AP Psych Exam

which of the following have been associated with increased violence?

toxic masculinity, honor culture, perceived slights, income inequality

Some DSM-5 categories are controversial

true

those with a mental illness are one of the most stigmatized groups in the US

true

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on

unconscious conflicts

which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction

variable ratio

who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as the "scientific study of observable behavior"

watson

based on the yerkes-dodson law when is the best time to do an easy mental task

when arousal is high

based on the yerkes-dodson law, when is the best time to take an exam

when arousal is low

which approach is most likely to adhere to instinct theory

evolutionary

the process of explaining others behavior is called

attribution

According to self-determination theory, people are most fulfilled when they satisfy which three fundamental needs?

autonomy, connection, and meaning

in classical conditioning behaviors are

elicted automatically by a stimulus

the cannon-bard theory of emotion states that

emotion arousing stimulus triggers our bodily responses and subjective experience at the same time

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, trely on observation and experimentation

empiricism

the process where information gets into the memory system is referred to as

encoding

which of the following refers to the failure to lay down information into the memory system?/

encoding failure

Ebbinghaus' research showed what?

encoding takes effort and attention

in memory experiments on free recall, the recency effect refers specifically to the

enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of

episodic memory

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines

even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect

attribution theory was designed to account for

how people explain others' behavior

What is an important predictor of attraction

proximity, mere exposure, and physical attractiveness

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians, who sometimes provide medical treatments

psychiatry

the use of medication to treat mental illness falls under which of the following

psychiatry

which of the following bet characterizes a person experiencing OCD?

Ben, who returns home several times to make sure the stove if off

an integral approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis

Biopsychosocial approach

Maria had been missing for five weeks. She was eventually found in another town 400 miles from her home. she had no memory of her former life, and was living with a different name. She was informed that her fiance had recently left her, but she had no memory of this. Maria may be most likely suffering from which disorder?

Dissociative fugue

Who used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind?

Edward Titchener

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?

attention

josh sat to maria in biology class every day. They often worked together on assignments. By the end of the semester, Josh became quite fond of Maria. which social psychological term best explains Josh' attraction to Maria

Mere-exposure effect

three of the most famous study authors in social psychology include

Milgrim, Asch, and Zimbardo

which of the following studies in the field of social psychology met with the greatest criticism about the ethical issues involved?

Stanley Milgrim's studies on obedience

the first psychological labratory was established by

Wilhelm Wundt

which is essential for operant conditioning to occur

a behavioral consequence

a cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. after a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. the treatment room has become

a conditioned stimulus

a generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by

a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic system arousal

the process by which one evalutates the causes of other people;s behavior is called

attribution

motivation is described as

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

in pavlov's experiments on dogs the bell he used was initially

a neutral stimulus

in the case of little albert the white rat represented what initially

a neutral stimulus

in the case of little albert, the white rat represented what initially?

a neutral stimulus

stimulus generalization is

a similar prompting the conditioned response

what represents stages of ostracism?

act of exclusion, coping, and resignation

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of

agoraphobia

the idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children;s modeling of their parents' prejudicial beiliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the theories of

albert bandera

a dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it recieved a food reward for this behavior. the dog's behavior is an example of

an operant response

a norm is

an understood rule for accepted and excepted behavior

edward thorndike was initially interest in

animal behavior

edward thorndike observed that

animals had no higher reasoning or logic

judith is aged 23, and weighs significantly lower than her health age range. She is obsessed with thin models and sees herself as overweight. her family and friends have been unable to convince her that she needs to gain wight. when judith looks in the mirror she sees an overweight person. which disorder is judith possible suffering from?

anorexia

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

applied research

priming, serial position effect and mood congruent memory are all

aspects of working memory

the basic idea behind operant conditioning is that the organism

associated responses with a consequence

the need to satisfy physiological needs is most likely located where in Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

at the bottom

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

basic research

contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of

behavior and mental processes

attitudes are comprised of

beliefs, emotions, and cognition

aggression in men and women has been linked to

biochemical imbalances

the Biopsychosocial approach emphasized which core concepts

biological influences, psychological influences, sociocultural influences

sexual motivation is influenced by what?

biological, socio cultural and psychological influences

Larissa is prone to excessive drinking and outward displays of impulsivity. When she starts new relationships, she dives in and the relationship consumes her. All of her relationships end badly due to her destructive behaviors and emotional instability. Larissa may be

borderline

kenneth is an average male, but has a tendency to stress eat. Sometimes he will eat until he throws up. He also has an obsession with food, and sometimes bakes all day. he occasionally eats what he bakes, but when he does, he throws it up and feels disgusted with himself. Kenneth may have

bulimia nervosa

to aid in recall we can use which concept

chunking

robert rescorlal's work showed that

classical conditioning has a cognitive component and there is active processing of the information

a branch oh psychology that studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders

clinical psychology

hindsight, and the self-serving bias are forms of

cognitive biases

smokers who quit, and then returned to smoking often engage in verbal and cognitive justificaton this is due to which concept?

cognitive dissonace

the discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

cognitive dissonance

During a test, Christ impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student. he felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying the answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explain why Abe adopted thsi new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparision lines was identical to a standard line. His research was desgned to study

conformity

because the most popular students in high school tend to wear a particular brand of yoga workout gear, a new student buy the same brand. Such behavior demonstrates which of the following social psychological concepts

conformity

a psychologist who works to help a person during life adjustments and changes may be refered to as

counseling psychologist

False beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia are called

delusions

what is the most common symptom of dementia

deterioration of memory

which of the following is reduced during fight or flight response?

digestion

Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by

disorganized and fragmented thinking

albert bandera's most famous experiment involved

displayed aggression, latent learning, children observing adult behavior

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

dispositional attribution

a fugue state and amnesia are commonly associated with which mental disorder

dissociative disorders

which of the following is an aroused state created by physiological needs

drive

after school, george and his friends complain of intense hunger. they go to george's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior

drive reduction

what theory suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?

drive reduction

the idea that eating and drinking reduce a physiological need falls under

drive reduction theory

a common feature of those with Dissociative Identity Disorder

early childhood sexual of physical abuse

a researcher who studies how students would learn best would be considered a

educational psychologist

Edward Titchener argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outsomes are less likely to be repeated. this became known as the law of

effect

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.

evolutionary

which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?

evolutionary

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

experimental psychology

Whenever Sarah's mother answered the phone, Sarah would yell for her mother's attention and her mother would end the phone conversation. Then Sarah's mother began ignoring Sarah's yelling and eventually Sarah stopped behaving that way. The change in Sarah's behavior is an example of

extinction

Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

extrinsic motivation

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

extrinsic motivation

the facial feedback effects shows that

facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings and signal our body to respond accordingly

extinction of a response is an unlearning of the response

false

flashbulb memories are more accurate than normal memories

false

peripheral route persuasion results in stronger, longer lasting attitude change

false

what plays a role in the development and onset of schizophrenia?

fetal virus interactions, genetic factors, psychological factors like family environment, fathers age

charles darwin referred to our evolutionary programmed behavior as

fixed action patterns

a rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. the rat is being rewarded using which reinforcement schedule

fixed ratio

emotionally charged memories are often referred to as

flashbulb memories

what is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

flat affect

Watson's Little Albert Experiment was criticized for its

flawed design, ethical issues, failure to extinguish fears and its subjectiveness

which of the following are factors that affect the strength of a classically conditioned response

frequency and timing

William James was a prominent American

functionalist

what are appetite hormones

ghrelin, insulin, leptin, orexin, PYY

seeing disturbing monsters would be an ________. Believing that you are christopher columbus would be a_____.

hallucination; delusion

Humanistic psychologist focused on attention on the importance of

healthy growth potential

ebbinghaus is most famous for

his forgetting curve

cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race. What is this example of

homeostasis

what is a concept that explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?

homeostasis

which region of the brain is responsible for bodily function maintenance

hypothalamus

the association of good, positive traits with good looking people is referred to as

implicit personality theory

How normal people engage in acts of cruelty is the one aspect of Social Psychology. Which process can come into play to give rise to abuse and cruelty?

in-group/out-group, dehumanization and discrimination

failing to believe that they may belong, some children may develop what?

insecure anxious attachment

what is an unlearned, complex behavior exhibited by all members of a species

instinct

the preception that we control our own fate is also called

internal locus of control

The self-reflective observation of one's own sensation and feelings is called

introspection

the fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people are

irresponsible and unmotivated

when faced with a threatening stimuli, the thalamus to amygdala pathway

is a neural pathway shortcut, an evolutionary advatage, and activates your brain's alarm system

an animal will gain weight when

its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

who was instrumental in the development of classical conditioning?

ivan pavlov

Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called

latent learning

in the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. the second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. in the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. the learning that ocurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called

latent learning

what is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

learning

in a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two group. she asks group A to count the letters in each word and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each words for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words that par. in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in

levels in processing

a basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is

limited in capacity

eric kandel used the aplysia snail to show

long term potentiation results in physiological brain changes

those people who may be good at logic and reasoning, but struggle with understanding others mental states may be referred to as

low in emotional intelligence

personality disorders, such as narcissistic personality and borderline personality disorder are marked by which central tendency?

maladaptive traits

the major characteristics of dissociative disorders is a disturbance of

memory

electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce what

memory loss

E loftus has shown that false information provided to study participants results in what process

misinformation effect

Henry Molaison received surgery to prevent dangerous epileptic seizures. The results of this procedure showed that

new explicit memories are formed in the Hippocampus

steve hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. His behavior exemplifies the imporatnce of

normative social influence

albert bandera research focused on

observational learning

Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing

obsessive-compulsive disorder

out group homogeneity stems from

one group bias

Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or heart palpitations are most characteristic of

panic disorder

a celebrity used in a marketing campaign for perfume is an example of

peripheral route persuasion

The fast assessment of another person is referred to as

person perception

the personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an American

physician

emotion is comprised of

physiological arousal, expressive behvaiors, and conscious experience

a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

positive psychology

evidence suggests that _____ contributes to schizophrenia

prenatal viral infections

Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as

procedural

a sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory?

procedural

altruism falls under which concept

prosocial behavior

the psychoanalytic concepts of repression suggest a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory?

retrieval

self disclosure is

romantic love passionate love revealing intimate parts of ourselves to others based on proximity and attraction

In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a "word salad"?

schizophrenia

Mr. Kalish, a long-term government employee, falsely believed that his supervisor was a communist agent who was putting poison in the employees' coffee. When Mr. Kalish was referred to a psychiatrist, he claimed to be the grandson of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Kalish is most likely suffering from

schizophrenia

Money most often modifies people's behavior because it is a powerful

secondary reinforcer

individuals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are deeply democratic in nature and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham maslow

self-actualized

consistent with darwin's theory of emotion, emotions

serve an evolutionary purpose

the settling of bodily weight around a specific level is referred to as the

set point

masters and johnson's research resulted in what concept?

sexual dysfunction

classical conditioning can be used to explain what

sexual fetishes

raul wants to teach daughter how to tie her shoes. first he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistenly, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. he continues the pattern until she can do all the step required to tie her shoes. what are raul's actions an example of?

shaping

in Philip Zimbardo's Standford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The results showed that

situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity

in Philip Zimbardo's stanford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The result showed that

situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity

The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of

social circumstances and psychological factors

marissa is a good racquetball player whose performance seems to improve as the crowd watching her gets larger. Her change in performance is an example of

social facilitaion

jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. unfortunately, jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. now jeffs children use bad language. this can be explained by

social learning theory

in a group project at a university, some members of the group are doing less work than their peers, and relying on others to finish the project. This is an examplle of what social behavior?

social loafing

Which of the following focus on how we think about, influence and relate to one another?

social psychologist

albert bandera showed that we can learn

social scripts for violence

the scientific study of how situation and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

socio-cultural psychology

early school of thought promoted by Titchener, used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

structuralism

which type of prejudice refers to the opinions people may keep to themselves?

subtle

john garcia's work showed that

taster aversion can be learn, even after time has passed

what hormone seems to be most closely linked with aggressive behavior

testosterone

the incentive motivation theory argues

that our behaviors are based on reward factors

Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal model argues taht

that the cognitive appraisal is the main element in emotions

what is a benefit from the Biopsychosocial Approach?

the Biopsychosocial approach offers a ways to diagnose and treat illness and disorders

the behaviorists believe that

the basic laws of learning are the same for all species

the tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another behavior is called

the fundamental attribution erros

that the brain registers emotionaly social pain as physical pain is indicative of

the importance of our need to belong

classical condition is

the learning of associations between stimuli

Obedience to authority when authority figure is asking someone to shock another person is highest when

the person giving the orders is an authority figure from a prestigious institution

in classical conditioning frequency of pairing affects

the strength of the response and connection made

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is

the tendency to comply with a large request after first complying with a smaller one

the feeling that you know someone's name but cannot quite recall it , is an example of

the tip of the tongue phenomenon

If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence?

the will be unable to learn a maze

pail ekman's work shows that

there are basic facial expressions that are innate

in 1942, reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obediant when

they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures

what are contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning

they take into account cognitive processes like expectancy

in classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds

to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

an individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances

when the bystander is the only other person present

the early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by

william james

in elizabeth loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident. the major influence on recall was the

wording of questions the students were asked about the accident

alan baddeley and others challenged to a view of short-term memory as a brief storage space, by adding which concept

working memory