AP Psych Ch. 4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
In psychological terms, "affect" means
"emotion."
how many source traits did Raymond Cattell discover through the process of factor analysis
16
The sex chromosomes for a female are
2X chromosomes
What is the capacity of our working memory?
7(+/-2)
A child who says juice to mean I want some juice is using
A holophrase
Rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) was developed by:
Albert Ellis
In the_________ theory of aging, cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage activity.
Cellular Clock
in order for Dr.Parsons to diagnose a psychological disorder in his patients, he must reference the descriptions and criteria for each listed in the
DSM-5
the first stage in Kübler-Ross's theory is:
Denial
Women who take fertility drugs to assist in becoming pregnant have increased chances of giving birth to
Dizygotic twins
Three-year-old. Cara loves Barbie dolls so she decided to give one to her mother for Christmas this is called
Egocentrism
Who researched "false" memories and constructed memories
Elizabeth Loftus
People who_______ have been found to be far less likely to develop memory problems in old age:
Exercise their mental abilities
The functioning, but not the structure, of the CNS is vulnerable throughout the ______ period.
Fetal
Alcohol stimulants the release of _______, the brain's major depressant
GABA
Wakefield study linking the MMR vaccine to autism
Has been discredited
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response
The impulsive and often risky behavior that can still be seen in adolescence is partially the result of:
Incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex of the brain
The method of free association was developed by
Josef Breuer.
________ occurs when there is an extra sex chromosome in the 23rd pair.
Klinefelter's syndrome
Who discovered insight?
Kohler
the most commonly used personality inventory is the ______
MMPI-2
_______ is the most commonly diagnosed mood disorder and is 1.5 to 3 times as common in women as it is in men.
Major depressive disorder
The ___ believe that a person who has died is in the underworld.
Navajo
The _______ believe that a person who has died is in the underworld.
Navajo
The acronym _____ can be used to remember the core personality trait dimensions of the Big Five model. OCEAN
OCEAN
A child who says, "Juice!" to mean, "I want some juice!" is using _____
One-word speech
_______ parents seem to be too involved with their children.
Permissive Indulgent
Which is activated when we experience the relaxing effects of alcohol and interpret the associated feelings as "relaxing" or "pleasurable"
Prefrontal cortex
Genes that tend to fade into the background on paired with a more dominant gene are called
Recessive
By five-month-old most babies can
Rollover
who conducted a study showing the dangers of psychological labels?
Rosenhan
Which of the following individuals might be LEAST likely to make the list of those who have achieved self-actualization as described by Abraham Maslow?
Saddam Hussein
Variable interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
Who discovered learned helplessness?
Seligman
Keith inherited from both parents a recessive gene that is linked to the development of a blood disorder that alters the shape of red blood cells, resulting in a number of biological complications. Keith appears to have inherited the genetic disorder called _____.
Sickle-cell anemia
Eriksons believed that
Social interactions were important and development
_____ cells, which may be used to grow new organs or tissue for transplant or to repair neurological damage, develop during the germinal period.
Stem
Which might be used to grow a new organs or tissues for transplant or to repair neurological damage, develop during the terminal.
Stem cells
Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder?
Tammy, who appears to her friends and all who are around her to have two distinct personalities
Kubler Ross figure involved
The steps of how people Deal and feel about death
Who came up with the law of effect?
Thorndike
Who discovered latent learning?
Tolman
Your roommate tells you to take care of your body and not subject to stress because it will make you age faster your roommates advice is constant with the____theory of aging
Wear in tear
Four year-old Denise was sound asleep. Suddenly, without warning, she sat straight up and began scream. Her mother tried to calm her down with no success. Finally, after about 45 seconds of what seemed to be a panic attack, Denise quietly lied back down. When morning came and Denise awoke, she could not remeber anything that had happened during the night. It is likely that Denise experienced ______
a night terror
A phobia which literally means "fear of the marketplace" is:
agoraphobia.
in the classical study of emotion conducted by schachter and singer, after recieveing the epinephrine, the subjects placed in the room with angry man reported feeling what emotion
anger
emotional effects of stress
anxiety depression fear irritability anger frustraion
Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved
asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room.
what are the three inborn and universal need of the self-determination theory
autonomy, competence, and relatedness
with our work hours as they are, garrett and i often feel too tired to cook dinner because of all the cleanup after but don't want to order to fast food because it is so unhealthy. this is what type of conflict
avoidance-avoidance
What did Pavlov discover?
classical conditioning
According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion and _____
commitment
______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.
companionate
Sarah is shy, so she works hard to look nice all the time in hopes that people will like her. This is:
compensation.
The __ will not fully develop until approximately 6 months after birth
cones
Adoption studies have:
confirmed what twin studies have shown about genetic influences on personality.
Julie is a psychologist involved in figuring out how to get people to purchase a certain brand of computer. Julie is involved in:
consumer psychology.
culture bound syndromes are in correlation to
cultural relativity
Disorders such as taijian-kyofu-sho, susto, and amok are considered
cultural syndromes
which of the following is not true about self-help support groups
currently there are only a limited number of self-help groups operating in the United States
____ is carried by recessive genes and inherited when a child inherits two recessive genes.
cystic fibrosis
Teri, a woman suffering from schizophrenia, believes that she is a queen of a far-off land and she has a mission to save the world from an evil force. Teri is experiencing:
delusions of grandeur.
It is probably accurate to assume that in ancient times signs of mental illness were believed to be caused by
demons
One of the four barriers to effective psychotherapy regarding different cultures or ethnic backgrounds is
differences in nonverbal communication
____ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility
diffusion of responsibility
Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of:
direct contact
When parents tell their children that smoking cigarettes is dangerous and unhealthy, and the children develop negative attitudes toward smoking, this is an example of:
direct instruction
social factors of stress include all of the following except
high blood pressure
what term describes the cultural personailty of the united states according to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality
high in individualism
The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study:
highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people
The ____ is a structure of the medial temporal lobe where certain brain waves, such a theta waves, are generated
hippocampus
The case of H.M. a famous amnesiac, helped researchers discover a connection between the formation of new long term declarative memories and the
hippocampus
who believed that mental illness was caused by imbalances in the body's humors
hippocrates
Jonah's friends all love listening to rap music. Even if he didn't care too much for rap music before, Jonah now believes that rap music is cool. Jonah's attitude toward rap music was most likely formed through ______.
his interaction with others
Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state
homeostasis
some psychologists believe that behavior is motivated by the body's attempts to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively
homeostasis
anti-psychotic drugs treat symptoms such as ______
hopelessness, sadness, and suicide ideations
_____ theory is called the third force in personality theory
humanistic
As Jason was watching television late one night, he was startled by the vivid image of his dead grandmother walking toward him. While Jason may believe that he actually saw his deceased grandmother, researchers today are more likely to explain Jason's experience as being _______.
hypnogoic
a person who is preoccupied with every sensation of his or her body, worries excessively about getting ill, ad continuously goes to doctors who never find anything physically wrong with him or her is likely to be diagnosed with
hypochondriasis
Conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditioned stimulus
assimilation
individual gives up old culture and completely adopts ways of majority (moderate stress)
strategies for overcoming prejudice include:
intergroup and equal status contract
Latent learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Classical conditioning
learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response
According to Rotter, the key factors influencing a person's decision to act in a certain way in a particular circumstance are reinforcement value and:
locus of control.
vagus nerve
longest nerve in the body that connects the brain and body
studies that have examined the cultural an ethinic factors in the therapeutic relationship have found that ________
members of minority racial or ethnic groups drop out of therapy at a higher rate than members of the majority group
how does abnormality differ from insanity
mental health professionals identify abnormalities
acculturative stress
methods of accultration
delusions of reference
other people are talking about you
Withdraw is a sign of
physical dependence on a drug
my brother's high blood pressure has been a problem since getting a new boss at work. in order to bring down his bp, i suggest that he
practice meditation
____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and ____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude
prejudice; discrimination
Babies born before 38 weeks are called:
preterm
Zimbardo Study
prisoner and guard study at stanford.
Matt suffers from a dissociative disorder. The _____ model would attribute this to Matt's childhood; when Matt was a child, he was very traumatized by the unexpected and sudden death of his father. He has no memory of the death or of the months that came before and after the loss. This model would say that Matt's disorder is reinforced by avoiding the unpleasant memories and thoughts surrounding the loss of his father.
psychodynamic
As Mario is filling out his income tax forms, he makes the decision not to report all of his income. He figures that it is okay because everyone cheats on their taxes; and besides, he needs the money more than the government does. Mario is exhibiting which defense mechanism?
rationalization
sympathetic nervous system
reacts when a person when stressed -heart rate increases, digestion slows, energy is sent to the muscles to help with the situation
According to your textbook, the ____ theory explains prejudice and discrimination between the Nazi soldiers and Jewish people during WWII
realistic conflict
The ego works on the
reality principle.
Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is known as ______
reciprocal determinism
In one study, college students like another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?
reciprocity
Marjorie took a personality test in April. She took the same test in June and got a very similar score. This personality test is:
reliable
The term dementia praecox once referred to the disorder now known as:
schizophrenia.
iconic and echoic memory are both forms of
sensory memory
Erikson believed that
social interaction were more important in development
over the past year, i have had a baby, moved, transitioned jobs, gotten a new pet, faced the death of a close friend, and had a family member diagnosed with cancer. these events would lead to a high score on the
social readjustment rating scale
when my grandpa died, my family, along with other church and family friends, rallied around my grandmother to help her cope with his passing. In this function, we are all considered her
social support system
Archie believes that people who think they are hypnotized are not actually hypnotized at all. In fact, they are simply acting out everything that they are being told to do by the hypnotist. Archie's way of thinking is similar to which of the following theories?
social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
when abnormal behavior is the product of behavioral shaping from family, social group, and culture, it is representing the
sociocultural perspective
disorders that take form of a physical illness that has no real physical cause are referred to as
somatoform disorders
which of the following statements is true about anxiety
some anxiety is realistic when its source is obvious and understandable
The MMPI-2
specifically tests for abnormal behavior patterns in personality.
according to Freud, the last component of an individuals personality to develop is the
superego
After being asked to describe his ex-girlfriend, Ted noted that she was loud, rude, indecisive, self-centered, and extremely picky. The characteristics Ted used to describe his ex-girlfriend would all be examples of what type of traits?
surface
the part of the ANS responsible for mobilizing the body's energy and resources during times of stress and arousal is the
sympathetic nervous system
Variables to predict higher false recall or recognition?
symptoms of depression, susceptibility to hypnosis, and exhibiting odd behaviors or unusual beliefs
When we divide our conscious awareness, say by _____, our thoughts can become fuzzy and disorganized
texting while driving
The process girls experience, with their father as the object of their affections and their mother as the rival, is called:
the Electra complex
In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is
the actor-observer bias.
a personality test that results in statements that are so general that they could apply to just about anyone is a good example of _____
the barnum effect
what is NOT a criterion used to decide if a pattern of behavior should be considered to be a psychological disorder
the behavior is physically exhausting
part of GAS: resistance
the body begins to settle into activity; the stage will continue until the stressor ends or the resources used up
In his theories of development, Piaget focused on_____
the child's internal cognitive development
In the study of human development, the term nature refers to:
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
The view of most psychologists regarding the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development is that all we are and all we become is the result of:
the interaction between nature and nurture
Shaping
the process of reinforcing more complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps taken toward the final desired behavior
Positive punishment
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
Negative punishment
the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
intrinsic motivation is defined as
the pursuit of an activity for its own sake
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Positive reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
Negative reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
the most important aspect of a successful psychotherapy treatment is _________
the relationship between the client and the therapist
companionate love
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment
Deer hunting and getting a deer
variable-interval
Working hard to lose weight
variable-interval
Earning tips while waitressing
variable-ratio
part of GAS: exhaustion
when the body's resources are all gone
Who originally proposed the 18 instincts for humans
william mcdougall
according to the cognitive-mediational theory, what factor would be most important in determining whether you feel nervous when asked to speak in front of the class
your cognitive appraisal of the situation
what statement is most consistent with james-lange theory of emotion
"i am anxious because i perspire"
Hunger: social causes
-social cues for when meals are to be eaten -cultural customs -food preferences -use of food as a comfort device or escape from unpleasantness -some people may respond to the anticipation of eating by producing an insulin response
Cattell's personality questionnaire is based on
16 source traits.
obesity is defined as someone who is at least what percent or more over their ideal body weight
20
obesity is a condition in which body weight of a person is
20% more than the ideal body weight according to the person's height
Near the end of one's ____, oil glands in the neck and around the eyes begin to malfunction, contributing to wrinkles in those areas.
20's
Obesity is a condition in which the body weight of a person is _____ percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person's height.
20-30
approximately how long ago were the first efforts made to treat the mentally ill with kindness rather than subjecting them to harsh physical treatment
200 years ago
in any given year in the united states, approximately how many adults over age of 18 experience a mental disorder
22.6%
Approximately what percentage of people over the age of 18 suffers from mental disorders in any given year?
26%
Unrehearsed information of STM is lost in approximately _____ if not rehearsed or consolidated
30 seconds
Nearly ____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.
50, 20
generalized anxiety disorder is feelings of dread/doom and physical stress lasting at least
6 months
In the Milgram study several similar studies, ____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level
65
According to research, which individual might need the least amount of sleep
67 year-old Roger, who retired two years ago
paul ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of how many basic facial expressions of emotion
7
An estimated _______ of people feel that psychotherapy has helped them.
75-90
How many minutes is in the rest/activity cycle that is controlled partially by an internal clock in the anterior hypothalamus
90
Games such as peekaboo are important for infants because they help babies develop
A sense of object permanence
what is is NOT true about self-help/support groups?
A therapist leads the group meetings.
Tracy pulls weed out from her rose garden so that her roses can blossom. Tracy's practice of weeding to help her flowers grow is similar to which of the following processes of brain development in infancy? A. synaptic pruning B. neural modification C. Sensory adaptation D. habituation
A.synaptic pruning
When a adolescent move into piagets final stage of formal operations, what becomes possible
Abstract thinking
Jamie's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defect, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Jamie when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing:
Alcohol
Immediately after birth
And infants respiratory system begins to function
Three years old Cara loves Barbie dolls so she decides to give one to her mother for Christmas this is called
Animism
animism is the belief that
Anything that moves is alive
In efforts to understand what it means to be a girl, Maria creates a scheme that all girls have long hair, when Maria meets Jared, a boy in her preschool who has long hair, Maria becomes confused. Maria's confusion may be due to a process Piaget called:
Assimilation
With respect to their babies needs mothers of the web have a babies are unresponsible and sensitive and cuddly rejecting
Avoidant
Who came up with operant conditioning?
B.F Skinner
As people age, what happens to the body's BMR and weight set point?
BMR decreases, weight set point increases
In Eleanor Gibson and Michael walks classic study
Babies showed that perception by refusing to crawl over a visual cliff
which of the clients is the most likely candidate for Aaron Beck's form of cognitive therapy
Barabra, who suffers from depression
The cellular clock theory telomeres ___, which is ultimately causes aging
Become too short
_____ theorists link depression to learned helplessness.
Behavioral
______ studies the issue of nature versus nurture.
Behavioral Genetics
___________ studies how much of an individual's personality is inherited.
Behavioral genetics
Teratogens can cause:
Birth Defects
What was Bandura's famous experiment?
Bobo doll experiment -kid watched adult play with doll aggressively > kid plays with doll aggressively
Genes are located on
Chromosomes
Pete and Evelyn are decorating the room for the baby they are expecting. To ensure that the baby's room provides appropriate stimulation, the couples seek the advice of a developmental psychologist, who tells them that newborns prefer to look at:
Complex patterns rather than simple ones, three dimensions rather than two, and the most preferred is human faces
A child who criticizes the parent for speeding because speeding is against he law is demonstrating:
Conventional
Dr. Bronson does a study that compares a group of 20 year olds and a group of 40 year olds. Each group is revised five years later. This is a _____ design.
Cross-sequential
Behavioral genetics is the study of
Determining how much of a behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to personal experience
Behavioral genetics is the study of:
Determining how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to personal experience.
What experiment help show Seligman learned helplessness
Dogs placed in an inescapable situation failed to try to escape when it became possible to do so, remaining in the painful situation as if helpless to leave
Genes that are actively controlled with expression of a trait Is referred to as
Dominant
Which of the following theorists, along with his/her colleagues, has suggested a modification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs that incorporates aspects of evolutionary biology, anthropology, and psychology?
Douglas Kenrick
__________ is the psychological tension and physical arousal created when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.
Drive
The ultrasound report tells Shaniqua and Charles that their developing infant is about one inch long and has eyes, a nose, lips little arms, and legs, and a beating heart. Given this information, the current period of prenatal development is the ______ period.
Embryonic
The_____ period runs from two to eight weeks after fertilization.
Embryonic
The process by which an egg cell (or an ovum) and a sperm cell unite is called:
Fertilization
Cindy's unborn baby is at the stage of development where it's organs are not yet fully developed about our functional it also weighs about 5 pounds has experienced tremendous growth over the past several months and would have a high rate of survival of boring today Cindy's baby is and which period of prenatal development
Fetal
Piaget suggested that children become able to deal effectively with abstract concepts during the _______ stage.
Formal Operations
One theory suggests that the effects of aging are produced by oxygen molecules with unstable electrons bounding around the damage a structures inside our cells this is called
Free radical theory
______, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't really there, are not uncommon in someone diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Hallucinations
what did Gordon Allport think about traits
He thought they were wired into the nervous system.
Conjoined twins Abby and Brittany Hensel cannot be separated because they share a
Heart
Which model of memory operates on the assumption that the brain is stores information similar to the workings of a computer
Information processing model
Why were the findings of the meditation and brain plasticity study so novel?
It showed that meditation has the power o=to physically change our brains and that it continues to be beneficial even when we are in a non-meditative state
Which of the following would be the behavior of a person who has a need for power?
Jay is in a middle-management role within his company. Whenever he has a task to complete with his team, he dominates the group and demands that his ideas be used. He dreams of being the CEO of the company one day.
What psychoanalytic theorist most notably influenced the Big Five theory of personality?
Jung
_____ occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 23rd pair.
Klinefelter's Syndrome
____ occurs when there is an extra sex chromosome in the 23rd pair
Klinefelter's syndrome
What occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 23rd pair
Klinefelters syndrome; with extra x producing a male with reduce masculine characteristics and large breasts obesity in excess of heights
Which one of the following is an example of Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?
Little Jenny's mother works one-on-one with her on a new task but gradually helps less and less, and Jenny becomes more skilled and capable
Conjoining twins Abby and Brittany handsel cannot be separated because they share a
Lower body
The cessation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle is called:
Menopause
Derek was lying on the couch and had fallen asleep when all of a sudden his body jerked and he woke up because he felt like he was falling. Derek was most likely in which stage of sleep?
N1 (R&K Stage 1)
So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during
N1 (R&K Stage 1)
The body is at its lowest lever of functioning during
N3 (R&K Stage 3 and 4)
What did the Bobo Doll experiment show?
Observational learning -young children will imitate actions of a model even when there is no reinforcement
Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness
Orlando carefully calculates his taxes two weeks before taxes are due
____ is a recessive gene disorder that can result in sever intellectual disabilities
PKU
_____ has been linked to a decrease in the size of the hippocampus in children with the disorder, causing long-term detrimental effects on learning and forming declarative memories.
PTSD
which of the following is most likely to be treated with therapy involving the use of virtual reality
PTSD
Five years old John still a piece of candy from the grocery store since he has not been punished for stealing the candy he believes that is okay to still again John is in which level of moral development
Preconventional
______ is a rare sleeping disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fail, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares
REM behavior disorder
What experiment showed Tolman latent learning?
Rat maze -rats wondered the maze but weren't reinforced still showed evidence of having learned the maze once reinforcement was given
While many people take LSD in order to experience its hallucinogenic qualities, why can the become a dangerous activity
Real dangers and hazards may go unnoticed by a person who is "lost" in a LSD fantasy
The visual cliff experiment showed that babies have:
Some depth perception
Early in life and things will demonstrate their personalities through their
Temperaments
is used to help psycological professional diagnose psychological disorders
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder
According to Dweck's research, how might a student with an internal locus of control likely react to a failure on a math test?
The student would decide to try a new method of studying and hire a tutor to help in understanding the concepts of the course more clearly.
Which of the following is NOT true of the evaluation of the effectiveness of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies?
They are more expensive and more time-consuming to reach effectiveness with the client.
What are the following is an accurate statement regarding men
They go through a time of sexual changes similar to but less dramatic than menopause
_____ is responsible for sending signals to stop eating when full, while _____ influences the onset of eating
VMH; LH
____________ proposed a total of 18 instincts that drive human behavior.
William McDougall
An ovum that was released from Tonya's ovary into her fallopian tube was fertilized four days ago, resulting in pregnancy. At this stage of her pregnancy, the developing organism that Tonya is carrying is called a(n):
Zygote
Studies have shown _______ between exposure to media violence and aggression in children.
a correlation
Most people associate the term cult with
a fringe group.
The key hypnosis seems to be:
a heightened state of suggestibility
A child who says, "Juice!" to mean, "I want some juice!" is using __________________________.
a holophrase
what does a motive do to behavior
a motive energizes and directs behavior
What represents an example of unconditional positive regard
a parent telling his son he loves him even though he just wrecked the family car
Researchers found that reciprocity of liking doesn't work when:
a person suffers from feelings of low self-worth.
According to Dr. Lilienfeld, what do most psychologist agree about hypnosis
a procedural expectation
Learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice
Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as ________ in arousal theory.
a sensation seeker
the following describe _______ -statistically rare -deviant from social norms -does not allow for day to day functioning -causes a person to be a dangerous to self/others
abnormal behavior
Puberty begins:
about 2 years after the beginning of the growth spurt
A child may see a dog and say, "Cat!" because both have fur. When corrected, the child may change her scheme for cat to "furry" and "pointy ears." This is:
accommodation
People driven by the need for ___________ have a strong desire to attain both realistic goals and very challenging ones.
achievement
people who look fro careers and hobbies that follow others to evaulate have a high need for what
achievement
Personality may be defined as the sum total of who you are and the unique ways that you think, feel, and:
act.
therapies directed at changing disordered behavior as referred to as _____
action therpaies
According to the __________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.
activation-synthesis hypothesis
In the ____ , dreams are less realistic because they come not from the outside world of reality but from within people's memories and experiences
activation-synthesis hypothesis
Chris is in his twenties and has completed college; he has satisfied his curiosity about other cultures with a trip around the world when he graduated. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which needs might he work to satisfy next?
aesthetic needs
Personality disorders are different from other psychological disorders in that personality disorders:
affect merely one aspect of a person's life.
The ABC Model of Attitudes includes
affect, behavior, cognition
mood disorders are also sometimes called
affective disorders
Jillian joined the cheerleading squad primarily to receive acceptance from her peers. Jillian appears to have a strong need for ______
affiliation
Gloria has many friends and is very popular at work. In addition, she continually talks with her friends on the telephone and goes out with them several nights per week. A psychologist would say Gloria has a need for:
affiliation.
Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in:
aggression
over the past few years, sam has become extremely fearful of going to any public place such as a restaurant, concert, or even the grocery store. there are many days when same does not even leave the house for fear that he might be caught somewhere that would not be easy to escape from. what anxiety disorder would sam most likely be diagnosed with
agoraphobia
which neo-freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority all people share
alfred Alder
What is not true about psychoactive drugs?
all of them produce physical dependence in users
thinking that one's performance must be perfect or it's a total failure and those thoughts leading to severe anxiety is called
all or nothing thinking
Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. He did so without any expectation of reward or getting anything in return for his actions. This is an example of:
altruism
____ are used to treat narcolepsy
amphetamines
fear and pleasure are associated with what part of your brain
amygdala
Gene believes that if his luck is good on the day of his final exam, he will do well. Gene likely has:
an external locus of control.
Reflex
an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice
The main type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer's typically have is
anterograde amnesia
Sociopaths who habitually break the law, disobey rules, tell lies, and use others without remorse would be diagnosed with ______ personality disorder.
antisocial
Anthony has been known to cheat, steal, lie, and manipulate others to get what he wants. Even worse, he feels no remorse after committing such acts. It is most likely that Anthony suffers from _______ disorder.
antisocial personality
Jean is suffering from excessive problems with nervousness, tension, worry, and fright. She may be suffering from a(n) _______ disorder.
anxiety
The most dominant symptom of a(n) _______ disorder is excessive or unrealistic worrying and fearfulness.
anxiety
Operant
any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli
Punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
Reinforcement
any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
Reinforcers
any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again
Secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Primary reinforcer
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
Discriminative stimulus
any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
Lazaurs' cognitive appraisal approach
appraisal of stressors is major factor in level of stress
after chioptle for dinner last night, garret suggested we either go to twisteee treat for ice cream cones or to chick-fil-a for milkshakes. faced with two decisions, I was dealing with a(n)
approach-approach conflict
Jose has begun dating Lori, a girl he really likes. They had a date for Friday night, but Lori texted him and said she'd gotten the flu and couldn't make it to the date. Jose immediately broke up with her, assuming she was cancelling because she didn't like him anymore. This type of distorted thinking is known as:
arbitrary inference.
an advantage to group therapy is that groups ______
are a source of social support
The minor tranquilizers
are commonly used to treat anxiety
Trait theories differ from other theories of personality development in that they:
are less concerned with how personality develops than they are with describing personalities and the actions that result from them.
During the genital stage, parents
are no longer the focus of the child's sexual urges.
Alfred Adler believed that the defense mechanism of compensation is used by individuals who:
are striving to become superior in some area of their life.
The approach to understanding motivation that suggests each person has an optimal level of tension is the _____________ theory.
arousal
Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved:
asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room.
What are the four elements needed for observational learning?
attention memory imitation desire
Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______.
attitude; behavior
Which of the following statements best describes attitudes?
attitudes are learned through experiences as we live and work with others
the most common type of hallucinations one experiences is
auditory
cluster c: anxiety/fearfullness
avoidant, dependent, obsession-compulsive
when a psychiatrists or psychological is using the DSM-5 as a guide to evaultaing a client, he or she would use the client on a single
axis
Karen Horney disagreed with Freud about the unconscious force that influences behavior. She believed the force was not sexual desire but rather ____
basic anxiety
what is the primary difficulty with applying the criterion of social "social norm deviance" to define abnormal behavior
behavior that is considered disorder in one culture may be acceptable in another
An action therapy that is based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behaviors is _________ therapy.
behavioral
what perspective claims that shaping may play a big role in the development of some cases of dissociative identity disorder
behavioral
Cameron was adopted at birth, so now he's interested in studying the effects of adoption on child development. More specifically, Cameron wants to know if individual traits can be attributed more to genetics or to environmental conditions, like adoptive environments. Cameron is interested in the study of ________.
behavioral genetics
"I believe that humans and animals are conditioned to react to the world around them, thus developing their personalities through learned, or habitual, behaviors." Which type of theorist is most likely to make this statement?
behaviorist
delusions of influence
being controlled by external forces
If the brain-wave pattern of a person playing a professional game of chess was recorded using an EEG, what type of brain waves are most likely to be
beta waves
Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our:
biological rhythms
there is a possible connection between ADHD and adolescents onset of ______ disorder
bipolar disorder
Scott experiences vast mood swings ranging from depression on one end of the spectrum to episodes when he feels euphoric and has so much energy that he can't sleep. Scott is suffering from:
bipolar disorder.
The individual that is diagnosed with ____ personality disorder usually has very intense and unstable relationships with others.
borderline
a person exhibiting the following symptoms is likely diagnosed with what psychological disorder? -impulsivity -unstable mood -self-destruction -disruptive anger
borderline personality disorder
an eating disorder characterized by binges of eating followed by self induced vomiting is
bulimia
an advantage of group therapy is that it ________
can provide help to individuals who may be unable to afford individual psychotherapy
what theory states that psychological arousal and emotion occur at the same time by messages received in the cortex and SNS
cannon-bard
the wildfires in California last year were a major stressor for many residents of the state because they were considered a major
catastrophe
the primary feature of _______ a symptom associated with schizophrenia is severe disturbance of motor behavior
catatonia
What is procedural memory stored in the brain
cerebellum
Which of the following was the first of the typical antipsychotics to be developed?
chlorpromazine
If you wanted ti memorize a sting of 20 numbers, what would help you encode those numbers in STM?
chunking
Vicarious conditioning
classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
Every time Drew gets into an elevator, or walks into his closet, or enters any small, enclosed space, he begins to hyperventilate and feels like he's going to die. Drew may be suffering from _______.
claustrophobia
Early treatments such as bloodletting, beatings, ice baths, and induced vomiting were all methods used to:
cleanse the body of physical impurities so that the person's mind and soul could function more perfectly.
which cluster of personality disorders is described as "dramatic, emotional, or erratic," including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic disorders
cluster b
At one point, _________ was used by doctors and dentists, sometimes as a numbing agent before extracting a tooth. It was not until much later that this drug's problematic characteristics were recognized
cocaine
Terms such as diagnosis, mental patient, and remission are examples of the ______ model's influence on the language used to describe disorders.
cognitive
attempting to explain a psychological disorder as being caused by irrational thoughts and/or illogical thinking would be representative of ______ factors
cognitive
"i think i'm afraid, therefore i am afraid" is a statement that is most consistent with what theory
cognitive appraisal of the situation
Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. This type of thinking is an example of:
cognitive dissonance.
Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Nicole will probably experience
cognitive dissonance.
Alan went to a see a psychologist to get some help to overcome his anxiety in public. The psychologists spent a lot of time discussing the specific thoughts. Alan has when he is in public and trying to help him change those thought patterns. The psychologist could be best described as adhearing to the
cognitive perspective
Liza has an anxiety disorder. She is currently seeing a therapist who believes that anxiety disorders are a result of illogical, irrational thought processes. Liza is probably seeking treatment from a
cognitive psychologists
which approach assumes that disorders come from illogical, irrational cognitions and that changing the thinking patterns to more rational, logical one will receive the symptoms of the disorder
cognitive-behavioral
in the aversion therapy technique known as rapid smoking smoking, the client takes a puff on a cigarette every five or six seconds so that the nicotine now produces unpleasant responses such as nausea and dizziness, so that eventually the cigarette itself produces a sensation of nausea in the client. in terms of classical conditioning, the cigarette functions as the ______ and the nicotine is the ________
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
which of the following is not one of the three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress according to the GAS
conflict
Many researchers believe that ___ is necessary to break away from childhood dependence on parents and become self-sufficient adults
conflict and rebellion
In his experiment on conformity, Asch found that:
conformity increased with each new confederate, up to four confederates
In his experiment on conformity, Asch found that
conformity increased with each new confederate, up to four.
In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in:
consummate love
For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective
controlling pain
delusions of grandeur
convinced they have special powers or need to save the world
the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved
decreasing hunger
cancer and stress
depresses release of natural killer cells, which are cells that suppress viruses and destroy tumor cells
Rhonda's psychiatrist prescribed her an SSRI. For which of the following disorders is Rhonda most likely being treated?
depression
To explain the human universality and variability of emotions, Ekman and his associates
developed a concept of "display rules" which are rules for emotional expression
a strategy for dealing with test anxiety could include
developing some type of strategy of controlling both your cognitive state and behavior, before and after the exam
Conditioned taste aversion
development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
the modern psychoanalyst provides more guidance to the patient, aska questions, suggests helpful behaviors, and gives opinions and interpretations. this tye of role for the therapist is described as a _______ approach
directive
In order to teach her second grade students about _____, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color
discrimination
if legend hears garret and i having an argument at home and then goes to school the next day and gets into fight, this is an example of
displaced aggression
In ____________, the individual cannot remember personal information such as one's own name or specific personal events—the kind of information contained in episodic long-term memory.
dissociative amnesia
a disorder in which there is a break in memory and/or the sense of identity is called
dissociative disorder
Sidney, a 36-year-old woman who one day vanished from her home, was found two weeks later dressed like a teenager, walking the streets of the town she had grown up in. When found, she could not remember any of the last two weeks, and she did not recognize her husband. Sidney was most likely suffering from the disorder known as ________.
dissociative fugue
A man wakes up on a beach with no memory of how he got there, who he is, where he lives, or of any sense of identity whatsoever. The man has experienced a:
dissociative fugue.
People with ______ disorder have lower brain activity in the areas responsible for sense of body awareness and feel detached from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings.
dissociative identity
The current name for what used to be called multiple personality disorder is:
dissociative identity disorder
marginalization
does not maintain contract with original culture or join majority culture (greatest stress)
after having a baby, i was faced with deciding to be a stay-at-home mom, being able to be with my son full time but not contribute financially to my family, or go back to work and contribute financially while spending less time with my son. this is
double approach avoidance conflict
Barbiturates used in combination with alcohol may cause a lethal
drug interaction
most psychological professionals today take an _______ view of psychotherapy
ecletic
many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water
ego
what is Freud's term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for the obtaining gratification of an individuals desires
ego
According to the ______, people either expand on what they hear or they pay attention to the surface characteristics of persuasive messages
elaboration likelihood model
Conditioned emotional response (CER)
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
Sarah did not pay attention to Jamal when he was speaking. As a result, Sarah "forgot" what Jamal said. Sarah's experience is an example of
encoding failure
During critical periods:
environmental influences can have an impact on a developing infant
What type of memory is revised and updated more or less constantly?
episodic memory
when i found out that i was pregnant, i immediately began planning for the introduction of a new person into my life. i got headaches frequently from thinking about the cost, time, and emotional changes that would come with the baby. this is an
eustress
which of the following is the best example od an irrational belief that a therapist using rational-emotive behavioral therapy would challenge you to change
everyone should love and approve of me, and if they don't, there must be something wrong with me
People who ____ have been found to be far less likely to develop memory problems in old age.
exercise their mental abilities
One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives
exist independently of any need or level of arousal
The treatment of choice for spirit possession during the Middle Ages was:
exorcism.
Jill is motivated by money and the things money will bring her. Jack is motivated by a belief in the importance of doing good things, and his incentives are based on that belief.
expectancy-value thorey
Which of the "Big Five" factors of personality seems to be associated with increased volume in the medial orbitoprefrontal cortex area of the brain?
extraversion
an individual diagnosed with major depressive disorder would most likely to exhibit what symptoms
extreme sadness and dispair
running a 5k for the metal is a completion is a sign of
extrinsic motivation
________ is a controversial form of therapy in which the client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory
eye-movement desensitization reprocessing
a women with a paralyzed face still responded emotionally to slides meant to stimulate emotions would cast doubt on what theory
facial feedback hypothesis
as the stress continues or increases, the immune system can begin to strengthen
false
major depressive disorder is twice as common in men than in women. true or false
false
true or false: psychosurgrey is not longer performed in the united states
false; although frontal lobotomies are no longer perfored , bilateral anterior cingulotomies are still carried out on patients that have not been helped by any other treatment
physical effects of stress
fatigue sleeping problems frequent colds chest pains nausea diet aggression
social anxiety disorder can include what
fear of public speaking, public bathrooms, and of performing before others
Getting an extra spin in candy crush once a day
fixed-interval
Getting paid every two weeks
fixed-interval
Getting paid $33 to ref a basketball game
fixed-ratio
Mowing lawn in your neighborhood to earn $15 per house
fixed-ratio
Receiving 5pts extra credit for bringing in box tops
fixed-ratio
the condition in which a person shows little or not emotion is referred to as
flat affect
when janet heard that her dog had been hit by a car after school and didn't make it, she showed no signs of sadness, anger, or loss. janet could be described as having
flat affect
Jason has schizophrenia. One of his symptoms is that he doesn't cry in sad situations or laugh in funny situations; he shows no emotion. This is known as:
flat affect.
When we are tired, our ability to __________ is seriously impaired.
focus
in family therapy, the therapist would most likely
focus on the entire family system to understand the problem
Mitzi's elderly neighbor, who does not drive, asks Mitzi if she would drive her to the grocery store to pick up a few items. Mitzi complies. A few days later, Mitzi's neighbor asks her if she would be willing to take her to the grocery store each week to do her regular shopping. Mitzi's neighbor is using the _______ technique.
foot-in-the-door
If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, this is an example of the:
foot-in-the-door technique
Neurofeedback
form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
People can reduce cognitive dissonance by:
forming new cognitions to justify their behavior
Throughout her psychotherapeutic sessions, Rita was encouraged to talk about whatever came to her mind after being provided a cue from her therapist. This allowed her unconscious mind an opportunity to slip past the censorship of her ego. This technique is referred to by psychoanalytic therapists as _________
free association
anxieties that arent really related to any realistic factor are known as
free floating
The term given to an anxiety that seems to be unrelated to any realistic known factor is:
free-floating anxiety.
One theory suggests that the effects of aging are produced by oxygen molecules with unstable electrons bounding around and damaging structures inside our cells. This is called ________ theory.
free-radical
psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by
freud
what would not be considered a symptom of schizophrenia
fugue
Sylvia is a middle-aged woman who volunteers as a youth coordinator at her church and as a Girl Scout leader. She is developing what Erikson referred to as:
generativity
Tashera is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Thashera currently experiencing?
germinal
The placenta begins to form during the ________ period.
germinal
Which of the following therapists would use leading questions and planned experiences, such as confronting clients about their own statements, in therapy sessions?
gestalt therapists
In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to
give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task
We entered an altered state of consciousness every time we _________
go to sleep
Gena, who is a patient in a psychiatric institute, believes that she is the Virgin Mary and expects all of the other patients in her ward to pray to her. Gena's belief that she is the Virgin Mary is referred to as a delusion of ________.
grandeur
Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates:
group polarization
The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of:
groupthink
What is one thing consciousness contributes in our everyday lives
guides our behavior
who came up with general adaptation syndrome
hans seyle
The Rorschach inkblot test
has neither right nor wrong answers, as the inkblots are ambiguous.
after my grandmother got a pacemaker, she was required to go to the doctor every week to have her blood tested. this task became a what to my grandma
hassle
According to the humanistic view, internal conflict can be avoided by:
having a realistic view of one's real self.
while maslow's heirachy of needs has been used to influence the field of management, it is also greatly criticized for
having little scientific support
The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to _____
he perceived presence of multiple witnesses
a positive consequence to having a psychological label is it
helps patients receive effective treatment
Anna Nicole weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life. However, it seemed like whenever Anna Nicole gained weight it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125 it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Anna Nicole?
her weight, 125, is her set point
n Freud's theory, the ____ operates according to the pleasure principle
id
Larry believes that, in order to be a good citizen, he should vote in all elections, pay his taxes, and serve his community when asked. According to Carl Rogers, Larry is describing his _______ self.
ideal
According to humanistic therapists, the closer a person's real self and _____ match, the happier and more well-adjusted the person will be.
ideal self
what major conclusion about personality traits emerged from the Minnesota twin study
identical twins are more similar than any other type of sibling
Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on:
implicit personality theory
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
in classical conditioning, a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response
Unconditioned response (UCR)
in classical conditioning, an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned response
Cognitive perspective
in classical conditioning, modern theory in which conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus
The fundamental attribution error is less likely:
in collectivist cultures
As a class assignment you are required to collect advertising slogans and describe how they may be relevant to concepts in psychology. You select the Jell-O slogan, "There's always room for Jell-O," and describe in class that it is relevant to one of the theories of motivation.
incentive
part of GAS: alarm
increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar>burst of energy
Which is the most common sleep disorder?
insomnia
Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of
instinct
in the early the 20th century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to ______
instincts
One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in _______ that occurs after we begin to eat
insulin
a russian exchange student lived with one of my friends for a few months when we were in high school. she spoke russian on the phone with her parents but desired to learn all she could about western culture while staying in america. she desired
intergration
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of:
intimacy and commitment
self-determination theory best fits what type of motivation
intrinsic motivation
According to Cattell's 16PF self-report inventory, someone scoring near the "reserved" end of the "reserved/outgoing" dimension would be more _______ than someone scoring in the middle or at the opposite end.
introverted
The "jigsaw classroom"
is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution
Americans tend to assume that personality:
is relatively fixed and unchanging
mental effects of stress
issues with: concentration memory decision making sense of humor
which of the following is one the criticisms of behavior therapy
it only relieves some symptoms of schizophrenia but does not treat the overall disorder
what theory states that a stimulus triggers psychological changes that produce emotion
james-lange theory
which of the following individuals would be least likely yo benefit from psycoanalysis
kaleem, who suffers from a severe psychotic disorder
what is the third element of emotion
labeling emotion
poverty
lack of sufficent money to provide basic necessities of life can lead to many sressors
Theo is 6 years old and is about to enter first grade. With his sexual interests repressed, he is ready to begin developing social relationships and intellectual skills. Theo is in what stage of Freud's developmental theory?
latency
laura has been teaching for years. lately, she really lacks the motivation to go to work every day and do the same with few signs of success from her students. she is resentful of the testing and unrealistic expectations for her students
laura is unhappy due to burnout
Law of effect
law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
Behavioral theorists link depression to
learned helplessness.
Observational learning
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Studies have found that the ____ is particularly active when people have made a decision that reduces dissonance and then acted on that decision
left frontal cortex
In studies in which volunteers spend several days without access to information about day or night, their sleep-wake cycles
lenghtened
You are a hormone. You are secreted into the bloodstream by fatty tissue, and your job is to signal the hypothalamus that the body has enough food, reducing appetite and increasing the feeling of being full. Who are you?
leptin
Information is processed more deeply due to its meaning and therefore will be remembered more efficiently is the idea of
levels-of-processing model
Chemicals or behaviors, such as cocaine or gambling, which activate the _____, are likely to be associated with pleasurable effects
limbic system
Sophie has a chance to interview for a promotion at work. She is sure she will do poorly anyway, so she decides against it. Bandura would say that Sophie has:
low self-efficacy.
a person with antisocial personality disorder would be likely to engage in what behavior
lying to other people without worrying about consequences
An individual who uses _____ takes one negative event and interprets it as a never-ending pattern of defeat.
magnification
the tendency to interpret situations as being far more harmful, dangerous, or embarrassing than they actually are is
magnification
Barbiturates are known as
major tranquilizers
seperation
majority culture is rejected and original cultural identity is maintained (high stress)
the cognitive process of magnification could be most accurately described as
making mountains out molehills
Scott believes that when he feels the sensation of his heart beating faster whenever he exercises, it means he's having a heart attack and that he's about to die. Scott therefore refuses to do any activities that would raise his heart rate, and has gained excessive weight. Scott's behavior would likely be diagnosed as:
maladaptive.
One gender difference in personality disorders is that there are more:
males diagnosed with both antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.
having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability describes
mania
If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the:
manifest content
Spanos conducted studies to determine the validity of dissociative identity disorder. he found that ordinary college students, under hypnosis, showed signs of a second personality. based his studies, what did he conclude about the disorder
many of the diagnoses were incorrect, as professionals had been fooled by the clients' tendency to play the role of a multiple personality
the most stressful type of acculturative stress is
marginalization
the concept of comfort food suggests that food
may be influenced by social factors
what did carl rogers view as a cause of most personal problems and unhappiness
mismatch between an individual's ideals and real self
Many arousal theorists believe that a _________ level of arousal is optimal for most people under normal circumstances.
moderate
disorders characterized by disturbances in emotion are known as _______ disorders
mood
Lithium is a type of _____ drug.
mood stabilizing
When a person is slightly sleep deprived, _____ tasks will suffer less than ______ tasks
more complex, simple
Some believe that humanistic theory is
more of a philosophical view than a psychological explanation.
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called
motivation
dissociative identity disorder is a psychological disorder that was commonly known as
multiple personality disorder
Neutral stimulus (NS)
n classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
_____ suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins
narcotics
what is not considered a disadvantage in the use of interviews fro personality assessment
natural flow of the questions
direct observation is most like _____
naturalistic observation
A(n) __________ is a requirement of some material, such as food or water, that is essential for survival of the organism.
need
poor attention, flat affect, word salad, and catatonia are all examples of
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Jim constantly worries that he will get bad grades, that he will be late for work, or that something bad will happen to his loved ones. He is often edgy and snaps at his friends. He is likely to be a high scorer on which dimension of the Big Five?
neuroticism
which of the following has not been found to be a barrier to effective psychotherapy when the cultural background of client and therapist is different
nonverbal communication
Oscar wants to feel accepted by his classmates, so when they all decide to skip school to have a party, he conforms by joining in. Oscar's need to conform is the result of ________.
normative social influence
Jude believes that people are primarily influenced by the environment and learned experiences, so he believes __________ plays a more powerful role in human development.
nurture
a person demanding _____ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change
obedience
Social cognitive learning theorists hold that ___________ can lead to the formation of patterns of personality.
observational learning
Todd has been struggling with _____, characterized by the intruding thought that his hands are covered in germs. He cannot pursue daily tasks unless he completes a ritualistic routine to wash his hands until he feels clean. These rituals have taken up so much of his time that he rarely manages to finish a task or complete his work at his job.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Higher-ordering conditioning
occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
in arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) _______ level of tension
optimal
"when life gives you lemons, make lemonade." this phrase mirrors is the perspective of
optimist
when assigned a new task at work that would require him to do a lot of research on top of his regular tasks, richard was excited because it was research into a topic he was interested in. richard's outlook was
optimistic
Freud believed that the personality characteristics of overeating, gum chewing, being too dependent, or overly optimistic developed due to fixation during the ____
oral stage
A "delusion of reference" best characterizes disordered thinking when an individual with schizophrenia believes:
other people, television characters, and books are speaking directly to them.
delusions of persecution
others are trying to hurt them
according albert ellis, we become unhappy and depressed about events because of
our irrational beliefs
cluster a: odd/eccentric
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypical
In Sternberg's theory, _____ encompasses the physical aspects of love.
passion
According to Maslow, a time in a person's life during which self-actualization has been temporarily achieved is a:
peak experience.
If a jury member votes "guilty" because the defendant had "shifty eyes" and not because of any of the evidence presented, he or she is demonstrating:
peripheral-route processing.
according to carol dweck, need for achievement is closely related to
personal factor
The search for ___ is the central theme in adolescent social and personality development.
personal identity
The disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions is ______ disorder.
personality
in ________ a person has an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others
personality disorder
When assessing personality, trait theorists are most likely to use:
personality inventories
Devon is taking a personality test that includes a long list of questions. For each question, Devon must choose from a limited set of answers. Devon is taking a:
personality inventory.
A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through:
persuasion
Freud called the developmental stage in which the Oedipus/Electra complex occurs during the
phallic stage
Some research suggests that ____ is one of the main factors that influence people's choices for selecting people they want to know better
physical attractiveness
Vygotsky emphasize the importance of social interactions and cognitive development where as ___stress than Portis of a child interactions with objects
piaget
Jackson has decided that the best way to help his friend who just lost his job is to loan him some money. Which stage of the helping decision process has Jackson just completed?
planning a course of action
Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is:
planning a course of action
A trait such as strawberry blonde hair may be explained by the inheritance of the recessive gene for blonde hair and the recessive gene for red hair, or ___ inheritance
polygenic
Kanye West's song stronger starts with the words, "harder, better, faster, stronger" these words could be used to describe
pressure
when amy didn't do well on her certification test for work, she enrolled herself in a test-prep course before retaking the test. amy's employed a(n)
problem focused coping strategy
You are shown a picture of a pink fuzzy cloud and asked to describe what you see. The type of personality assessment that you are most likely involved in is a(n) ________.
projective test
Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?
proximity
_______ is an insight therapy that emphasizes revealing the unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires that are assumed to cause disordered emotions and behavior.
psychoanalysis
The surfacing and resurfacing of forbidden thoughts and ideas cause maladaptive behaviors in those individuals trying to keep those thoughts away. This is how the ______ perspective views the onset of abnormality in people.
psychodynamic
the biological model views psychological disorder as resulting from
psychological causes
Criteria such as behavior going against social norms, behavior that causes subjective discomfort, maladaptive behavior that causes an inability to function, and behavior causing a person to be dangerous to self or others are all indications of a(n):
psychological disorder.
robert is going to university to the study the effects of psychological factors on the immune system. robert is leaning about
psychoneuroimmunology
schizophrenia is to ______, as antisocial personality disorder is to ______
psychotic; sociopathic
Research on conformity suggests that if a ____ response is required, ____ show more conformity than ____
public; women; men
A person with schizophrenia would likely display all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:
recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, and flashbacks.
Learning/performance distinction
referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
Ariel is studying to become a humanistic therapist. On which of the following elements will she need to focus in order to gain the necessary skills to establish successful person-therapist relationships with her clients?
reflection, empathy, authenticity, and unconditional positive regard
Shortly after her daughter is born, Anna's 3-year-old son wants to start sleeping in the crib again. This is an example of:
regression
the psychodynamic model holds that abnormal behavior may result of
repressed thoughts
Mei Lee cancelled her next appointment with her therapist after a particularly disturbing session. The psychoanalytic therapist would probably refer to Mei Lee's behavior as an example of ________.
resistance
freud believed one of the indications that was close to discovering an unconscious conflict was when a patient became unwilling to talk about a topic. he referred to this response in the patient as
resistance
which of the following was not one of the four key elements rogers viewed as necessary for a successful person-therapist relationship
resistance
parasympathetic
returns the body to normal when stress is ended
what personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality
rorschach
______ is a teratogen that may cause blindness.
rubella
Fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
Variable ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for the reinforcement is always the same
a person suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality, is likely suffering from
schizophrenia
for which disorder was electroconvulsive therapy originally developed as a treatment
schizophrenia
sal has decreased levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in his prefrontal cortex. which disorder might he be at risking of experiencing
schizophrenia
Bella becomes extremely depressed whenever the winter months roll around. She overeats, which eventually leads to weight gain, has trouble concentrating, and feels exceptionally tired, but can't seem to sleep. As soon as winter turns to spring, her depression seems to go away. Bella appears to be experiencing ______.
seasonal affective disorder
Monica put all her time and energy into getting into the acting club because her main goal in life "was to be a famous star!" Monica's drive to be famous was a(n) ________ drive.
secondary
What takes a memory from sensory to short term memory
selective attention
According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in ________.
self-actualization
_______ is the aspect of consciousness that allows us to analyze what we're thinking and why
self-awareness
in Carl Roger's theory, our perception of our abilites, behaviors, and characteristics is known as ______
self-concept
A baseball player's son is quite talented; he has received lots of rewards over the years. When he gets up to bat he expects to get hit, and when he is in the field he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristics does this young man to seem to have?
self-efficacy
Electroconvulsive therapy is still used to treat
severe depression
according to ekman what is not a universal facial expression
shame
Lashonda is a gifted pianist and is looking for a boyfriend who loves music. Lashonda is focusing on which factor of interpersonal attraction?
similarity
Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of:
situational cause
A man with a paralyzing fear of heights has become unable to go upstairs or ride in an elevator. This is an example of:
situational context.
our ability to learn and form memeoties is greatly inhibited by
sleep deprivation
Last night, Kayla thought she was awakened by a noise she heard outside of her bedroom door. As she tried to get up to see what was going on, she couldn't move. She tried to scream out and couldn't make a sound. After several minutes, she was finally able to sit up and wondered what had just happened. The best explanation for Kayla's experience, according to sleep researchers, is that she experienced ______.
sleep paralysis during REM sleep
according to the facial feedback hypothesis, if you would like to make yourself feel more happy you should
smile
what component of hunger is most likely contributing to the fact that sometimes a person who has just had a late breakfast will still feel hungry at noon
social
Assigning a person you have just met to a category based on characteristics they have in common with other people or groups whom you have had prior experience with is called
social categorization.
Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is in her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience:
social facilitation
Tyonna hates to exercise. However, when she does go to the gym and others are there exercising around her, she becomes completely motivated. Tyonna's change in behavior could be due to the effect of ______.
social facilitation
As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings and thoughts are often guided by:
social influence
As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings, and thoughts are often guided by:
social influence.
Each student in Dr. Boyd's class was assigned to a group to complete a service learning project. Dennis, who believed the task to be quite overwhelming, decided not to participate as much as the other group members. As a result of his lack of group participation, Dr. Boyd required Dennis to work alone, which actually caused him to work harder. Dennis' behavior can be best characterized as ______.
social loafing
The visual cliff experiment showed that babies have:
some depth perception
The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because:
some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch, but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion.
If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the:
source, message, and target audience.
Memories made in certain state and recalled better in that same state are known as
state-dependent memories
Methamphetamine is an example of a
stimulant
Ecstacy is classified as a
stimulatory hallucinogenic
what is the sequence of events in emotional response according to the cannon-bard theory
stimulus> subcortical activity> emotion and physiological changes
Which stage of memory is missing? Encoding>_________>Retrieval
storage
when sarah failed her first semester of college, she began to eat a lot of junk, cry every night, and she took up smoking. sarah is exhibiting signs of
stress
A person who experiences a great deal of ______ in his or her daily routine or behaviors may be displaying a sign of behavioral abnormality.
subjective discomfort
Tyrone exhibits behavior that causes him great distress, inhibits his ability to function well throughout the day, and at times proves to be harmful to his health. Based on the characteristics of Tyrone's behavior, Tyrone appears to be suffering from ______.
subjective discomfort
which of the following is the appropriate definition of psychosurgrey
surgrey that is performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders
Brandon developed a particular reflects after early infancy was reflects might he have developed
synaptic pruning
Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object?
systematic desensitization
Instinctive drift
tendency for an animal that is being trained by operant conditioning to revert to instinctive patterns of behavior rather than the trained behavior
Extinction
the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)
Temperament refers to
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
what latin word connects both motive and motivation
the latin word for move
Operant conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
the lateral hypothalamus may be involved in
the onset of eating
intergration
the original identity maintained, but form s positive relationships with members of dominant culture (lowest stress)
what is an advantage of using operant conditioning in treating undesirable behaviors
the results are quickly obtained
What is not a current criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory
the significant impact it has had on culture
primary drives are influenced by what
the stimuli within the body
Insight
the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
What evidence of insight did Kohler find?
the sudden perception of the relationships among elements of a problem, in chimpanzees
Partial reinforcement effect
the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction
Learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
Stimulus discrimination
the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
in token economy, what role does the token play in shaping behavior
the tokens are used to reinforce the desired behavior
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
Behavior modification
the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
Token economy
the use of objects to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time
Cognitive-meditational theory
theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction
Cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory)
theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced
Facial feedback hypothesis
theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion
which of the following is a limitation of humanistic therapy
there is not enough empirical research to support its basic ideas
homeostasis is like a
thermostat
what is not the criticism of projective tests
they a projection of the person's unconscious concern
the biological explanation for mood disorders
they are a result of an imbalance of brain chemicals
what statement represent the more cognitive view of personality disorder
they are due to the belief systems formed by the personality disordered person
which of the following is an advantage of cognitive-behavioral therapies
they are less expensive and short-term than typical insight therapies
what is an advantage to using personality inventories
they are standardized
in what way is the new class of antidepressants known as the SSRIs an improvement over the older type of antidepressants
they have fewer side effects
In the Latane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were most likely to report the smoke when:
they were the only ones in the room.
According to Maslow, peak experiences are
times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved.
what is a major goal of gestalt therapist
to help clients become more aware of their own feelings
what is the goal of cognitive therapy
to help people change their ways of thinking
What is the goal of family counseling?
to treat family members as interacting parts of the whole unit, to discover unhealthy ways members interact, and to teach healthier, more productive means of interaction
In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter:
told them that they had to continue
The __________ differs from the other perspectives of personality theory in its basic goals.
trait perspective
The fact that an outgoing extravert might be very talkative at a party but very quiet at a funeral is an example of
trait-situation interaction
Jean traveled to England to undergo a procedure that she was told could cure her of her depression. She was informed by the surgeon that it would involve the drilling of a hole in her skull to help relieve pressure on a certain area of her brain, thus reducing her symptoms of depression. The procedure that Jean would undergo is called ______.
trephining
an ancient method which attempted to cure psychological disorders by drilling holes in the skull is called
triephining
romantic love
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion
scapegoats are:
typically member of the out-group
What is Philippe Pinel famous for?
unchaining inmates in a Paris asylum and beginning the humane treatment movement
Maurice has parents who support him no matter what. They continually show him nothing but love, respect, and affection, expecting nothing in return. Carl Rogers might say that Maurice's parents are demonstrating _______.
unconditional positive regard
Rogers believed that ______________ was vital to a person's ability to achieve self-actualization.
unconditional positive regard
While on a dinner date, John tells the waitress that he'd like to order a number "sex." Freud would more than likely propose that John's misstatement was a product of his _______ mind.
unconscious
information that cannot be recalled even when a person makes a determined effort to retrieve it would be said by Freud to be raising in the ____
unconscious
Freud used dreams as a way to get at patients'
unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood
when etta grew very ill an unable to care for herself at home, her son sent her to a nursing home to be monitored around the clock. etta because very uncomfortable with the situation due to her level of
uncontrollability
what country would not be considered a collectivist country according to the studies by Geert Hofsrede
united states
which of the following is the best example of biomedical therapy
use of antidepressants to treat depression
Biofeedback
using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control
In meddle age, sexual functioning:
usually does not decline
In middle age, sexual functioning:
usually does not decline
Flipping through channels before you find a show to watch
variable-ratio
Getting a strike in bowling
variable-ratio
Which structure or organ is thought to be responsible for stopping the eating response when glucose levels go up?
ventromedial hypothalamus
Sheri's coworker, Stephanie, is very afraid of spiders and screams every time she sees one in the warehouse. After a few weeks of working closely with Stephanie in the warehouse, Sheri is afraid of spiders, too. This is an example of:
vicarious conditioning
On Sara's walk to campus one morning, she was thinking about what a nice say it was, how many people were already on campus, and how she had to stop by the bookstore on her way to class. Sara was experiencing
waking consciousness
A person who learns the name of tropical fish while underwater is most likely to remember the name of that fish
when underwater again
The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group
with the least power.
job stress
work load, lack of control, lack of job security, work schedule, low job satisfaction, burnout
You just finished a cup of very strong coffee, which causes your body to have a general feeling of arousal. That afternoon you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside. According to Schachter and Singer, what could occur
your emotion would be sad since the context would affect your labeling
