

Derek was lying on the couch and had fallen asleep when all of a sudden his body jerked and he woke up because he felt like he was falling. Derek was most likely in which stage of sleep?

N1 (R&K Stage 1)

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during

N1 (R&K Stage 1)

The body is at its lowest lever of functioning during

N3 (R&K Stage 3 and 4)

What did the Bobo Doll experiment show?

Observational learning -young children will imitate actions of a model even when there is no reinforcement

Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness

Orlando carefully calculates his taxes two weeks before taxes are due

____ is a recessive gene disorder that can result in sever intellectual disabilities

PKU

_____ has been linked to a decrease in the size of the hippocampus in children with the disorder, causing long-term detrimental effects on learning and forming declarative memories.

PTSD

which of the following is most likely to be treated with therapy involving the use of virtual reality

PTSD

Five years old John still a piece of candy from the grocery store since he has not been punished for stealing the candy he believes that is okay to still again John is in which level of moral development

Preconventional

______ is a rare sleeping disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fail, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

REM behavior disorder

What experiment showed Tolman latent learning?

Rat maze -rats wondered the maze but weren't reinforced still showed evidence of having learned the maze once reinforcement was given

While many people take LSD in order to experience its hallucinogenic qualities, why can the become a dangerous activity

Real dangers and hazards may go unnoticed by a person who is "lost" in a LSD fantasy

The visual cliff experiment showed that babies have:

Some depth perception

Early in life and things will demonstrate their personalities through their

Temperaments

is used to help psycological professional diagnose psychological disorders

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder

According to Dweck's research, how might a student with an internal locus of control likely react to a failure on a math test?

The student would decide to try a new method of studying and hire a tutor to help in understanding the concepts of the course more clearly.

Which of the following is NOT true of the evaluation of the effectiveness of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies?

They are more expensive and more time-consuming to reach effectiveness with the client.

What are the following is an accurate statement regarding men

They go through a time of sexual changes similar to but less dramatic than menopause

_____ is responsible for sending signals to stop eating when full, while _____ influences the onset of eating

VMH; LH

____________ proposed a total of 18 instincts that drive human behavior.

William McDougall

An ovum that was released from Tonya's ovary into her fallopian tube was fertilized four days ago, resulting in pregnancy. At this stage of her pregnancy, the developing organism that Tonya is carrying is called a(n):

Zygote

Studies have shown _______ between exposure to media violence and aggression in children.

a correlation

Most people associate the term cult with

a fringe group.

The key hypnosis seems to be:

a heightened state of suggestibility

A child who says, "Juice!" to mean, "I want some juice!" is using __________________________.

a holophrase

what does a motive do to behavior

a motive energizes and directs behavior

What represents an example of unconditional positive regard

a parent telling his son he loves him even though he just wrecked the family car

Researchers found that reciprocity of liking doesn't work when:

a person suffers from feelings of low self-worth.

According to Dr. Lilienfeld, what do most psychologist agree about hypnosis

a procedural expectation

Learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice

Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as ________ in arousal theory.

a sensation seeker

the following describe _______ -statistically rare -deviant from social norms -does not allow for day to day functioning -causes a person to be a dangerous to self/others

abnormal behavior

Puberty begins:

about 2 years after the beginning of the growth spurt

A child may see a dog and say, "Cat!" because both have fur. When corrected, the child may change her scheme for cat to "furry" and "pointy ears." This is:

accommodation

People driven by the need for ___________ have a strong desire to attain both realistic goals and very challenging ones.

achievement

people who look fro careers and hobbies that follow others to evaulate have a high need for what

achievement

Personality may be defined as the sum total of who you are and the unique ways that you think, feel, and:

act.

therapies directed at changing disordered behavior as referred to as _____

action therpaies

According to the __________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.

activation-synthesis hypothesis

In the ____ , dreams are less realistic because they come not from the outside world of reality but from within people's memories and experiences

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Chris is in his twenties and has completed college; he has satisfied his curiosity about other cultures with a trip around the world when he graduated. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which needs might he work to satisfy next?

aesthetic needs

Personality disorders are different from other psychological disorders in that personality disorders:

affect merely one aspect of a person's life.

The ABC Model of Attitudes includes

affect, behavior, cognition

mood disorders are also sometimes called

affective disorders

Jillian joined the cheerleading squad primarily to receive acceptance from her peers. Jillian appears to have a strong need for ______

affiliation

Gloria has many friends and is very popular at work. In addition, she continually talks with her friends on the telephone and goes out with them several nights per week. A psychologist would say Gloria has a need for:

affiliation.

Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in:

aggression

over the past few years, sam has become extremely fearful of going to any public place such as a restaurant, concert, or even the grocery store. there are many days when same does not even leave the house for fear that he might be caught somewhere that would not be easy to escape from. what anxiety disorder would sam most likely be diagnosed with

agoraphobia

which neo-freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority all people share

alfred Alder

What is not true about psychoactive drugs?

all of them produce physical dependence in users

thinking that one's performance must be perfect or it's a total failure and those thoughts leading to severe anxiety is called

all or nothing thinking

Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. He did so without any expectation of reward or getting anything in return for his actions. This is an example of:

altruism

____ are used to treat narcolepsy

amphetamines

fear and pleasure are associated with what part of your brain

amygdala

Gene believes that if his luck is good on the day of his final exam, he will do well. Gene likely has:

an external locus of control.

Reflex

an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice

The main type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer's typically have is

anterograde amnesia

Sociopaths who habitually break the law, disobey rules, tell lies, and use others without remorse would be diagnosed with ______ personality disorder.

antisocial

Anthony has been known to cheat, steal, lie, and manipulate others to get what he wants. Even worse, he feels no remorse after committing such acts. It is most likely that Anthony suffers from _______ disorder.

antisocial personality

Jean is suffering from excessive problems with nervousness, tension, worry, and fright. She may be suffering from a(n) _______ disorder.

anxiety

The most dominant symptom of a(n) _______ disorder is excessive or unrealistic worrying and fearfulness.

anxiety

Operant

any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli

Punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Reinforcement

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Reinforcers

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

Secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Discriminative stimulus

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Lazaurs' cognitive appraisal approach

appraisal of stressors is major factor in level of stress

after chioptle for dinner last night, garret suggested we either go to twisteee treat for ice cream cones or to chick-fil-a for milkshakes. faced with two decisions, I was dealing with a(n)

approach-approach conflict

Jose has begun dating Lori, a girl he really likes. They had a date for Friday night, but Lori texted him and said she'd gotten the flu and couldn't make it to the date. Jose immediately broke up with her, assuming she was cancelling because she didn't like him anymore. This type of distorted thinking is known as:

arbitrary inference.

an advantage to group therapy is that groups ______

are a source of social support

The minor tranquilizers

are commonly used to treat anxiety

Trait theories differ from other theories of personality development in that they:

are less concerned with how personality develops than they are with describing personalities and the actions that result from them.

During the genital stage, parents

are no longer the focus of the child's sexual urges.

Alfred Adler believed that the defense mechanism of compensation is used by individuals who:

are striving to become superior in some area of their life.

The approach to understanding motivation that suggests each person has an optimal level of tension is the _____________ theory.

arousal

Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved:

asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room.

What are the four elements needed for observational learning?

attention memory imitation desire

Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______.

attitude; behavior

Which of the following statements best describes attitudes?

attitudes are learned through experiences as we live and work with others

the most common type of hallucinations one experiences is

auditory

cluster c: anxiety/fearfullness

avoidant, dependent, obsession-compulsive

when a psychiatrists or psychological is using the DSM-5 as a guide to evaultaing a client, he or she would use the client on a single

axis

Karen Horney disagreed with Freud about the unconscious force that influences behavior. She believed the force was not sexual desire but rather ____

basic anxiety

what is the primary difficulty with applying the criterion of social "social norm deviance" to define abnormal behavior

behavior that is considered disorder in one culture may be acceptable in another

An action therapy that is based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behaviors is _________ therapy.

behavioral

what perspective claims that shaping may play a big role in the development of some cases of dissociative identity disorder

behavioral

Cameron was adopted at birth, so now he's interested in studying the effects of adoption on child development. More specifically, Cameron wants to know if individual traits can be attributed more to genetics or to environmental conditions, like adoptive environments. Cameron is interested in the study of ________.

behavioral genetics

"I believe that humans and animals are conditioned to react to the world around them, thus developing their personalities through learned, or habitual, behaviors." Which type of theorist is most likely to make this statement?

behaviorist

delusions of influence

being controlled by external forces

If the brain-wave pattern of a person playing a professional game of chess was recorded using an EEG, what type of brain waves are most likely to be

beta waves

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our:

biological rhythms

there is a possible connection between ADHD and adolescents onset of ______ disorder

bipolar disorder

Scott experiences vast mood swings ranging from depression on one end of the spectrum to episodes when he feels euphoric and has so much energy that he can't sleep. Scott is suffering from:

bipolar disorder.

The individual that is diagnosed with ____ personality disorder usually has very intense and unstable relationships with others.

borderline

a person exhibiting the following symptoms is likely diagnosed with what psychological disorder? -impulsivity -unstable mood -self-destruction -disruptive anger

borderline personality disorder

an eating disorder characterized by binges of eating followed by self induced vomiting is

bulimia

an advantage of group therapy is that it ________

can provide help to individuals who may be unable to afford individual psychotherapy

what theory states that psychological arousal and emotion occur at the same time by messages received in the cortex and SNS

cannon-bard

the wildfires in California last year were a major stressor for many residents of the state because they were considered a major

catastrophe

the primary feature of _______ a symptom associated with schizophrenia is severe disturbance of motor behavior

catatonia

What is procedural memory stored in the brain

cerebellum

Which of the following was the first of the typical antipsychotics to be developed?

chlorpromazine

If you wanted ti memorize a sting of 20 numbers, what would help you encode those numbers in STM?

chunking

Vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Every time Drew gets into an elevator, or walks into his closet, or enters any small, enclosed space, he begins to hyperventilate and feels like he's going to die. Drew may be suffering from _______.

claustrophobia

Early treatments such as bloodletting, beatings, ice baths, and induced vomiting were all methods used to:

cleanse the body of physical impurities so that the person's mind and soul could function more perfectly.

which cluster of personality disorders is described as "dramatic, emotional, or erratic," including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic disorders

cluster b

At one point, _________ was used by doctors and dentists, sometimes as a numbing agent before extracting a tooth. It was not until much later that this drug's problematic characteristics were recognized

cocaine

Terms such as diagnosis, mental patient, and remission are examples of the ______ model's influence on the language used to describe disorders.

cognitive

attempting to explain a psychological disorder as being caused by irrational thoughts and/or illogical thinking would be representative of ______ factors

cognitive

"i think i'm afraid, therefore i am afraid" is a statement that is most consistent with what theory

cognitive appraisal of the situation

Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. This type of thinking is an example of:

cognitive dissonance.

Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Nicole will probably experience

cognitive dissonance.

Alan went to a see a psychologist to get some help to overcome his anxiety in public. The psychologists spent a lot of time discussing the specific thoughts. Alan has when he is in public and trying to help him change those thought patterns. The psychologist could be best described as adhearing to the

cognitive perspective

Liza has an anxiety disorder. She is currently seeing a therapist who believes that anxiety disorders are a result of illogical, irrational thought processes. Liza is probably seeking treatment from a

cognitive psychologists

which approach assumes that disorders come from illogical, irrational cognitions and that changing the thinking patterns to more rational, logical one will receive the symptoms of the disorder

cognitive-behavioral

in the aversion therapy technique known as rapid smoking smoking, the client takes a puff on a cigarette every five or six seconds so that the nicotine now produces unpleasant responses such as nausea and dizziness, so that eventually the cigarette itself produces a sensation of nausea in the client. in terms of classical conditioning, the cigarette functions as the ______ and the nicotine is the ________

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

which of the following is not one of the three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress according to the GAS

conflict

Many researchers believe that ___ is necessary to break away from childhood dependence on parents and become self-sufficient adults

conflict and rebellion

In his experiment on conformity, Asch found that:

conformity increased with each new confederate, up to four confederates

In his experiment on conformity, Asch found that

conformity increased with each new confederate, up to four.

In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in:

consummate love

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective

controlling pain

delusions of grandeur

convinced they have special powers or need to save the world

the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved

decreasing hunger

cancer and stress

depresses release of natural killer cells, which are cells that suppress viruses and destroy tumor cells

Rhonda's psychiatrist prescribed her an SSRI. For which of the following disorders is Rhonda most likely being treated?

depression

To explain the human universality and variability of emotions, Ekman and his associates

developed a concept of "display rules" which are rules for emotional expression

a strategy for dealing with test anxiety could include

developing some type of strategy of controlling both your cognitive state and behavior, before and after the exam

Conditioned taste aversion

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

the modern psychoanalyst provides more guidance to the patient, aska questions, suggests helpful behaviors, and gives opinions and interpretations. this tye of role for the therapist is described as a _______ approach

directive

In order to teach her second grade students about _____, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color

discrimination

if legend hears garret and i having an argument at home and then goes to school the next day and gets into fight, this is an example of

displaced aggression

In ____________, the individual cannot remember personal information such as one's own name or specific personal events—the kind of information contained in episodic long-term memory.

dissociative amnesia

a disorder in which there is a break in memory and/or the sense of identity is called

dissociative disorder

Sidney, a 36-year-old woman who one day vanished from her home, was found two weeks later dressed like a teenager, walking the streets of the town she had grown up in. When found, she could not remember any of the last two weeks, and she did not recognize her husband. Sidney was most likely suffering from the disorder known as ________.

dissociative fugue

A man wakes up on a beach with no memory of how he got there, who he is, where he lives, or of any sense of identity whatsoever. The man has experienced a:

dissociative fugue.

People with ______ disorder have lower brain activity in the areas responsible for sense of body awareness and feel detached from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings.

dissociative identity

The current name for what used to be called multiple personality disorder is:

dissociative identity disorder

marginalization

does not maintain contract with original culture or join majority culture (greatest stress)

after having a baby, i was faced with deciding to be a stay-at-home mom, being able to be with my son full time but not contribute financially to my family, or go back to work and contribute financially while spending less time with my son. this is

double approach avoidance conflict

Barbiturates used in combination with alcohol may cause a lethal

drug interaction

most psychological professionals today take an _______ view of psychotherapy

ecletic

many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water

ego

what is Freud's term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for the obtaining gratification of an individuals desires

ego

According to the ______, people either expand on what they hear or they pay attention to the surface characteristics of persuasive messages

elaboration likelihood model

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

Sarah did not pay attention to Jamal when he was speaking. As a result, Sarah "forgot" what Jamal said. Sarah's experience is an example of

encoding failure

During critical periods:

environmental influences can have an impact on a developing infant

What type of memory is revised and updated more or less constantly?

episodic memory

when i found out that i was pregnant, i immediately began planning for the introduction of a new person into my life. i got headaches frequently from thinking about the cost, time, and emotional changes that would come with the baby. this is an

eustress

which of the following is the best example od an irrational belief that a therapist using rational-emotive behavioral therapy would challenge you to change

everyone should love and approve of me, and if they don't, there must be something wrong with me

People who ____ have been found to be far less likely to develop memory problems in old age.

exercise their mental abilities

One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives

exist independently of any need or level of arousal

The treatment of choice for spirit possession during the Middle Ages was:

exorcism.

Jill is motivated by money and the things money will bring her. Jack is motivated by a belief in the importance of doing good things, and his incentives are based on that belief.

expectancy-value thorey

Which of the "Big Five" factors of personality seems to be associated with increased volume in the medial orbitoprefrontal cortex area of the brain?

extraversion

an individual diagnosed with major depressive disorder would most likely to exhibit what symptoms

extreme sadness and dispair

running a 5k for the metal is a completion is a sign of

extrinsic motivation

________ is a controversial form of therapy in which the client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory

eye-movement desensitization reprocessing

a women with a paralyzed face still responded emotionally to slides meant to stimulate emotions would cast doubt on what theory

facial feedback hypothesis

as the stress continues or increases, the immune system can begin to strengthen

false

major depressive disorder is twice as common in men than in women. true or false

false

true or false: psychosurgrey is not longer performed in the united states

false; although frontal lobotomies are no longer perfored , bilateral anterior cingulotomies are still carried out on patients that have not been helped by any other treatment

physical effects of stress

fatigue sleeping problems frequent colds chest pains nausea diet aggression

social anxiety disorder can include what

fear of public speaking, public bathrooms, and of performing before others

Getting an extra spin in candy crush once a day

fixed-interval

Getting paid every two weeks

fixed-interval

Getting paid $33 to ref a basketball game

fixed-ratio

Mowing lawn in your neighborhood to earn $15 per house

fixed-ratio

Receiving 5pts extra credit for bringing in box tops

fixed-ratio

the condition in which a person shows little or not emotion is referred to as

flat affect

when janet heard that her dog had been hit by a car after school and didn't make it, she showed no signs of sadness, anger, or loss. janet could be described as having

flat affect

Jason has schizophrenia. One of his symptoms is that he doesn't cry in sad situations or laugh in funny situations; he shows no emotion. This is known as:

flat affect.

When we are tired, our ability to __________ is seriously impaired.

focus

in family therapy, the therapist would most likely

focus on the entire family system to understand the problem

Mitzi's elderly neighbor, who does not drive, asks Mitzi if she would drive her to the grocery store to pick up a few items. Mitzi complies. A few days later, Mitzi's neighbor asks her if she would be willing to take her to the grocery store each week to do her regular shopping. Mitzi's neighbor is using the _______ technique.

foot-in-the-door

If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, this is an example of the:

foot-in-the-door technique

Neurofeedback

form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

People can reduce cognitive dissonance by:

forming new cognitions to justify their behavior

Throughout her psychotherapeutic sessions, Rita was encouraged to talk about whatever came to her mind after being provided a cue from her therapist. This allowed her unconscious mind an opportunity to slip past the censorship of her ego. This technique is referred to by psychoanalytic therapists as _________

free association

anxieties that arent really related to any realistic factor are known as

free floating

The term given to an anxiety that seems to be unrelated to any realistic known factor is:

free-floating anxiety.

One theory suggests that the effects of aging are produced by oxygen molecules with unstable electrons bounding around and damaging structures inside our cells. This is called ________ theory.

free-radical

psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by

freud

what would not be considered a symptom of schizophrenia

fugue

Sylvia is a middle-aged woman who volunteers as a youth coordinator at her church and as a Girl Scout leader. She is developing what Erikson referred to as:

generativity

Tashera is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Thashera currently experiencing?

germinal

The placenta begins to form during the ________ period.

germinal

Which of the following therapists would use leading questions and planned experiences, such as confronting clients about their own statements, in therapy sessions?

gestalt therapists

In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to

give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task

We entered an altered state of consciousness every time we _________

go to sleep

Gena, who is a patient in a psychiatric institute, believes that she is the Virgin Mary and expects all of the other patients in her ward to pray to her. Gena's belief that she is the Virgin Mary is referred to as a delusion of ________.

grandeur

Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates:

group polarization

The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of:

groupthink

What is one thing consciousness contributes in our everyday lives

guides our behavior

who came up with general adaptation syndrome

hans seyle

The Rorschach inkblot test

has neither right nor wrong answers, as the inkblots are ambiguous.

after my grandmother got a pacemaker, she was required to go to the doctor every week to have her blood tested. this task became a what to my grandma

hassle

According to the humanistic view, internal conflict can be avoided by:

having a realistic view of one's real self.

while maslow's heirachy of needs has been used to influence the field of management, it is also greatly criticized for

having little scientific support

The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to _____

he perceived presence of multiple witnesses

a positive consequence to having a psychological label is it

helps patients receive effective treatment

Anna Nicole weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life. However, it seemed like whenever Anna Nicole gained weight it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125 it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Anna Nicole?

her weight, 125, is her set point

n Freud's theory, the ____ operates according to the pleasure principle

id

Larry believes that, in order to be a good citizen, he should vote in all elections, pay his taxes, and serve his community when asked. According to Carl Rogers, Larry is describing his _______ self.

ideal

According to humanistic therapists, the closer a person's real self and _____ match, the happier and more well-adjusted the person will be.

ideal self

what major conclusion about personality traits emerged from the Minnesota twin study

identical twins are more similar than any other type of sibling

Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on:

implicit personality theory

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

in classical conditioning, a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response

Unconditioned response (UCR)

in classical conditioning, an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned response

Cognitive perspective

in classical conditioning, modern theory in which conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

The fundamental attribution error is less likely:

in collectivist cultures

As a class assignment you are required to collect advertising slogans and describe how they may be relevant to concepts in psychology. You select the Jell-O slogan, "There's always room for Jell-O," and describe in class that it is relevant to one of the theories of motivation.

incentive

part of GAS: alarm

increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar>burst of energy

Which is the most common sleep disorder?

insomnia

Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of

instinct

in the early the 20th century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to ______

instincts

One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in _______ that occurs after we begin to eat

insulin

a russian exchange student lived with one of my friends for a few months when we were in high school. she spoke russian on the phone with her parents but desired to learn all she could about western culture while staying in america. she desired

intergration

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of:

intimacy and commitment

self-determination theory best fits what type of motivation

intrinsic motivation

According to Cattell's 16PF self-report inventory, someone scoring near the "reserved" end of the "reserved/outgoing" dimension would be more _______ than someone scoring in the middle or at the opposite end.

introverted

The "jigsaw classroom"

is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution

Americans tend to assume that personality:

is relatively fixed and unchanging

mental effects of stress

issues with: concentration memory decision making sense of humor

which of the following is one the criticisms of behavior therapy

it only relieves some symptoms of schizophrenia but does not treat the overall disorder

what theory states that a stimulus triggers psychological changes that produce emotion

james-lange theory

which of the following individuals would be least likely yo benefit from psycoanalysis

kaleem, who suffers from a severe psychotic disorder

what is the third element of emotion

labeling emotion

poverty

lack of sufficent money to provide basic necessities of life can lead to many sressors

Theo is 6 years old and is about to enter first grade. With his sexual interests repressed, he is ready to begin developing social relationships and intellectual skills. Theo is in what stage of Freud's developmental theory?

latency

laura has been teaching for years. lately, she really lacks the motivation to go to work every day and do the same with few signs of success from her students. she is resentful of the testing and unrealistic expectations for her students

laura is unhappy due to burnout

Law of effect

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Behavioral theorists link depression to

learned helplessness.

Observational learning

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Studies have found that the ____ is particularly active when people have made a decision that reduces dissonance and then acted on that decision

left frontal cortex

In studies in which volunteers spend several days without access to information about day or night, their sleep-wake cycles

lenghtened

You are a hormone. You are secreted into the bloodstream by fatty tissue, and your job is to signal the hypothalamus that the body has enough food, reducing appetite and increasing the feeling of being full. Who are you?

leptin

Information is processed more deeply due to its meaning and therefore will be remembered more efficiently is the idea of

levels-of-processing model

Chemicals or behaviors, such as cocaine or gambling, which activate the _____, are likely to be associated with pleasurable effects

limbic system

Sophie has a chance to interview for a promotion at work. She is sure she will do poorly anyway, so she decides against it. Bandura would say that Sophie has:

low self-efficacy.

a person with antisocial personality disorder would be likely to engage in what behavior

lying to other people without worrying about consequences

An individual who uses _____ takes one negative event and interprets it as a never-ending pattern of defeat.

magnification

the tendency to interpret situations as being far more harmful, dangerous, or embarrassing than they actually are is

magnification

Barbiturates are known as

major tranquilizers

seperation

majority culture is rejected and original cultural identity is maintained (high stress)

the cognitive process of magnification could be most accurately described as

making mountains out molehills

Scott believes that when he feels the sensation of his heart beating faster whenever he exercises, it means he's having a heart attack and that he's about to die. Scott therefore refuses to do any activities that would raise his heart rate, and has gained excessive weight. Scott's behavior would likely be diagnosed as:

maladaptive.

One gender difference in personality disorders is that there are more:

males diagnosed with both antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.

having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability describes

mania

If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the:

manifest content

Spanos conducted studies to determine the validity of dissociative identity disorder. he found that ordinary college students, under hypnosis, showed signs of a second personality. based his studies, what did he conclude about the disorder

many of the diagnoses were incorrect, as professionals had been fooled by the clients' tendency to play the role of a multiple personality

the most stressful type of acculturative stress is

marginalization

the concept of comfort food suggests that food

may be influenced by social factors

what did carl rogers view as a cause of most personal problems and unhappiness

mismatch between an individual's ideals and real self

Many arousal theorists believe that a _________ level of arousal is optimal for most people under normal circumstances.

moderate

disorders characterized by disturbances in emotion are known as _______ disorders

mood

Lithium is a type of _____ drug.

mood stabilizing

When a person is slightly sleep deprived, _____ tasks will suffer less than ______ tasks

more complex, simple

Some believe that humanistic theory is

more of a philosophical view than a psychological explanation.

the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called

motivation

dissociative identity disorder is a psychological disorder that was commonly known as

multiple personality disorder

Neutral stimulus (NS)

n classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

_____ suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins

narcotics

what is not considered a disadvantage in the use of interviews fro personality assessment

natural flow of the questions

direct observation is most like _____

naturalistic observation

A(n) __________ is a requirement of some material, such as food or water, that is essential for survival of the organism.

need

poor attention, flat affect, word salad, and catatonia are all examples of

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Jim constantly worries that he will get bad grades, that he will be late for work, or that something bad will happen to his loved ones. He is often edgy and snaps at his friends. He is likely to be a high scorer on which dimension of the Big Five?

neuroticism

which of the following has not been found to be a barrier to effective psychotherapy when the cultural background of client and therapist is different

nonverbal communication

Oscar wants to feel accepted by his classmates, so when they all decide to skip school to have a party, he conforms by joining in. Oscar's need to conform is the result of ________.

normative social influence

Jude believes that people are primarily influenced by the environment and learned experiences, so he believes __________ plays a more powerful role in human development.

nurture

a person demanding _____ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change

obedience

Social cognitive learning theorists hold that ___________ can lead to the formation of patterns of personality.

observational learning

Todd has been struggling with _____, characterized by the intruding thought that his hands are covered in germs. He cannot pursue daily tasks unless he completes a ritualistic routine to wash his hands until he feels clean. These rituals have taken up so much of his time that he rarely manages to finish a task or complete his work at his job.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Higher-ordering conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

in arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) _______ level of tension

optimal

"when life gives you lemons, make lemonade." this phrase mirrors is the perspective of

optimist

when assigned a new task at work that would require him to do a lot of research on top of his regular tasks, richard was excited because it was research into a topic he was interested in. richard's outlook was

optimistic

Freud believed that the personality characteristics of overeating, gum chewing, being too dependent, or overly optimistic developed due to fixation during the ____

oral stage

A "delusion of reference" best characterizes disordered thinking when an individual with schizophrenia believes:

other people, television characters, and books are speaking directly to them.

delusions of persecution

others are trying to hurt them

according albert ellis, we become unhappy and depressed about events because of

our irrational beliefs

cluster a: odd/eccentric

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypical

In Sternberg's theory, _____ encompasses the physical aspects of love.

passion

According to Maslow, a time in a person's life during which self-actualization has been temporarily achieved is a:

peak experience.

If a jury member votes "guilty" because the defendant had "shifty eyes" and not because of any of the evidence presented, he or she is demonstrating:

peripheral-route processing.

according to carol dweck, need for achievement is closely related to

personal factor

The search for ___ is the central theme in adolescent social and personality development.

personal identity

The disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions is ______ disorder.

personality

in ________ a person has an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others

personality disorder

When assessing personality, trait theorists are most likely to use:

personality inventories

Devon is taking a personality test that includes a long list of questions. For each question, Devon must choose from a limited set of answers. Devon is taking a:

personality inventory.

A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through:

persuasion

Freud called the developmental stage in which the Oedipus/Electra complex occurs during the

phallic stage

Some research suggests that ____ is one of the main factors that influence people's choices for selecting people they want to know better

physical attractiveness

Vygotsky emphasize the importance of social interactions and cognitive development where as ___stress than Portis of a child interactions with objects

piaget

Jackson has decided that the best way to help his friend who just lost his job is to loan him some money. Which stage of the helping decision process has Jackson just completed?

planning a course of action

Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is:

planning a course of action

A trait such as strawberry blonde hair may be explained by the inheritance of the recessive gene for blonde hair and the recessive gene for red hair, or ___ inheritance

polygenic

Kanye West's song stronger starts with the words, "harder, better, faster, stronger" these words could be used to describe

pressure

when amy didn't do well on her certification test for work, she enrolled herself in a test-prep course before retaking the test. amy's employed a(n)

problem focused coping strategy

You are shown a picture of a pink fuzzy cloud and asked to describe what you see. The type of personality assessment that you are most likely involved in is a(n) ________.

projective test

Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

proximity

_______ is an insight therapy that emphasizes revealing the unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires that are assumed to cause disordered emotions and behavior.

psychoanalysis

The surfacing and resurfacing of forbidden thoughts and ideas cause maladaptive behaviors in those individuals trying to keep those thoughts away. This is how the ______ perspective views the onset of abnormality in people.

psychodynamic

the biological model views psychological disorder as resulting from

psychological causes

Criteria such as behavior going against social norms, behavior that causes subjective discomfort, maladaptive behavior that causes an inability to function, and behavior causing a person to be dangerous to self or others are all indications of a(n):

psychological disorder.

robert is going to university to the study the effects of psychological factors on the immune system. robert is leaning about

psychoneuroimmunology

schizophrenia is to ______, as antisocial personality disorder is to ______

psychotic; sociopathic

Research on conformity suggests that if a ____ response is required, ____ show more conformity than ____

public; women; men

A person with schizophrenia would likely display all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, and flashbacks.

Learning/performance distinction

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Ariel is studying to become a humanistic therapist. On which of the following elements will she need to focus in order to gain the necessary skills to establish successful person-therapist relationships with her clients?

reflection, empathy, authenticity, and unconditional positive regard

Shortly after her daughter is born, Anna's 3-year-old son wants to start sleeping in the crib again. This is an example of:

regression

the psychodynamic model holds that abnormal behavior may result of

repressed thoughts

Mei Lee cancelled her next appointment with her therapist after a particularly disturbing session. The psychoanalytic therapist would probably refer to Mei Lee's behavior as an example of ________.

resistance

freud believed one of the indications that was close to discovering an unconscious conflict was when a patient became unwilling to talk about a topic. he referred to this response in the patient as

resistance

which of the following was not one of the four key elements rogers viewed as necessary for a successful person-therapist relationship

resistance

parasympathetic

returns the body to normal when stress is ended

what personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality

rorschach

______ is a teratogen that may cause blindness.

rubella

Fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Variable ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for the reinforcement is always the same

a person suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality, is likely suffering from

schizophrenia

for which disorder was electroconvulsive therapy originally developed as a treatment

schizophrenia

sal has decreased levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in his prefrontal cortex. which disorder might he be at risking of experiencing

schizophrenia

Bella becomes extremely depressed whenever the winter months roll around. She overeats, which eventually leads to weight gain, has trouble concentrating, and feels exceptionally tired, but can't seem to sleep. As soon as winter turns to spring, her depression seems to go away. Bella appears to be experiencing ______.

seasonal affective disorder

Monica put all her time and energy into getting into the acting club because her main goal in life "was to be a famous star!" Monica's drive to be famous was a(n) ________ drive.

secondary

What takes a memory from sensory to short term memory

selective attention

According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in ________.

self-actualization

_______ is the aspect of consciousness that allows us to analyze what we're thinking and why

self-awareness

in Carl Roger's theory, our perception of our abilites, behaviors, and characteristics is known as ______

self-concept

A baseball player's son is quite talented; he has received lots of rewards over the years. When he gets up to bat he expects to get hit, and when he is in the field he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristics does this young man to seem to have?

self-efficacy

Electroconvulsive therapy is still used to treat

severe depression

according to ekman what is not a universal facial expression

shame

Lashonda is a gifted pianist and is looking for a boyfriend who loves music. Lashonda is focusing on which factor of interpersonal attraction?

similarity

Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of:

situational cause

A man with a paralyzing fear of heights has become unable to go upstairs or ride in an elevator. This is an example of:

situational context.

our ability to learn and form memeoties is greatly inhibited by

sleep deprivation

Last night, Kayla thought she was awakened by a noise she heard outside of her bedroom door. As she tried to get up to see what was going on, she couldn't move. She tried to scream out and couldn't make a sound. After several minutes, she was finally able to sit up and wondered what had just happened. The best explanation for Kayla's experience, according to sleep researchers, is that she experienced ______.

sleep paralysis during REM sleep

according to the facial feedback hypothesis, if you would like to make yourself feel more happy you should

smile

what component of hunger is most likely contributing to the fact that sometimes a person who has just had a late breakfast will still feel hungry at noon

social

Assigning a person you have just met to a category based on characteristics they have in common with other people or groups whom you have had prior experience with is called

social categorization.

Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is in her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience:

social facilitation

Tyonna hates to exercise. However, when she does go to the gym and others are there exercising around her, she becomes completely motivated. Tyonna's change in behavior could be due to the effect of ______.

social facilitation

As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings and thoughts are often guided by:

social influence

As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings, and thoughts are often guided by:

social influence.

Each student in Dr. Boyd's class was assigned to a group to complete a service learning project. Dennis, who believed the task to be quite overwhelming, decided not to participate as much as the other group members. As a result of his lack of group participation, Dr. Boyd required Dennis to work alone, which actually caused him to work harder. Dennis' behavior can be best characterized as ______.

social loafing

The visual cliff experiment showed that babies have:

some depth perception

The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because:

some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch, but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion.

If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the:

source, message, and target audience.

Memories made in certain state and recalled better in that same state are known as

state-dependent memories

Methamphetamine is an example of a

stimulant

Ecstacy is classified as a

stimulatory hallucinogenic

what is the sequence of events in emotional response according to the cannon-bard theory

stimulus> subcortical activity> emotion and physiological changes

Which stage of memory is missing? Encoding>_________>Retrieval

storage

when sarah failed her first semester of college, she began to eat a lot of junk, cry every night, and she took up smoking. sarah is exhibiting signs of

stress

A person who experiences a great deal of ______ in his or her daily routine or behaviors may be displaying a sign of behavioral abnormality.

subjective discomfort

Tyrone exhibits behavior that causes him great distress, inhibits his ability to function well throughout the day, and at times proves to be harmful to his health. Based on the characteristics of Tyrone's behavior, Tyrone appears to be suffering from ______.

subjective discomfort

which of the following is the appropriate definition of psychosurgrey

surgrey that is performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders

Brandon developed a particular reflects after early infancy was reflects might he have developed

synaptic pruning

Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object?

systematic desensitization

Instinctive drift

tendency for an animal that is being trained by operant conditioning to revert to instinctive patterns of behavior rather than the trained behavior

Extinction

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Temperament refers to

the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

what latin word connects both motive and motivation

the latin word for move

Operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

the lateral hypothalamus may be involved in

the onset of eating

intergration

the original identity maintained, but form s positive relationships with members of dominant culture (lowest stress)

what is an advantage of using operant conditioning in treating undesirable behaviors

the results are quickly obtained

What is not a current criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory

the significant impact it has had on culture

primary drives are influenced by what

the stimuli within the body

Insight

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

What evidence of insight did Kohler find?

the sudden perception of the relationships among elements of a problem, in chimpanzees

Partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Stimulus discrimination

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

in token economy, what role does the token play in shaping behavior

the tokens are used to reinforce the desired behavior

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior

Behavior modification

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior

Token economy

the use of objects to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time

Cognitive-meditational theory

theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction

Cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory)

theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced

Facial feedback hypothesis

theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion

which of the following is a limitation of humanistic therapy

there is not enough empirical research to support its basic ideas

homeostasis is like a

thermostat

what is not the criticism of projective tests

they a projection of the person's unconscious concern

the biological explanation for mood disorders

they are a result of an imbalance of brain chemicals

what statement represent the more cognitive view of personality disorder

they are due to the belief systems formed by the personality disordered person

which of the following is an advantage of cognitive-behavioral therapies

they are less expensive and short-term than typical insight therapies

what is an advantage to using personality inventories

they are standardized

in what way is the new class of antidepressants known as the SSRIs an improvement over the older type of antidepressants

they have fewer side effects

In the Latane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were most likely to report the smoke when:

they were the only ones in the room.

According to Maslow, peak experiences are

times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved.

what is a major goal of gestalt therapist

to help clients become more aware of their own feelings

what is the goal of cognitive therapy

to help people change their ways of thinking

What is the goal of family counseling?

to treat family members as interacting parts of the whole unit, to discover unhealthy ways members interact, and to teach healthier, more productive means of interaction

In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter:

told them that they had to continue

The __________ differs from the other perspectives of personality theory in its basic goals.

trait perspective

The fact that an outgoing extravert might be very talkative at a party but very quiet at a funeral is an example of

trait-situation interaction

Jean traveled to England to undergo a procedure that she was told could cure her of her depression. She was informed by the surgeon that it would involve the drilling of a hole in her skull to help relieve pressure on a certain area of her brain, thus reducing her symptoms of depression. The procedure that Jean would undergo is called ______.

trephining

an ancient method which attempted to cure psychological disorders by drilling holes in the skull is called

triephining

romantic love

type of love consisting of intimacy and passion

scapegoats are:

typically member of the out-group

What is Philippe Pinel famous for?

unchaining inmates in a Paris asylum and beginning the humane treatment movement

Maurice has parents who support him no matter what. They continually show him nothing but love, respect, and affection, expecting nothing in return. Carl Rogers might say that Maurice's parents are demonstrating _______.

unconditional positive regard

Rogers believed that ______________ was vital to a person's ability to achieve self-actualization.

unconditional positive regard

While on a dinner date, John tells the waitress that he'd like to order a number "sex." Freud would more than likely propose that John's misstatement was a product of his _______ mind.

unconscious

information that cannot be recalled even when a person makes a determined effort to retrieve it would be said by Freud to be raising in the ____

unconscious

Freud used dreams as a way to get at patients'

unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood

when etta grew very ill an unable to care for herself at home, her son sent her to a nursing home to be monitored around the clock. etta because very uncomfortable with the situation due to her level of

uncontrollability

what country would not be considered a collectivist country according to the studies by Geert Hofsrede

united states

which of the following is the best example of biomedical therapy

use of antidepressants to treat depression

Biofeedback

using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

In meddle age, sexual functioning:

usually does not decline

In middle age, sexual functioning:

usually does not decline

Flipping through channels before you find a show to watch

variable-ratio

Getting a strike in bowling

variable-ratio

Which structure or organ is thought to be responsible for stopping the eating response when glucose levels go up?

ventromedial hypothalamus

Sheri's coworker, Stephanie, is very afraid of spiders and screams every time she sees one in the warehouse. After a few weeks of working closely with Stephanie in the warehouse, Sheri is afraid of spiders, too. This is an example of:

vicarious conditioning

On Sara's walk to campus one morning, she was thinking about what a nice say it was, how many people were already on campus, and how she had to stop by the bookstore on her way to class. Sara was experiencing

waking consciousness

A person who learns the name of tropical fish while underwater is most likely to remember the name of that fish

when underwater again

The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group

with the least power.

job stress

work load, lack of control, lack of job security, work schedule, low job satisfaction, burnout

You just finished a cup of very strong coffee, which causes your body to have a general feeling of arousal. That afternoon you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside. According to Schachter and Singer, what could occur

your emotion would be sad since the context would affect your labeling


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