AP Psych Exam
which of the following have been associated with increased violence?
toxic masculinity, honor culture, perceived slights, income inequality
Some DSM-5 categories are controversial
true
those with a mental illness are one of the most stigmatized groups in the US
true
The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on
unconscious conflicts
which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction
variable ratio
who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as the "scientific study of observable behavior"
watson
based on the yerkes-dodson law when is the best time to do an easy mental task
when arousal is high
based on the yerkes-dodson law, when is the best time to take an exam
when arousal is low
which approach is most likely to adhere to instinct theory
evolutionary
the process of explaining others behavior is called
attribution
According to self-determination theory, people are most fulfilled when they satisfy which three fundamental needs?
autonomy, connection, and meaning
in classical conditioning behaviors are
elicted automatically by a stimulus
the cannon-bard theory of emotion states that
emotion arousing stimulus triggers our bodily responses and subjective experience at the same time
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, trely on observation and experimentation
empiricism
the process where information gets into the memory system is referred to as
encoding
which of the following refers to the failure to lay down information into the memory system?/
encoding failure
Ebbinghaus' research showed what?
encoding takes effort and attention
in memory experiments on free recall, the recency effect refers specifically to the
enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words
Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of
episodic memory
Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect
attribution theory was designed to account for
how people explain others' behavior
What is an important predictor of attraction
proximity, mere exposure, and physical attractiveness
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians, who sometimes provide medical treatments
psychiatry
the use of medication to treat mental illness falls under which of the following
psychiatry
which of the following bet characterizes a person experiencing OCD?
Ben, who returns home several times to make sure the stove if off
an integral approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis
Biopsychosocial approach
Maria had been missing for five weeks. She was eventually found in another town 400 miles from her home. she had no memory of her former life, and was living with a different name. She was informed that her fiance had recently left her, but she had no memory of this. Maria may be most likely suffering from which disorder?
Dissociative fugue
Who used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind?
Edward Titchener
Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?
attention
josh sat to maria in biology class every day. They often worked together on assignments. By the end of the semester, Josh became quite fond of Maria. which social psychological term best explains Josh' attraction to Maria
Mere-exposure effect
three of the most famous study authors in social psychology include
Milgrim, Asch, and Zimbardo
which of the following studies in the field of social psychology met with the greatest criticism about the ethical issues involved?
Stanley Milgrim's studies on obedience
the first psychological labratory was established by
Wilhelm Wundt
which is essential for operant conditioning to occur
a behavioral consequence
a cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. after a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. the treatment room has become
a conditioned stimulus
a generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by
a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic system arousal
the process by which one evalutates the causes of other people;s behavior is called
attribution
motivation is described as
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
in pavlov's experiments on dogs the bell he used was initially
a neutral stimulus
in the case of little albert the white rat represented what initially
a neutral stimulus
in the case of little albert, the white rat represented what initially?
a neutral stimulus
stimulus generalization is
a similar prompting the conditioned response
what represents stages of ostracism?
act of exclusion, coping, and resignation
Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of
agoraphobia
the idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children;s modeling of their parents' prejudicial beiliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the theories of
albert bandera
a dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it recieved a food reward for this behavior. the dog's behavior is an example of
an operant response
a norm is
an understood rule for accepted and excepted behavior
edward thorndike was initially interest in
animal behavior
edward thorndike observed that
animals had no higher reasoning or logic
judith is aged 23, and weighs significantly lower than her health age range. She is obsessed with thin models and sees herself as overweight. her family and friends have been unable to convince her that she needs to gain wight. when judith looks in the mirror she sees an overweight person. which disorder is judith possible suffering from?
anorexia
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
applied research
priming, serial position effect and mood congruent memory are all
aspects of working memory
the basic idea behind operant conditioning is that the organism
associated responses with a consequence
the need to satisfy physiological needs is most likely located where in Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
at the bottom
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
basic research
contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes
attitudes are comprised of
beliefs, emotions, and cognition
aggression in men and women has been linked to
biochemical imbalances
the Biopsychosocial approach emphasized which core concepts
biological influences, psychological influences, sociocultural influences
sexual motivation is influenced by what?
biological, socio cultural and psychological influences
Larissa is prone to excessive drinking and outward displays of impulsivity. When she starts new relationships, she dives in and the relationship consumes her. All of her relationships end badly due to her destructive behaviors and emotional instability. Larissa may be
borderline
kenneth is an average male, but has a tendency to stress eat. Sometimes he will eat until he throws up. He also has an obsession with food, and sometimes bakes all day. he occasionally eats what he bakes, but when he does, he throws it up and feels disgusted with himself. Kenneth may have
bulimia nervosa
to aid in recall we can use which concept
chunking
robert rescorlal's work showed that
classical conditioning has a cognitive component and there is active processing of the information
a branch oh psychology that studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders
clinical psychology
hindsight, and the self-serving bias are forms of
cognitive biases
smokers who quit, and then returned to smoking often engage in verbal and cognitive justificaton this is due to which concept?
cognitive dissonace
the discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
cognitive dissonance
During a test, Christ impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student. he felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying the answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explain why Abe adopted thsi new attitude?
cognitive dissonance theory
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparision lines was identical to a standard line. His research was desgned to study
conformity
because the most popular students in high school tend to wear a particular brand of yoga workout gear, a new student buy the same brand. Such behavior demonstrates which of the following social psychological concepts
conformity
a psychologist who works to help a person during life adjustments and changes may be refered to as
counseling psychologist
False beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia are called
delusions
what is the most common symptom of dementia
deterioration of memory
which of the following is reduced during fight or flight response?
digestion
Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by
disorganized and fragmented thinking
albert bandera's most famous experiment involved
displayed aggression, latent learning, children observing adult behavior
Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of
dispositional attribution
a fugue state and amnesia are commonly associated with which mental disorder
dissociative disorders
which of the following is an aroused state created by physiological needs
drive
after school, george and his friends complain of intense hunger. they go to george's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior
drive reduction
what theory suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?
drive reduction
the idea that eating and drinking reduce a physiological need falls under
drive reduction theory
a common feature of those with Dissociative Identity Disorder
early childhood sexual of physical abuse
a researcher who studies how students would learn best would be considered a
educational psychologist
Edward Titchener argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outsomes are less likely to be repeated. this became known as the law of
effect
Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.
evolutionary
which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?
evolutionary
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
experimental psychology
Whenever Sarah's mother answered the phone, Sarah would yell for her mother's attention and her mother would end the phone conversation. Then Sarah's mother began ignoring Sarah's yelling and eventually Sarah stopped behaving that way. The change in Sarah's behavior is an example of
extinction
Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of
extrinsic motivation
Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on
extrinsic motivation
the facial feedback effects shows that
facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings and signal our body to respond accordingly
extinction of a response is an unlearning of the response
false
flashbulb memories are more accurate than normal memories
false
peripheral route persuasion results in stronger, longer lasting attitude change
false
what plays a role in the development and onset of schizophrenia?
fetal virus interactions, genetic factors, psychological factors like family environment, fathers age
charles darwin referred to our evolutionary programmed behavior as
fixed action patterns
a rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. the rat is being rewarded using which reinforcement schedule
fixed ratio
emotionally charged memories are often referred to as
flashbulb memories
what is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
flat affect
Watson's Little Albert Experiment was criticized for its
flawed design, ethical issues, failure to extinguish fears and its subjectiveness
which of the following are factors that affect the strength of a classically conditioned response
frequency and timing
William James was a prominent American
functionalist
what are appetite hormones
ghrelin, insulin, leptin, orexin, PYY
seeing disturbing monsters would be an ________. Believing that you are christopher columbus would be a_____.
hallucination; delusion
Humanistic psychologist focused on attention on the importance of
healthy growth potential
ebbinghaus is most famous for
his forgetting curve
cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race. What is this example of
homeostasis
what is a concept that explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?
homeostasis
which region of the brain is responsible for bodily function maintenance
hypothalamus
the association of good, positive traits with good looking people is referred to as
implicit personality theory
How normal people engage in acts of cruelty is the one aspect of Social Psychology. Which process can come into play to give rise to abuse and cruelty?
in-group/out-group, dehumanization and discrimination
failing to believe that they may belong, some children may develop what?
insecure anxious attachment
what is an unlearned, complex behavior exhibited by all members of a species
instinct
the preception that we control our own fate is also called
internal locus of control
The self-reflective observation of one's own sensation and feelings is called
introspection
the fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people are
irresponsible and unmotivated
when faced with a threatening stimuli, the thalamus to amygdala pathway
is a neural pathway shortcut, an evolutionary advatage, and activates your brain's alarm system
an animal will gain weight when
its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged
who was instrumental in the development of classical conditioning?
ivan pavlov
Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called
latent learning
in the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. the second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. in the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. the learning that ocurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called
latent learning
what is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
learning
in a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two group. she asks group A to count the letters in each word and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each words for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words that par. in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in
levels in processing
a basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is
limited in capacity
eric kandel used the aplysia snail to show
long term potentiation results in physiological brain changes
those people who may be good at logic and reasoning, but struggle with understanding others mental states may be referred to as
low in emotional intelligence
personality disorders, such as narcissistic personality and borderline personality disorder are marked by which central tendency?
maladaptive traits
the major characteristics of dissociative disorders is a disturbance of
memory
electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce what
memory loss
E loftus has shown that false information provided to study participants results in what process
misinformation effect
Henry Molaison received surgery to prevent dangerous epileptic seizures. The results of this procedure showed that
new explicit memories are formed in the Hippocampus
steve hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. His behavior exemplifies the imporatnce of
normative social influence
albert bandera research focused on
observational learning
Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing
obsessive-compulsive disorder
out group homogeneity stems from
one group bias
Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or heart palpitations are most characteristic of
panic disorder
a celebrity used in a marketing campaign for perfume is an example of
peripheral route persuasion
The fast assessment of another person is referred to as
person perception
the personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an American
physician
emotion is comprised of
physiological arousal, expressive behvaiors, and conscious experience
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
positive psychology
evidence suggests that _____ contributes to schizophrenia
prenatal viral infections
Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as
procedural
a sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory?
procedural
altruism falls under which concept
prosocial behavior
the psychoanalytic concepts of repression suggest a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory?
retrieval
self disclosure is
romantic love passionate love revealing intimate parts of ourselves to others based on proximity and attraction
In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a "word salad"?
schizophrenia
Mr. Kalish, a long-term government employee, falsely believed that his supervisor was a communist agent who was putting poison in the employees' coffee. When Mr. Kalish was referred to a psychiatrist, he claimed to be the grandson of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Kalish is most likely suffering from
schizophrenia
Money most often modifies people's behavior because it is a powerful
secondary reinforcer
individuals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are deeply democratic in nature and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham maslow
self-actualized
consistent with darwin's theory of emotion, emotions
serve an evolutionary purpose
the settling of bodily weight around a specific level is referred to as the
set point
masters and johnson's research resulted in what concept?
sexual dysfunction
classical conditioning can be used to explain what
sexual fetishes
raul wants to teach daughter how to tie her shoes. first he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistenly, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. he continues the pattern until she can do all the step required to tie her shoes. what are raul's actions an example of?
shaping
in Philip Zimbardo's Standford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The results showed that
situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity
in Philip Zimbardo's stanford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The result showed that
situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity
The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of
social circumstances and psychological factors
marissa is a good racquetball player whose performance seems to improve as the crowd watching her gets larger. Her change in performance is an example of
social facilitaion
jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. unfortunately, jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. now jeffs children use bad language. this can be explained by
social learning theory
in a group project at a university, some members of the group are doing less work than their peers, and relying on others to finish the project. This is an examplle of what social behavior?
social loafing
Which of the following focus on how we think about, influence and relate to one another?
social psychologist
albert bandera showed that we can learn
social scripts for violence
the scientific study of how situation and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
socio-cultural psychology
early school of thought promoted by Titchener, used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
structuralism
which type of prejudice refers to the opinions people may keep to themselves?
subtle
john garcia's work showed that
taster aversion can be learn, even after time has passed
what hormone seems to be most closely linked with aggressive behavior
testosterone
the incentive motivation theory argues
that our behaviors are based on reward factors
Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal model argues taht
that the cognitive appraisal is the main element in emotions
what is a benefit from the Biopsychosocial Approach?
the Biopsychosocial approach offers a ways to diagnose and treat illness and disorders
the behaviorists believe that
the basic laws of learning are the same for all species
the tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another behavior is called
the fundamental attribution erros
that the brain registers emotionaly social pain as physical pain is indicative of
the importance of our need to belong
classical condition is
the learning of associations between stimuli
Obedience to authority when authority figure is asking someone to shock another person is highest when
the person giving the orders is an authority figure from a prestigious institution
in classical conditioning frequency of pairing affects
the strength of the response and connection made
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is
the tendency to comply with a large request after first complying with a smaller one
the feeling that you know someone's name but cannot quite recall it , is an example of
the tip of the tongue phenomenon
If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence?
the will be unable to learn a maze
pail ekman's work shows that
there are basic facial expressions that are innate
in 1942, reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obediant when
they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures
what are contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning
they take into account cognitive processes like expectancy
in classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds
to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
an individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances
when the bystander is the only other person present
the early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by
william james
in elizabeth loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident. the major influence on recall was the
wording of questions the students were asked about the accident
alan baddeley and others challenged to a view of short-term memory as a brief storage space, by adding which concept
working memory