AP Psych Psych Disorders Test

Many studies of schizophrenia have also found enlarged, ____-______ ______ and a corresponding shrinkage and thinning of ______ ____.

Fluid-filled ventricles; cerebral tissue

Researchers have found ___ gene variations associated with typical anxiety disorder symptoms

17

Survivors of ______, ______, and violent and sexual ______, have also experience ______ symptoms.

Accidents; disasters; assaults; PTSD

With those type of schizophrenia people often have positive symptoms and respond to drug therapy. Thus, recovery is possible

Acute schizophrenia

Usually by early _______ psychological disorders strike

Adulthood

During the manic phase, those with bipolar disorder often found ______ irritating. Yet they need _______ from their own poor judgement

Advice; protection

Anxiety or anxiety-related disorder is more likely to develop when ____ ______ happen unpredictably and uncontrollably

Bad events

The RDoC helps organize disorders according to ______ and ______ ____ related to negative or position emotions, cognition, social relationships, and arousal and sleep

Behaviors; brain activity

About half of those with anorexia display a _____ ____ -_______ cycle

Binge purge depression

Labels help mental health professionals to _____ about their cases and to study the _____ and treatments of disorders

Communicate; causes

The families of those with anorexia tend to be _______, ___-______, and ______

Competitive; high-achieving; protective

________ _______ are often responses to those thoughts

Compulsive behaviors

For those with GAD, __________ is difficult as attention switches from _____ to _____. Their tension and apprehension may leak out through twitching eyelids, trembling, perspiration, or fidgeting from _______ _______ _____ ____

Concentration; worry; worry; autonomic nervous system arousal

A patient with a ______ ______ might, for example, lose sensation in a way that makes no neurological sense. Yet the physical symptoms would be real; striking pins in the affected area would produce no response.

Conversion Disorder

Clusters of genes associated with high ________ increase the likelihood of having bipolar disorder

Creativity

In milder forms, mania's energy and flood of ideas can fuel _________

Creativity

______ has had a big effect on people's physical complaints and how they explain them

Culture

As individuals, we differ in the amount of stress we experience and in the ways we cope with stressors. _______ also differ in their sources of stressors and in their traditional ways of ______. We are ________ embodied and ______ embedded

Cultures; coping; physically; socially

People with schizophrenia also have disorganized fragmented thinking, often distorted by false beliefs called _______

Delusions.

During the Middle Ages, many with psychological disorders were attributed their behaviors to the ____. Thus, ____ treatments were used to rid the demon out of the individual such as ______ _____, _____, or removal of ____ or ______, and/ or __________ of animal blood

Devil; harsh; genital mutilation ; teeth; intestines; transfusion

Antisocial means _______, not just unsociable

Disruptive

A massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness occurs in _________ ______ ______

Dissociative identity disorder

_______ often accompanies such dysfunction.

Distress

Those with DID also have a larger and hyper-reactive ________ ____ ____, which predisposes their impulsive drive to do something rewarding despite the consequences

Dopamine reward system

In examined schizophrenia patients' brains after death, researchers found an excess number of _________ receptors , including a sixfold increase in the __ receptor

Dopamine; d4

One of the three clusters of personality disorder: ________ or ______ ______, such as the attention-getting borderline personality disorder, the self-focused and self-inflating narcissistic personality disorder, and the callous, and often dangerous, antisocial personality disorder

Dramatic; impulsive behavior

Such disorders may share an underlying _________ while differing in the _________ manifested in a particular culture

Dynamic; symptoms

Such thoughts, emotions or behaviors of a psychological disorder are ________ or _______ - they interfere with normal day-to-day life

Dysfunctional; maladaptive

We speak of the mental _____ movement: A mental ______ (also called __________) needs to be _______ on the basis of its _______. It needs to be treated through ______, which may include time in a psychiatric ______

Health; illness; psychopathology; diagnosed; symptoms; therapy; hospital

Smaller-than normal areas in Schizphrenic individuals may include the _______, and the ______ ____ connecting the brains two hemispheres and the _______

Hippocampus; corpus callosum; thalamus

Skeptics also find it suspicious that DID has such a short and localized _____

History

People with anxiety disorder tend to by ________. They _____ more to threatening stimuli. They more often _______ unclear stimuli as threatening. They are more often ______ threatening events

Hyper vigilant; attend; interpret; remember

Because most DID patients are highly __________, whatever explains the one condition - _________ or _____ _____- may help explain the other

Hypnotizable; dissociation; role playing

For GAD, the person usually cannot ______, and therefore relieve or avoid, the _______ ______.

Identify; tension's cause

Antisocial personalities behave _________, and then feel and fear little

Impulsivity

Self-defeating beliefs may arise from ______ ________, the hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when the experience uncontrollable painful events

Learned helplessness

_____ more often experience negative symptoms and chronic schizophrenia

Men

Unlike depression, bipolar disorder all facts as many ___ as ______

Men; women

Curing an illness Pinel said requires ______ _____, including boosting patient's spirits by unchaining them and ______ to them.

Moral treatment; talking

Those with _______ symptoms may exhibit an absence of emotions in their voices, expressionless faces, or unmoving bodies

Negative

____ is more common among teens and young adults

OCD

Our _____ experiences shape our expectations and influence our _________ and reactions.

Past; interpretations

Adults diagnosed with ________ ________ ________ (also called dysthymia) have experience a mildly depressed mood more often than not for two years or more

Persistent depressive disorder

Although the symptoms may be __________ in origin, they are nevertheless genuinely _____

Psychological; felt

Anything that enables us to avoid or escape a feared situation can _________ maladaptive behaviors

Reinforce

Seeking a new but complementary approach to classification, the U.S national Institute of Mental Heath has established the ______ _____ _____ project. That aims to bring the power of modern research approaches in _____, ______, and ________ science. To the study of psychological disorders

Research Domain Criteria; genetics; neuroscience; behavioral

Relentless, self focused ________ can distract us, increase negative emotion, and disturb daily activities

Rumination

For some people, depressive symptoms may have a ________ ____, returning each winter

Seasonal pattern

One cause of disorganized thinking with schizophrenia may be a breakdown in ________ ______. People with Schizophrenia are easily ______ by tiny unrelated stimuli

Selective attention; distracted

_______ is also scares or inactive during depression.

Serotonin

Schizophrenia involves not one isolated brain abnormality but problems with ______ brain regions and their ______

Several; connections

When schizophrenia is a ___-developing process, called _______ schizophrenia, recovery is _____

Slow; chronic; doubtful

_______ _____, a negative symptom, if often found among those with ______ schizophrenia

Social withdrawal; chronic

Other disorders ten to be associated with _____ ____

Specific cultures

Many people will display _______ _______ - by recovering after severe stress

Survivor resiliency

When people with schizophrenia have hallucinations, their brain became vigorously active in several core regions. One was the _______, the structure that filters incoming sensory signals and transmits them to the brains _____

Thalamus; cortex

Bad moods feed on ______

Themselves

Most often, hallucinations are _____, which sometimes make insulting remarks to give orders

Voices

Depression is more common in ________, _______ cultures

Western individualist

Depression is a ___-____ disorder. It involved ______ ______ and ________ imbalances, as well as negative thoughts and gloomy mood

Whole body; genetic predispositions; biochemical

______ may respond more strongly to stress. Thus, this ______ _____ difference may help explain why, beginning in their early teens women have been nearly twice as vulnerable to depression

Women; gender stress

_______ are much more likely to attempt suicide. _____ are more likely to actually end their own lives

Women; men

________ risk of major depressive disorder is nearly double men's

Womens

Are people at increased risk of schizophrenia if during the middle of their fetal development their country experienced a flu epidemic?

Yes

Are people born in densely populated areas, where viral diseases spread more readily, at greater risk for schizophrenia?

Yes

In the Southern Hemisphere, where the season are the reserve of the Northern Hemisphere, are the months of above average pre-schizophrenia briths similarly reversed

Yes

Schizophrenia typically strikes as ______ people are maturing into _______

Young; adulthood

Anxiety is both a ______ and a _______

feeling; cognition

Most major depressive episodes ___-_____

self-terminate

Who or what one blames for their failures

Explanatory style

Scientist have found ___ genome locations linked with Schizophrenia. Some genes influence the effects of ________ and other neurotransmitters in the brain. Others affect the production of ______, a fatty substance that coats the axons of nerve cells and lets _______ travel at high speed through _______ networks

103; dopamine; myelin; impulses; neural

The US National Institute of Mental Health has estimated that just under _ in _ adult Americans have a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder

1;5

In the United States, the most common tool for describing disorders and estimating how often they occur is the _______ ______ _____ _______ and ______ _____ of _____ _____

American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Another PET scan study of people with paranoia found increase activity in the _________ a fear-processing center

Amygdala

Traumatic fear-learning experiences can leave tracks in the brain, creating fear circuits within the __________.

Amygdala

In people with antisocial criminal tendencies, the emotion-controlling ____________ is smaller. The _____ ____ are also less active.

Amygdala; frontal lobes

_______ ______ typically begins as a weight loss diet. They drop below normal weight Yet the feel fat, fear being farm diet obsessively, and sometimes exercise obsessively.

Anorexia nervosa

The _____ ______ _____, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, seems especially likely to be hyperactive

Anterior cingulate cortex

Anxiety disorders are marked by distressing, persistent _______ or by dysfunctional ______-_______ behaviors

Anxiety; anxiety-reducing

One of the three clusters of personality disorder: _________, such as a fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn _______ ______ _______

Anxiety; avoidant personality disorder

As ______ is a response to the threat of future loss, _______ is often a response to past and current stress

Anxiety; depression

Generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, phobias, OCD, and PTSD express themselves biologically as _____ of the brains areas involved in ________ control and _______ behaviors.

Arousal; impulse; habitual

the genetic vulnerability of people with antisocial and unemotional tendencies appear as low _________ in response to ______

Arousal; threats

Those with DID, have low _______ ______ _____ arousal

Autonomic nervous system arousal

_______ _______is when a person alternates between depression and over excitement hyperactivity

Bipolar disorder

Many studies have found diminished _____ ____ during slowed-down depressive states, and more ______ during period of mania

Brain activity; activity

_______ ______ is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges, making the condition easier to hide

Bulimia nervosa

Many critics often wonder with DID, if instead of being a true disorder, could DID be an extension of our normal ________ for _______ _____

Capacity; personality shifts

Those with Schizophrenia may experience _______, characterized by motor behaviors ranging from a physical stupor - remaining motionless for house- to senseless, compulsive actions

Catatonia

Depression is Both a ______ and an ______ of stressful experiences that disrupt our sense of who we are and why we are worthy human beings

Cause; effect

Through ______ ______, our fear responses can become linked with formerly neutral objects and events

Classical conditioning

In the social cognitive explanation of depression, the negative explanations ______ with a depressed mood, and they are ________ of depression

Coincide; indicators

The top cause of disability in the world today according to WHO

Depression

A new DMS- 5 controversial disorder for children "who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent episodes of behavior outbursts three or more times a week for more than a year"

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Some of those who are persistently irritable and who have frequent recurring behavior outbursts are now instead diagnosed with _____ ____ ________ _______

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Compared to generations past, depression strikes ________ and affects more people, with the highest rates among ____ _____ in developed countries

Earlier; young adults

The ______ _______ occur mostly in _____ ____

Eating disorders; western cultures

One of the three clusters of personality disorder: _______ or _____ behaviors, such as the emotionless disengagement of schizotypal personality disorder

Eccentric; odd

People with antisocial personality disorder may show lower ________ ______

Emotional intelligence

The expressed _________ of schizophrenia are often utterly inappropriate split off from reality

Emotions

Diet, drugs, stress and other environmental influences lay down ________ ________, molecular genetic tags that can turn certain genes on or off

Epigenetic marks

_______ effects gene expression. Traumatic experiences are Sadi to leave ______ _____

Epigenetic marks

In one environment, a gene will be _____, but in another, it may lie ______.

Expressed; dormant

Men's disorders tend to be ______ - alcohol use disorder, and disorders related to antisocial conduct and lack of impulse control

External

Perhaps, critics wonder if dissociative identities are simply a more ______ ______ of the varied "______" we normally present

Extreme version; selves

The ________ _____ may influence eating disorders in other ways

Family environments

Those who were _______ about these occasional threats were less likely to survive, thus we can link anxiety with natural selection

Fearless

Major Depressive Disorder occurs when at least ________ signs depression last ___ or more weeks

Five; two

Others with Schizophrenia lapse into an emotionless ____ _____ state with no apparent reason

Flat affect

_______ ____ help control impulses

Frontal lobes

Some people diagnosed with schizophrenia have abnormally low brain activity in ______ ____, areas that help us ____, plan, and solve ______

Frontal lobes; reason; problems

For two years, Tom was bothered by dizziness, sweating palms, and heart palpitations. He felt on edge and sometimes found himself shaking. Tom was fairly successful in hiding his symptoms from his family and co-workers. But he allowed himself few other social contacts, and occasionally he had to leave work. These symptoms suggest that Tom has

Generalized anxiety Disorder

A person unexplainable and continually is tense and uneasy

Generalized anxiety disorder

Our ______ dispose some of us, more than others, to respond emotionally to good and bad events

Genes

Disorders reflect ________ predispositions and ________ states, inner _________ dynamics, and _____ and ______ circumstances

Genetic; physiological; psychological; social; cultural

The medical perspective hase been energized by more recent discoveries that ________ influenced abnormalities in ______ ____ and ______ contribute to many disorders

Genetically; brain structure; biochemistry

Some people experience other OCD-related disorders, such as _____ _____ (cluttering one's space with acquired possessions one can't let go) ____ ________ ______ (Preoccupation with perceived body defects

Hoarding disorder; body dysmorphia disorder

_______ replaced asylums, and the _____ _____ of mental disorders was born. This model is reflected in the terms we still use today

Hospitals; medical model

People trapped in a depressive mood become _____ and feel alone, ______, without a bright or meaningful _________

Inactive; empty; future

_______ is a legal rather than psychological concept, created in 1843 after a deluded Scotsman tried to shoot the prime minister.

Insanity

The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes that the mind and body are ________. _______ emotions can contribute to ________ illness, and ________ abnormalities can likewise contribute to negative ______

Inseparable; Negative; physical; physical; emotions

Anxiety is especially common when people cannot switch off ______ thoughts and perceive a loss of control and a sense of ________

Intrusive; helplessness

Schizophrenia's symptoms often include _________ and _______ _____

Irrationality; incoherent speech

______ can change reality by putting us on alter for evidence that continues our view

Labels

In _____ adulthood suicide rates increase.

Late

_________ theorists see dissociative disorders as behaviors reinforced by ________ reduction

Learning; anxiety

Additionally, another factor that can influence PTSD, is that some people may have a more sensitive emotion processing _______ _____ that floods their bodies with stress ________, which is why PTSD may coexist with another disorder

Limbic system; hormones

Name some risk factors for Schizophrenia

Low brith weight Maternal diabetes Older paternal age Oxygen deprivation during delivery Famine

_______ _________ _____ is a state of hopelessness and lethargy lasting several weeks or months

Major Depressive Disorder

Two disorders - ____ ______ _____ and ________ - occur worldwide

Major depressive disorder; schizophrenia

People with antisocial personality disorders, usually ____, can display symptoms by age _ and their lack of conscience becomes plain before age __

Male; 8; 15

During the _____ phase, people with bipolar disorder typically have little need for ____, show fewer ______ ____. Their _______ emotions persist abnormally

Manic; sleep; sexual inhibitions; positive

Typical symptoms of PTSD include recurring haunting _______ and ______, _____-_____ attention to possible threats, _______ withdrawal, _____ anxiety, and trouble sleeping

Memories; nightmares; laser-focused; social; jumpy

In those who have DID Brian scans show shrinkage in areas that aid _____ and detection of ______. Heightened activity appears in brain areas associated with the ____ and inhibition of _________ memories

Memory; threat; control; traumatic

Most violent criminals are not ______ ___, and most mentally ill people are not ______

Mentally ill; violent

The ____ contact people have with people with disorders, the more _______ attitudes become

More; accepting

Studies of brains of those who have bipolar disorder discover a decrease in _______ _____ and enlarged _____-_____ ______

Myelinated axons; fluid-filled ventricles

Some genes influence disorders by regulating brain levels of _________. These include _________, which influences sleep, mood, and attending to threats. And ________, which heightens activity in the brain's alarm centers

Neurotransmitters; serotonin; glutamate

Drugs that decrease mania decrease _______

Norepinephrine

_________ is the neurotransmitter that is scarce during depression

Norepinephrine

One crosses a the fine line between ________ and disorder when they _______ ________ with everyday living and cause distress

Normality; persistently interfere

Believing you home must be cleaned everyday is ___ a _______. But if cleaning rituals interfere with _____ and _____, they may be signs of a disorder

Not; disorder; work; leisure

by ______ others, we learn to _____ what they fear

Observing; fear

______ ____ are unwanted and so repetitive it may seem that they may never go away

Obsessive thoughts

Typically in DID, the _______ personality ______ any awareness of the others

Original; denies

Some psychologist believe that PTSD is ________

Over diagnosed

Where a person experiences panic attacks - sudden episodes of intense dread- and fears the next episode's unpredictable onset

Panic disorder

Other conversion disorder symptoms might be unexplained _______, _______, or inability to ______

Paralysis; blindness; swallow

Hallucinations are false ________.

Perceptions

Occasional sad mood that _____ and become _____ may likewise signal a psychological disorder

Persist; disabling

________ ______ ___ is similar, but with milder depressive symptoms that last a much longer period of time

Persistent depressive disorder

______ ____ believed that madness is not demonic possess, but a sickness of the ____ caused by severe ______ and ________ conditions

Philippe Pinel; mind; stress; inhumane

When a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation

Phobias

Repetitive ______ _____ such as jogging, reduces ________ in part because it increases _______

Physical exercise; depression; serotonin

Moreover, GAD may lead to _______ ____, such as high blood pressure. As time passes, however, emotions tend to ______, and by age ___ generalized anxiety disorder becomes fairly rare

Physical problems; mellow; 50

Somatic Symptom and related disorders send people not to a psychologist but to a ________.

Physician

In dealing with the genetic inheritance of schizphrenia, shared ________ mater

Placentas

Those with _______ symptoms may experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage

Positive

People with schizophrenia display symptoms that are ________ (inappropriate behaviors are present) or _______ (appropriate behaviors are absent)

Positive; negative

Many also experience _______ ______.

Post traumatic growth

One predictor of mental disorder is _______.

Poverty

In psychiatry and psychology, classification also aims to ____ a disorder's future course, ________ appropriate treatment, and ______ research into its causes

Predict; suggest; prompt;

Schizophrenia is the chief example of a ________ _______, a group of disorders marked by irrationality, distorted perceptions, and lost of contact with reality

Psychotic disorder

Dissociation itself is not so ______. Any one of us may have a sense of being _______, of being separated from out _____, of watching ourselves in a movie.

Rare; unreal; body

Depression can cause the brain's _____ _____ to become less active. During _______ emotions, the ____ frontal lobe and adjacent reward center become more ______

Reward center; positive; left; active

Those with eating disorder often have low ____-______, set __________ standards, fret about falling short of ________, and are intensely concerned with how others perceive them

Self evaluations; perfectionist; expectations

The ______-______ _____ explores how people's assumptions and expectations influence what their perceive

Social cognitive perspective

People with social anxiety disorder became extremely anxious in _______ ______ where others might judge them, such as parties, class presentation, or even eating in public

Social settings

______ _____ may trigger suicide

Social suggestion

Ellen becomes dizzy and nauseated in the late afternoon-shortly before she expects her husband home. Neither her primary car physician nor the neurologist he sent her to could identify a physical cause. They suspect her symptoms have an unconscious psychological origin, possibly targeted by her mixed feelings about her husband. Ellen is suspected to have _______ _____ ________

Somatic symptom Disorder

Our compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contribute to our ______ _____

Species survival

______ ______ may focus on animals, insects, heights, blood, or close spaces.

Specific phobias

Chi ochre is refers not to a multiple personality split but rather to the _____'s split from ______

Split; reality

The tendency to recall experience that fit our current good or bad mood ____-______ _____

State-dependent memory

The biopsychosocial approach gave rise to the ______ _______ _____. This model suggests that individual _______ combine with ________ ______ to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder

Stress vulnerability model; characteristics; environmental stressors

The genes that put people at risk for antisocial behavior also put people at risk for ______ ____

Substance use

For panic disorder, these anxiety tornados strike ______, wreak havoc, and disappear, but are not forgotten. Additionally, worries about anxiety, for example, fearing another _______ ____, or fearing ____-_____ _____ in public - can amplify anxiety symptoms

Suddenly; panic attack; anxiety-related symptoms;

Latin American lays claim to _____, a condition marked by severe anxiety, restlessness, and a fear of black magic

Susto

In the 1800s Researchers discovered that ________ infects the brain and distorts the mind.

Syphilis

Most with Schizophrenia have an impaired ______ __ ______ - they have difficulty perceiving facial expressions and reading others' states of mind

Theory of mind

Those most vulnerable to eating disorders are also those who most idealize _______ and have the greatest body __________

Thinness; dissatisfaction

The few people who commit violent acts tend to be either experiencing a _______ ______ and ______ ____ that command them to act, or suffering from a ______ ____ or _____ _____

Threatening delusions; hallucinated voices; financial crisis; lost relationship

Critics have long faulted the DSM for casting ___ ____ _ ____ and bring almost any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry

Too wide of a net

One factor as to why some experience PTSD while others dont is because of the amount of ______-_______ _____ ____: the higher the _______, the greater risk for postraumatic symptoms

Trauma-related emotional distress; distress

People with disorders are more likely to be _______ than perpetrators

Victims

With Schizophrenia, jumbled ideas may make no sense even within sentences, forming what is known as _____ _____

Word salad

Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by excessive and uncontrollable _____ that persists for ___ months or more. People with this condition worry continually, and they are often ______, ______, and ____-___.

Worry; six; jittery, agitated, sleep-deprived

Are mothers who report being sick with influenza during pregnancy likely to bear children who develop schizophrenia

Yes

Are those brown during the Winter and spring months- those who were in uterus during the fall winter flu season also at risk for Schizophrenia

Yes

Does blood drawn from pregnant women whose offspring develop schizophrenia show higher than normal levels of antibodies that suggest a viral infection

Yes

______ and _______ changes accompany depression

behavioral and cognitive

_______ is the number one reason people seek mental health services

depression

The result of dissociative disorder may be a _____ ____, a sudden loss of memory or Change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly ________ situation

fugue state; stressful

Another name for conversion disorder

functional neurological symptom disorder

To tease out the genes that put people at risk for depression, researchers may use _______ ________

linkage analysis

________ helps maintain learned fears and anxieties.

reinforcement

_______ ______ occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events.

stimulus generalization