ap psych chapter 18
relationship-motived leader
a leader who provides loose supervision, asks for group members ideas. and is concerned with subordinate's feelings
task-motivated leader
a leader who provides supervision, leads by directives, and generally discourages group discussion
groupthink
a pattern of thinking in which group members fail to evaluate realistically the wisdom of various options and decisions
bystander effect
a phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decrease as the number of people present increases
social facilitation
a phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a persons performance
frustration-aggression hypothesis
a proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior
deindividuation
a psychological state occurring in group members that results in loss of individuality and a tendency to do things not normally done when alone
social impairment/ interference
a reduction in performance due to the presence of other people
social dilemmas
a situation which actions that produce rewards for one individual will produce negative consequences if adopted by everyone
prisoners dilemmas
a social dilemma scenario in which mutual cooperation guarantees the best mutual outcome
zero-sum game
a social situation in which one persons gains are subtracted from another persons resources so that the sum of the gains and losses is zero
arousal: cost-reward theory
a theory attributing peoples helping behavior to their efforts to reduce the unpleasant arousal they feel in the face of someones need or suffering
empathy-altruism theory
a theory suggestion that people help others because of empathy with their needs
compliance
adjusting ones behavior because of an explicit or implicit request
aggression
an act that is intended to cause harm to another person
alturism
an unselfish concern for another persons welfare
d
annette is in a group of young musicians all of whom wear black hats with big ears and black and white outfits with letters M-I-C-K-E-Y on them. she feels part of the group. one day, the musicisians destroy their band equipment. she gets caught up in the craziness of the moment and believes that nobody will hoe her personally responsible for the destruction. she participated in the destruction becuase of a group phenomenon called a-social facilitation b-social interference c-group externalization d-deindividuation e-the by-stander effect
helping behavior
any act that is intended to benefit another person
cooperation
any type of behavior in which people work together to attain a goal
e
ashley sang and danced perfectly while rehearsing by herself for her concert. when it was time for her to actually perform in front of a large audience, ashley forgot some of her lyrics and dance steps. this is an example of social a-development b-facilitation c-loafing d-learning e-impairment
competition
behavior in which individuals try to attain a goal for themselves while denying that goal to others
obedience
changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure
conformity
changing ones behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagines, though unspoken, group pressure
thats not all technique
compliance technique making offer and adding something extra to make the offer look better before person decides
social loafing
exerting less effort when performing a group task then when performing the same task alone
low ball approach
first step of the strategy is to obtain a persons oral commitment to do something.
injunctive norms
give more specific information about the actions that others find acceptable and those that they find unacceptable
diffusion of responsibility
idea that "it's not my problem" and passing responsibility to another; results from presence of others
a
in a tug of war competition, teniel pulled much harder on the rope when competing as an individual than when she competed as a member of a team.this phenomenon is knows as a-social loafing b-cognitive dissonance c-social facilitation d-group polarization e-social referencing
descriptive norms
indicate how most other people actually behave in a given situation. they tell us what actions are common in the situation and thereby implicitly give us permission to act the same way
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
transformational leader
leader who concentrates on creating vision of group's goals, inspiring people to pursue vision, and giving followers reason to respect and admire them - ex: Martin Luther King, Jr.
transactional leader
leader whose behavior depends on actions of people they lead - ex: reward people who behave as leader wishes, punishes people who behave otherwise
door in the face procedure
offers a second way of obtaining compliance. strategy begins with a request for a favor that is likely to be denied. the person making the request then concedes that asking for the initial favor was excessive and substitutes a lesser alternative, which was what the person really wanted in the first place
public goods dilemma
resource dilemma in which people have to decide how much to contribute to common resource - ex: taxes
commons dilemmas
resource dilemma in which people have to decide how much to take from a common resource - ex: All farmers want to draw water for their crops from the same lake.
resource dillemmas
social dilemma in which there are built-in conflicts between interests of individual and of group and also between people's short- and long-term interests; 2 types: commons and public goods
norms
socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do in various situations
social influence
the process whereby one person's behavior is affected by the words or actions of others
implicit
the request is clear and you take hints someone needs help or a favor by someone simply looking at you a certain way
explicit
the request is clear like when someone asks "could you do me a favor"
conflict
the result of a persons or groups belief that another person or group stands in the way of their achieving a valued goal
environmental psychology & aggression
the study of the relationship between behavior and the physical environment
social impact theory
theory that a group must consist of at least 3 people and be admirable or relatable in some way to increase conformity
excitation transfer
transfer process of arousal from one experience carrying over to an independent situation - ex: arousal from jogging may make you more sensitive to insult
e
when you are in a restaurant, you probably will not belch because of a-social facilitation b-social debilitation c-social attribution d-social referencing e-social norms
kitty genovese
woman who was murdered in her apartment complex while over 40 neighbors heard the incident, but didn't call the police; illustrates bystander effect and diffusion of responsibilit
foot in the door technique
works by getting a person to agree to a small request and then gradually presenting larger ones, example: salesman