ap psych module 16 test
researchers found that 40 percent of people focused on repeating a list of challenging words failed to notice a change in the person speaking. this best illustrates
change blindness
trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking carefully at each element in the picture and trying to form an image employs which kind of perceptual process?
bottom-up processing
when jason briefly turned to summon the waiter, his wife quickly switched her glass of red wine with his glass of white wine. jason's failure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best illustrates
change blindness
sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.
detection; interpretation
some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee. this best illustrates the importance of
difference thresholds
weber's law is relevant to an understanding of
difference thresholds
sensory adaptation refers to
diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
in one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. this illustrated
inattentional blindness
standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. as a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. jerry most clearly suffered
inattentional blindness
why is transduction important to sensation?
it converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages.
the constant quivering movements of our eyes enable us to
minimize sensory adaptation.
as the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. this process best illustrates
perception
the process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
perception
in experiments, an image is quickly flashed and then replaced by a masking stimulus that inhibits conscious perception of the original image. in these experiments, the researchers are studying the effects of
priming
as you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. the rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit the information to the brain. this process best illustrates
sensation
the detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called
sensation
the process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system is called
sensation
hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.
sensation; perception
after listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. this best illustrates
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as
sensory adaptation
audiotapes of soothing ocean sounds accompanied by faint and imperceptible verbal messages designed to increase a desire to lose weight best illustrate
subliminal stimulation
news about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on people's feelings of being thirsty involved false claims regarding
subliminal stimulation
standing atop a mountain on an utterly dark, clear night, most of us would see a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away. this best illustrates
the absolute threshold
charles and his wife are at a loud baseball game, yet are able to have a conversation with each other in spite of all the noise around them. which principle best explains this scenario?
the cocktail party effect
the ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called
the cocktail party effect
heather sellers suffers from prosopagnosia and is unable to recognize her own face in a mirror. her difficulty stems from a deficiency in
top-down processing
our experiences, assumptions, and expectations may give us a perceptual set that influences what we perceive. this is an example of
top-down processing
patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. this best illustrates the importance of
top-down processing
the effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of
top-down processing
as jeff reads his psychology textbook he is able to convert the light waves into signals that his brain can interpret due to the concept of
transduction
the local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. the process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of
transduction
the process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called
transduction
those who believe in the value of subliminal audiotapes would be wrong to claim that
unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive.
if we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object, the object would probably
vanish from sight
giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make giulio's bag feel heavier. this best illustrates
weber's law
the principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as
weber's law
the pop-out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger
selective inattention
a subliminal message is one that is presented
below one's absolute threshold for awareness.
if the just-noticeable difference for a 10-ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s).
8
natalia is washing her hands, and she adjusts the faucet handle until the water feels just slightly hotter than it did before. natalia's adjustment until she feels the change in temperature is an example of
a difference threshold
when informed that a brief imperceptible message would be flashed repeatedly during a popular tv program, many viewers reported feeling strangely hungry or thirsty during the show. since the imperceptible message had nothing to do with hunger or thirst, viewers' strange reactions best illustrate
a placebo effect
although manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. apparently, manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.
absolute threshold
during a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that mr. antall could hardly detect them. these sounds were below mr. antall's
absolute threshold
the minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the
absolute threshold
while a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. the student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates
change blindness
research participants picked one of two photographed faces as more attractive. when researchers cleverly switched the photos, participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. their behavior illustrated
choice blindness
because she was listening to the news on the radio, mrs. schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. her experience best illustrates
selective attention
in university of utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. this best illustrates
selective attention
ohio state university pedestrians were more likely to cross streets unsafely if they were talking on a cell phone. this best illustrates the impact of
selective attention
you typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. this best illustrates
selective attention
tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get into the pool because the water felt cold. tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, "it was cold when i first got in, but now it's fine. come on in!" tyshane's body became accustomed to the water temperature due to
sensory adaptation
bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the
sensory receptors
an exhausted forest ranger may notice the faintest scent of a forest fire, whereas much stronger but less important odors fail to catch her attention. this fact would be of greatest relevance to
signal detection theory
the fact that fear may increase your sensitivity to an almost imperceptible pain stimulus is of most relevance to
signal detection theory
when you are expecting an incoming text message, you are much more likely to notice it the second it arrives. this best illustrates
signal detection theory
which theory can best explain why people respond differently to the same stimuli?
signal detection theory
which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?
signal detection theory