ap psych chapter 18

relationship-motived leader

a leader who provides loose supervision, asks for group members ideas. and is concerned with subordinate's feelings

task-motivated leader

a leader who provides supervision, leads by directives, and generally discourages group discussion

groupthink

a pattern of thinking in which group members fail to evaluate realistically the wisdom of various options and decisions

bystander effect

a phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decrease as the number of people present increases

social facilitation

a phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a persons performance

frustration-aggression hypothesis

a proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior

deindividuation

a psychological state occurring in group members that results in loss of individuality and a tendency to do things not normally done when alone

social impairment/ interference

a reduction in performance due to the presence of other people

social dilemmas

a situation which actions that produce rewards for one individual will produce negative consequences if adopted by everyone

prisoners dilemmas

a social dilemma scenario in which mutual cooperation guarantees the best mutual outcome

zero-sum game

a social situation in which one persons gains are subtracted from another persons resources so that the sum of the gains and losses is zero

arousal: cost-reward theory

a theory attributing peoples helping behavior to their efforts to reduce the unpleasant arousal they feel in the face of someones need or suffering

empathy-altruism theory

a theory suggestion that people help others because of empathy with their needs

compliance

adjusting ones behavior because of an explicit or implicit request

aggression

an act that is intended to cause harm to another person

alturism

an unselfish concern for another persons welfare

d

annette is in a group of young musicians all of whom wear black hats with big ears and black and white outfits with letters M-I-C-K-E-Y on them. she feels part of the group. one day, the musicisians destroy their band equipment. she gets caught up in the craziness of the moment and believes that nobody will hoe her personally responsible for the destruction. she participated in the destruction becuase of a group phenomenon called a-social facilitation b-social interference c-group externalization d-deindividuation e-the by-stander effect

helping behavior

any act that is intended to benefit another person

cooperation

any type of behavior in which people work together to attain a goal

e

ashley sang and danced perfectly while rehearsing by herself for her concert. when it was time for her to actually perform in front of a large audience, ashley forgot some of her lyrics and dance steps. this is an example of social a-development b-facilitation c-loafing d-learning e-impairment

competition

behavior in which individuals try to attain a goal for themselves while denying that goal to others

obedience

changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure

conformity

changing ones behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagines, though unspoken, group pressure

thats not all technique

compliance technique making offer and adding something extra to make the offer look better before person decides

social loafing

exerting less effort when performing a group task then when performing the same task alone

low ball approach

first step of the strategy is to obtain a persons oral commitment to do something.

injunctive norms

give more specific information about the actions that others find acceptable and those that they find unacceptable

diffusion of responsibility

idea that "it's not my problem" and passing responsibility to another; results from presence of others

a

in a tug of war competition, teniel pulled much harder on the rope when competing as an individual than when she competed as a member of a team.this phenomenon is knows as a-social loafing b-cognitive dissonance c-social facilitation d-group polarization e-social referencing

descriptive norms

indicate how most other people actually behave in a given situation. they tell us what actions are common in the situation and thereby implicitly give us permission to act the same way

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

transformational leader

leader who concentrates on creating vision of group's goals, inspiring people to pursue vision, and giving followers reason to respect and admire them - ex: Martin Luther King, Jr.

transactional leader

leader whose behavior depends on actions of people they lead - ex: reward people who behave as leader wishes, punishes people who behave otherwise

door in the face procedure

offers a second way of obtaining compliance. strategy begins with a request for a favor that is likely to be denied. the person making the request then concedes that asking for the initial favor was excessive and substitutes a lesser alternative, which was what the person really wanted in the first place

public goods dilemma

resource dilemma in which people have to decide how much to contribute to common resource - ex: taxes

commons dilemmas

resource dilemma in which people have to decide how much to take from a common resource - ex: All farmers want to draw water for their crops from the same lake.

resource dillemmas

social dilemma in which there are built-in conflicts between interests of individual and of group and also between people's short- and long-term interests; 2 types: commons and public goods

norms

socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do in various situations

social influence

the process whereby one person's behavior is affected by the words or actions of others

implicit

the request is clear and you take hints someone needs help or a favor by someone simply looking at you a certain way

explicit

the request is clear like when someone asks "could you do me a favor"

conflict

the result of a persons or groups belief that another person or group stands in the way of their achieving a valued goal

environmental psychology & aggression

the study of the relationship between behavior and the physical environment

social impact theory

theory that a group must consist of at least 3 people and be admirable or relatable in some way to increase conformity

excitation transfer

transfer process of arousal from one experience carrying over to an independent situation - ex: arousal from jogging may make you more sensitive to insult

e

when you are in a restaurant, you probably will not belch because of a-social facilitation b-social debilitation c-social attribution d-social referencing e-social norms

kitty genovese

woman who was murdered in her apartment complex while over 40 neighbors heard the incident, but didn't call the police; illustrates bystander effect and diffusion of responsibilit

foot in the door technique

works by getting a person to agree to a small request and then gradually presenting larger ones, example: salesman