ap psych module 16 test

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researchers found that 40 percent of people focused on repeating a list of challenging words failed to notice a change in the person speaking. this best illustrates

change blindness

trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking carefully at each element in the picture and trying to form an image employs which kind of perceptual process?

bottom-up processing

when jason briefly turned to summon the waiter, his wife quickly switched her glass of red wine with his glass of white wine. jason's failure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best illustrates

change blindness

sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.

detection; interpretation

some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee. this best illustrates the importance of

difference thresholds

weber's law is relevant to an understanding of

difference thresholds

sensory adaptation refers to

diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

in one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. this illustrated

inattentional blindness

standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. as a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. jerry most clearly suffered

inattentional blindness

why is transduction important to sensation?

it converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages.

the constant quivering movements of our eyes enable us to

minimize sensory adaptation.

as the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. this process best illustrates

perception

the process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called

perception

in experiments, an image is quickly flashed and then replaced by a masking stimulus that inhibits conscious perception of the original image. in these experiments, the researchers are studying the effects of

priming

as you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. the rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit the information to the brain. this process best illustrates

sensation

the detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called

sensation

the process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system is called

sensation

hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.

sensation; perception

after listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. this best illustrates

sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as

sensory adaptation

audiotapes of soothing ocean sounds accompanied by faint and imperceptible verbal messages designed to increase a desire to lose weight best illustrate

subliminal stimulation

news about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on people's feelings of being thirsty involved false claims regarding

subliminal stimulation

standing atop a mountain on an utterly dark, clear night, most of us would see a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away. this best illustrates

the absolute threshold

charles and his wife are at a loud baseball game, yet are able to have a conversation with each other in spite of all the noise around them. which principle best explains this scenario?

the cocktail party effect

the ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called

the cocktail party effect

heather sellers suffers from prosopagnosia and is unable to recognize her own face in a mirror. her difficulty stems from a deficiency in

top-down processing

our experiences, assumptions, and expectations may give us a perceptual set that influences what we perceive. this is an example of

top-down processing

patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. this best illustrates the importance of

top-down processing

the effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of

top-down processing

as jeff reads his psychology textbook he is able to convert the light waves into signals that his brain can interpret due to the concept of

transduction

the local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. the process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of

transduction

the process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called

transduction

those who believe in the value of subliminal audiotapes would be wrong to claim that

unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive.

if we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object, the object would probably

vanish from sight

giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make giulio's bag feel heavier. this best illustrates

weber's law

the principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as

weber's law

the pop-out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger

selective inattention

a subliminal message is one that is presented

below one's absolute threshold for awareness.

if the just-noticeable difference for a 10-ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s).

8

natalia is washing her hands, and she adjusts the faucet handle until the water feels just slightly hotter than it did before. natalia's adjustment until she feels the change in temperature is an example of

a difference threshold

when informed that a brief imperceptible message would be flashed repeatedly during a popular tv program, many viewers reported feeling strangely hungry or thirsty during the show. since the imperceptible message had nothing to do with hunger or thirst, viewers' strange reactions best illustrate

a placebo effect

although manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. apparently, manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.

absolute threshold

during a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that mr. antall could hardly detect them. these sounds were below mr. antall's

absolute threshold

the minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the

absolute threshold

while a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. the student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates

change blindness

research participants picked one of two photographed faces as more attractive. when researchers cleverly switched the photos, participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. their behavior illustrated

choice blindness

because she was listening to the news on the radio, mrs. schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. her experience best illustrates

selective attention

in university of utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. this best illustrates

selective attention

ohio state university pedestrians were more likely to cross streets unsafely if they were talking on a cell phone. this best illustrates the impact of

selective attention

you typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. this best illustrates

selective attention

tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get into the pool because the water felt cold. tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, "it was cold when i first got in, but now it's fine. come on in!" tyshane's body became accustomed to the water temperature due to

sensory adaptation

bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the

sensory receptors

an exhausted forest ranger may notice the faintest scent of a forest fire, whereas much stronger but less important odors fail to catch her attention. this fact would be of greatest relevance to

signal detection theory

the fact that fear may increase your sensitivity to an almost imperceptible pain stimulus is of most relevance to

signal detection theory

when you are expecting an incoming text message, you are much more likely to notice it the second it arrives. this best illustrates

signal detection theory

which theory can best explain why people respond differently to the same stimuli?

signal detection theory

which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?

signal detection theory


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