AP Psych Psych Disorders Test
Many studies of schizophrenia have also found enlarged, ____-______ ______ and a corresponding shrinkage and thinning of ______ ____.
Fluid-filled ventricles; cerebral tissue
Researchers have found ___ gene variations associated with typical anxiety disorder symptoms
17
Survivors of ______, ______, and violent and sexual ______, have also experience ______ symptoms.
Accidents; disasters; assaults; PTSD
With those type of schizophrenia people often have positive symptoms and respond to drug therapy. Thus, recovery is possible
Acute schizophrenia
Usually by early _______ psychological disorders strike
Adulthood
During the manic phase, those with bipolar disorder often found ______ irritating. Yet they need _______ from their own poor judgement
Advice; protection
Anxiety or anxiety-related disorder is more likely to develop when ____ ______ happen unpredictably and uncontrollably
Bad events
The RDoC helps organize disorders according to ______ and ______ ____ related to negative or position emotions, cognition, social relationships, and arousal and sleep
Behaviors; brain activity
About half of those with anorexia display a _____ ____ -_______ cycle
Binge purge depression
Labels help mental health professionals to _____ about their cases and to study the _____ and treatments of disorders
Communicate; causes
The families of those with anorexia tend to be _______, ___-______, and ______
Competitive; high-achieving; protective
________ _______ are often responses to those thoughts
Compulsive behaviors
For those with GAD, __________ is difficult as attention switches from _____ to _____. Their tension and apprehension may leak out through twitching eyelids, trembling, perspiration, or fidgeting from _______ _______ _____ ____
Concentration; worry; worry; autonomic nervous system arousal
A patient with a ______ ______ might, for example, lose sensation in a way that makes no neurological sense. Yet the physical symptoms would be real; striking pins in the affected area would produce no response.
Conversion Disorder
Clusters of genes associated with high ________ increase the likelihood of having bipolar disorder
Creativity
In milder forms, mania's energy and flood of ideas can fuel _________
Creativity
______ has had a big effect on people's physical complaints and how they explain them
Culture
As individuals, we differ in the amount of stress we experience and in the ways we cope with stressors. _______ also differ in their sources of stressors and in their traditional ways of ______. We are ________ embodied and ______ embedded
Cultures; coping; physically; socially
People with schizophrenia also have disorganized fragmented thinking, often distorted by false beliefs called _______
Delusions.
During the Middle Ages, many with psychological disorders were attributed their behaviors to the ____. Thus, ____ treatments were used to rid the demon out of the individual such as ______ _____, _____, or removal of ____ or ______, and/ or __________ of animal blood
Devil; harsh; genital mutilation ; teeth; intestines; transfusion
Antisocial means _______, not just unsociable
Disruptive
A massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness occurs in _________ ______ ______
Dissociative identity disorder
_______ often accompanies such dysfunction.
Distress
Those with DID also have a larger and hyper-reactive ________ ____ ____, which predisposes their impulsive drive to do something rewarding despite the consequences
Dopamine reward system
In examined schizophrenia patients' brains after death, researchers found an excess number of _________ receptors , including a sixfold increase in the __ receptor
Dopamine; d4
One of the three clusters of personality disorder: ________ or ______ ______, such as the attention-getting borderline personality disorder, the self-focused and self-inflating narcissistic personality disorder, and the callous, and often dangerous, antisocial personality disorder
Dramatic; impulsive behavior
Such disorders may share an underlying _________ while differing in the _________ manifested in a particular culture
Dynamic; symptoms
Such thoughts, emotions or behaviors of a psychological disorder are ________ or _______ - they interfere with normal day-to-day life
Dysfunctional; maladaptive
We speak of the mental _____ movement: A mental ______ (also called __________) needs to be _______ on the basis of its _______. It needs to be treated through ______, which may include time in a psychiatric ______
Health; illness; psychopathology; diagnosed; symptoms; therapy; hospital
Smaller-than normal areas in Schizphrenic individuals may include the _______, and the ______ ____ connecting the brains two hemispheres and the _______
Hippocampus; corpus callosum; thalamus
Skeptics also find it suspicious that DID has such a short and localized _____
History
People with anxiety disorder tend to by ________. They _____ more to threatening stimuli. They more often _______ unclear stimuli as threatening. They are more often ______ threatening events
Hyper vigilant; attend; interpret; remember
Because most DID patients are highly __________, whatever explains the one condition - _________ or _____ _____- may help explain the other
Hypnotizable; dissociation; role playing
For GAD, the person usually cannot ______, and therefore relieve or avoid, the _______ ______.
Identify; tension's cause
Antisocial personalities behave _________, and then feel and fear little
Impulsivity
Self-defeating beliefs may arise from ______ ________, the hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when the experience uncontrollable painful events
Learned helplessness
_____ more often experience negative symptoms and chronic schizophrenia
Men
Unlike depression, bipolar disorder all facts as many ___ as ______
Men; women
Curing an illness Pinel said requires ______ _____, including boosting patient's spirits by unchaining them and ______ to them.
Moral treatment; talking
Those with _______ symptoms may exhibit an absence of emotions in their voices, expressionless faces, or unmoving bodies
Negative
____ is more common among teens and young adults
OCD
Our _____ experiences shape our expectations and influence our _________ and reactions.
Past; interpretations
Adults diagnosed with ________ ________ ________ (also called dysthymia) have experience a mildly depressed mood more often than not for two years or more
Persistent depressive disorder
Although the symptoms may be __________ in origin, they are nevertheless genuinely _____
Psychological; felt
Anything that enables us to avoid or escape a feared situation can _________ maladaptive behaviors
Reinforce
Seeking a new but complementary approach to classification, the U.S national Institute of Mental Heath has established the ______ _____ _____ project. That aims to bring the power of modern research approaches in _____, ______, and ________ science. To the study of psychological disorders
Research Domain Criteria; genetics; neuroscience; behavioral
Relentless, self focused ________ can distract us, increase negative emotion, and disturb daily activities
Rumination
For some people, depressive symptoms may have a ________ ____, returning each winter
Seasonal pattern
One cause of disorganized thinking with schizophrenia may be a breakdown in ________ ______. People with Schizophrenia are easily ______ by tiny unrelated stimuli
Selective attention; distracted
_______ is also scares or inactive during depression.
Serotonin
Schizophrenia involves not one isolated brain abnormality but problems with ______ brain regions and their ______
Several; connections
When schizophrenia is a ___-developing process, called _______ schizophrenia, recovery is _____
Slow; chronic; doubtful
_______ _____, a negative symptom, if often found among those with ______ schizophrenia
Social withdrawal; chronic
Other disorders ten to be associated with _____ ____
Specific cultures
Many people will display _______ _______ - by recovering after severe stress
Survivor resiliency
When people with schizophrenia have hallucinations, their brain became vigorously active in several core regions. One was the _______, the structure that filters incoming sensory signals and transmits them to the brains _____
Thalamus; cortex
Bad moods feed on ______
Themselves
Most often, hallucinations are _____, which sometimes make insulting remarks to give orders
Voices
Depression is more common in ________, _______ cultures
Western individualist
Depression is a ___-____ disorder. It involved ______ ______ and ________ imbalances, as well as negative thoughts and gloomy mood
Whole body; genetic predispositions; biochemical
______ may respond more strongly to stress. Thus, this ______ _____ difference may help explain why, beginning in their early teens women have been nearly twice as vulnerable to depression
Women; gender stress
_______ are much more likely to attempt suicide. _____ are more likely to actually end their own lives
Women; men
________ risk of major depressive disorder is nearly double men's
Womens
Are people at increased risk of schizophrenia if during the middle of their fetal development their country experienced a flu epidemic?
Yes
Are people born in densely populated areas, where viral diseases spread more readily, at greater risk for schizophrenia?
Yes
In the Southern Hemisphere, where the season are the reserve of the Northern Hemisphere, are the months of above average pre-schizophrenia briths similarly reversed
Yes
Schizophrenia typically strikes as ______ people are maturing into _______
Young; adulthood
Anxiety is both a ______ and a _______
feeling; cognition
Most major depressive episodes ___-_____
self-terminate
Who or what one blames for their failures
Explanatory style
Scientist have found ___ genome locations linked with Schizophrenia. Some genes influence the effects of ________ and other neurotransmitters in the brain. Others affect the production of ______, a fatty substance that coats the axons of nerve cells and lets _______ travel at high speed through _______ networks
103; dopamine; myelin; impulses; neural
The US National Institute of Mental Health has estimated that just under _ in _ adult Americans have a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder
1;5
In the United States, the most common tool for describing disorders and estimating how often they occur is the _______ ______ _____ _______ and ______ _____ of _____ _____
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Another PET scan study of people with paranoia found increase activity in the _________ a fear-processing center
Amygdala
Traumatic fear-learning experiences can leave tracks in the brain, creating fear circuits within the __________.
Amygdala
In people with antisocial criminal tendencies, the emotion-controlling ____________ is smaller. The _____ ____ are also less active.
Amygdala; frontal lobes
_______ ______ typically begins as a weight loss diet. They drop below normal weight Yet the feel fat, fear being farm diet obsessively, and sometimes exercise obsessively.
Anorexia nervosa
The _____ ______ _____, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, seems especially likely to be hyperactive
Anterior cingulate cortex
Anxiety disorders are marked by distressing, persistent _______ or by dysfunctional ______-_______ behaviors
Anxiety; anxiety-reducing
One of the three clusters of personality disorder: _________, such as a fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn _______ ______ _______
Anxiety; avoidant personality disorder
As ______ is a response to the threat of future loss, _______ is often a response to past and current stress
Anxiety; depression
Generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, phobias, OCD, and PTSD express themselves biologically as _____ of the brains areas involved in ________ control and _______ behaviors.
Arousal; impulse; habitual
the genetic vulnerability of people with antisocial and unemotional tendencies appear as low _________ in response to ______
Arousal; threats
Those with DID, have low _______ ______ _____ arousal
Autonomic nervous system arousal
_______ _______is when a person alternates between depression and over excitement hyperactivity
Bipolar disorder
Many studies have found diminished _____ ____ during slowed-down depressive states, and more ______ during period of mania
Brain activity; activity
_______ ______ is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges, making the condition easier to hide
Bulimia nervosa
Many critics often wonder with DID, if instead of being a true disorder, could DID be an extension of our normal ________ for _______ _____
Capacity; personality shifts
Those with Schizophrenia may experience _______, characterized by motor behaviors ranging from a physical stupor - remaining motionless for house- to senseless, compulsive actions
Catatonia
Depression is Both a ______ and an ______ of stressful experiences that disrupt our sense of who we are and why we are worthy human beings
Cause; effect
Through ______ ______, our fear responses can become linked with formerly neutral objects and events
Classical conditioning
In the social cognitive explanation of depression, the negative explanations ______ with a depressed mood, and they are ________ of depression
Coincide; indicators
The top cause of disability in the world today according to WHO
Depression
A new DMS- 5 controversial disorder for children "who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent episodes of behavior outbursts three or more times a week for more than a year"
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Some of those who are persistently irritable and who have frequent recurring behavior outbursts are now instead diagnosed with _____ ____ ________ _______
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Compared to generations past, depression strikes ________ and affects more people, with the highest rates among ____ _____ in developed countries
Earlier; young adults
The ______ _______ occur mostly in _____ ____
Eating disorders; western cultures
One of the three clusters of personality disorder: _______ or _____ behaviors, such as the emotionless disengagement of schizotypal personality disorder
Eccentric; odd
People with antisocial personality disorder may show lower ________ ______
Emotional intelligence
The expressed _________ of schizophrenia are often utterly inappropriate split off from reality
Emotions
Diet, drugs, stress and other environmental influences lay down ________ ________, molecular genetic tags that can turn certain genes on or off
Epigenetic marks
_______ effects gene expression. Traumatic experiences are Sadi to leave ______ _____
Epigenetic marks
In one environment, a gene will be _____, but in another, it may lie ______.
Expressed; dormant
Men's disorders tend to be ______ - alcohol use disorder, and disorders related to antisocial conduct and lack of impulse control
External
Perhaps, critics wonder if dissociative identities are simply a more ______ ______ of the varied "______" we normally present
Extreme version; selves
The ________ _____ may influence eating disorders in other ways
Family environments
Those who were _______ about these occasional threats were less likely to survive, thus we can link anxiety with natural selection
Fearless
Major Depressive Disorder occurs when at least ________ signs depression last ___ or more weeks
Five; two
Others with Schizophrenia lapse into an emotionless ____ _____ state with no apparent reason
Flat affect
_______ ____ help control impulses
Frontal lobes
Some people diagnosed with schizophrenia have abnormally low brain activity in ______ ____, areas that help us ____, plan, and solve ______
Frontal lobes; reason; problems
For two years, Tom was bothered by dizziness, sweating palms, and heart palpitations. He felt on edge and sometimes found himself shaking. Tom was fairly successful in hiding his symptoms from his family and co-workers. But he allowed himself few other social contacts, and occasionally he had to leave work. These symptoms suggest that Tom has
Generalized anxiety Disorder
A person unexplainable and continually is tense and uneasy
Generalized anxiety disorder
Our ______ dispose some of us, more than others, to respond emotionally to good and bad events
Genes
Disorders reflect ________ predispositions and ________ states, inner _________ dynamics, and _____ and ______ circumstances
Genetic; physiological; psychological; social; cultural
The medical perspective hase been energized by more recent discoveries that ________ influenced abnormalities in ______ ____ and ______ contribute to many disorders
Genetically; brain structure; biochemistry
Some people experience other OCD-related disorders, such as _____ _____ (cluttering one's space with acquired possessions one can't let go) ____ ________ ______ (Preoccupation with perceived body defects
Hoarding disorder; body dysmorphia disorder
_______ replaced asylums, and the _____ _____ of mental disorders was born. This model is reflected in the terms we still use today
Hospitals; medical model
People trapped in a depressive mood become _____ and feel alone, ______, without a bright or meaningful _________
Inactive; empty; future
_______ is a legal rather than psychological concept, created in 1843 after a deluded Scotsman tried to shoot the prime minister.
Insanity
The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes that the mind and body are ________. _______ emotions can contribute to ________ illness, and ________ abnormalities can likewise contribute to negative ______
Inseparable; Negative; physical; physical; emotions
Anxiety is especially common when people cannot switch off ______ thoughts and perceive a loss of control and a sense of ________
Intrusive; helplessness
Schizophrenia's symptoms often include _________ and _______ _____
Irrationality; incoherent speech
______ can change reality by putting us on alter for evidence that continues our view
Labels
In _____ adulthood suicide rates increase.
Late
_________ theorists see dissociative disorders as behaviors reinforced by ________ reduction
Learning; anxiety
Additionally, another factor that can influence PTSD, is that some people may have a more sensitive emotion processing _______ _____ that floods their bodies with stress ________, which is why PTSD may coexist with another disorder
Limbic system; hormones
Name some risk factors for Schizophrenia
Low brith weight Maternal diabetes Older paternal age Oxygen deprivation during delivery Famine
_______ _________ _____ is a state of hopelessness and lethargy lasting several weeks or months
Major Depressive Disorder
Two disorders - ____ ______ _____ and ________ - occur worldwide
Major depressive disorder; schizophrenia
People with antisocial personality disorders, usually ____, can display symptoms by age _ and their lack of conscience becomes plain before age __
Male; 8; 15
During the _____ phase, people with bipolar disorder typically have little need for ____, show fewer ______ ____. Their _______ emotions persist abnormally
Manic; sleep; sexual inhibitions; positive
Typical symptoms of PTSD include recurring haunting _______ and ______, _____-_____ attention to possible threats, _______ withdrawal, _____ anxiety, and trouble sleeping
Memories; nightmares; laser-focused; social; jumpy
In those who have DID Brian scans show shrinkage in areas that aid _____ and detection of ______. Heightened activity appears in brain areas associated with the ____ and inhibition of _________ memories
Memory; threat; control; traumatic
Most violent criminals are not ______ ___, and most mentally ill people are not ______
Mentally ill; violent
The ____ contact people have with people with disorders, the more _______ attitudes become
More; accepting
Studies of brains of those who have bipolar disorder discover a decrease in _______ _____ and enlarged _____-_____ ______
Myelinated axons; fluid-filled ventricles
Some genes influence disorders by regulating brain levels of _________. These include _________, which influences sleep, mood, and attending to threats. And ________, which heightens activity in the brain's alarm centers
Neurotransmitters; serotonin; glutamate
Drugs that decrease mania decrease _______
Norepinephrine
_________ is the neurotransmitter that is scarce during depression
Norepinephrine
One crosses a the fine line between ________ and disorder when they _______ ________ with everyday living and cause distress
Normality; persistently interfere
Believing you home must be cleaned everyday is ___ a _______. But if cleaning rituals interfere with _____ and _____, they may be signs of a disorder
Not; disorder; work; leisure
by ______ others, we learn to _____ what they fear
Observing; fear
______ ____ are unwanted and so repetitive it may seem that they may never go away
Obsessive thoughts
Typically in DID, the _______ personality ______ any awareness of the others
Original; denies
Some psychologist believe that PTSD is ________
Over diagnosed
Where a person experiences panic attacks - sudden episodes of intense dread- and fears the next episode's unpredictable onset
Panic disorder
Other conversion disorder symptoms might be unexplained _______, _______, or inability to ______
Paralysis; blindness; swallow
Hallucinations are false ________.
Perceptions
Occasional sad mood that _____ and become _____ may likewise signal a psychological disorder
Persist; disabling
________ ______ ___ is similar, but with milder depressive symptoms that last a much longer period of time
Persistent depressive disorder
______ ____ believed that madness is not demonic possess, but a sickness of the ____ caused by severe ______ and ________ conditions
Philippe Pinel; mind; stress; inhumane
When a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation
Phobias
Repetitive ______ _____ such as jogging, reduces ________ in part because it increases _______
Physical exercise; depression; serotonin
Moreover, GAD may lead to _______ ____, such as high blood pressure. As time passes, however, emotions tend to ______, and by age ___ generalized anxiety disorder becomes fairly rare
Physical problems; mellow; 50
Somatic Symptom and related disorders send people not to a psychologist but to a ________.
Physician
In dealing with the genetic inheritance of schizphrenia, shared ________ mater
Placentas
Those with _______ symptoms may experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage
Positive
People with schizophrenia display symptoms that are ________ (inappropriate behaviors are present) or _______ (appropriate behaviors are absent)
Positive; negative
Many also experience _______ ______.
Post traumatic growth
One predictor of mental disorder is _______.
Poverty
In psychiatry and psychology, classification also aims to ____ a disorder's future course, ________ appropriate treatment, and ______ research into its causes
Predict; suggest; prompt;
Schizophrenia is the chief example of a ________ _______, a group of disorders marked by irrationality, distorted perceptions, and lost of contact with reality
Psychotic disorder
Dissociation itself is not so ______. Any one of us may have a sense of being _______, of being separated from out _____, of watching ourselves in a movie.
Rare; unreal; body
Depression can cause the brain's _____ _____ to become less active. During _______ emotions, the ____ frontal lobe and adjacent reward center become more ______
Reward center; positive; left; active
Those with eating disorder often have low ____-______, set __________ standards, fret about falling short of ________, and are intensely concerned with how others perceive them
Self evaluations; perfectionist; expectations
The ______-______ _____ explores how people's assumptions and expectations influence what their perceive
Social cognitive perspective
People with social anxiety disorder became extremely anxious in _______ ______ where others might judge them, such as parties, class presentation, or even eating in public
Social settings
______ _____ may trigger suicide
Social suggestion
Ellen becomes dizzy and nauseated in the late afternoon-shortly before she expects her husband home. Neither her primary car physician nor the neurologist he sent her to could identify a physical cause. They suspect her symptoms have an unconscious psychological origin, possibly targeted by her mixed feelings about her husband. Ellen is suspected to have _______ _____ ________
Somatic symptom Disorder
Our compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contribute to our ______ _____
Species survival
______ ______ may focus on animals, insects, heights, blood, or close spaces.
Specific phobias
Chi ochre is refers not to a multiple personality split but rather to the _____'s split from ______
Split; reality
The tendency to recall experience that fit our current good or bad mood ____-______ _____
State-dependent memory
The biopsychosocial approach gave rise to the ______ _______ _____. This model suggests that individual _______ combine with ________ ______ to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder
Stress vulnerability model; characteristics; environmental stressors
The genes that put people at risk for antisocial behavior also put people at risk for ______ ____
Substance use
For panic disorder, these anxiety tornados strike ______, wreak havoc, and disappear, but are not forgotten. Additionally, worries about anxiety, for example, fearing another _______ ____, or fearing ____-_____ _____ in public - can amplify anxiety symptoms
Suddenly; panic attack; anxiety-related symptoms;
Latin American lays claim to _____, a condition marked by severe anxiety, restlessness, and a fear of black magic
Susto
In the 1800s Researchers discovered that ________ infects the brain and distorts the mind.
Syphilis
Most with Schizophrenia have an impaired ______ __ ______ - they have difficulty perceiving facial expressions and reading others' states of mind
Theory of mind
Those most vulnerable to eating disorders are also those who most idealize _______ and have the greatest body __________
Thinness; dissatisfaction
The few people who commit violent acts tend to be either experiencing a _______ ______ and ______ ____ that command them to act, or suffering from a ______ ____ or _____ _____
Threatening delusions; hallucinated voices; financial crisis; lost relationship
Critics have long faulted the DSM for casting ___ ____ _ ____ and bring almost any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry
Too wide of a net
One factor as to why some experience PTSD while others dont is because of the amount of ______-_______ _____ ____: the higher the _______, the greater risk for postraumatic symptoms
Trauma-related emotional distress; distress
People with disorders are more likely to be _______ than perpetrators
Victims
With Schizophrenia, jumbled ideas may make no sense even within sentences, forming what is known as _____ _____
Word salad
Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by excessive and uncontrollable _____ that persists for ___ months or more. People with this condition worry continually, and they are often ______, ______, and ____-___.
Worry; six; jittery, agitated, sleep-deprived
Are mothers who report being sick with influenza during pregnancy likely to bear children who develop schizophrenia
Yes
Are those brown during the Winter and spring months- those who were in uterus during the fall winter flu season also at risk for Schizophrenia
Yes
Does blood drawn from pregnant women whose offspring develop schizophrenia show higher than normal levels of antibodies that suggest a viral infection
Yes
______ and _______ changes accompany depression
behavioral and cognitive
_______ is the number one reason people seek mental health services
depression
The result of dissociative disorder may be a _____ ____, a sudden loss of memory or Change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly ________ situation
fugue state; stressful
Another name for conversion disorder
functional neurological symptom disorder
To tease out the genes that put people at risk for depression, researchers may use _______ ________
linkage analysis
________ helps maintain learned fears and anxieties.
reinforcement
_______ ______ occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events.
stimulus generalization
