ap psych: psychological disorders

specific reaction from a depressed person

"I miss my partner, but thankfully I have family and other friends"

external reaction from a depressed person

"It takes two to make a relationship work and it wasn't meant to be

janet, whose class presentation is titled "current views on the causes of schizophrenia", concludes her talk with the statement

"genes may predispose some people to react to particular experiences by developing schizophrenia"

stable reaction to receiving a failing grade

"i'll never get over this" - lasts forever

internal reaction from a depressed person

"our breakup was all my fault"

global reaction from a depressed person

"without my partner, i can't seem to do anything right"; affects everything

specific disorders for eating

-anorexia nervosa -bulimia nervosa -binge-eating disorder

specific personality disorders

-antisocial personality disorder -schizoid personality disorder -trionic personality disorder -avoidant personality disorder -narcissistic personality disorder

possible explanations of the causes of mood disorders

-behavioral and cognitive changes that accompany depression -stressful events -depression strikes earlier every generation, affecting more and more people

which of the following provides evidence that human fears have been subjected to the evolutionary process?

-compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species' survival -most phobias focus on objects that our ancestors also feared -it is easier to condition some fears than others

specific disorders for anxiety

-generalized anxiety disorder -panic disorder -phobias -ocd -ptsd

which of the following is true concerning eating disorders?

-genetic factors may influence susceptibility -cultural pressures for thinness strongly influence teenage girls -family background is a significant factor

identify several group differences in suicide rates

-higher among caucasians, the wealthy, older, male, non-religious, single, widowed, or divorced -more women attempt suicide but more men succeed -varies widely by culture and religious background

which of the following was presented in the text as evidence of biological influences on anxiety disorders

-identical twins often develop similar phobias -brain scans of persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder reveal unusually high activity in the anterior cingulate cortex -drugs that dampen fear-circuit activity in the amygdala also alleviate OCD

specific disorders for mood

-major depressive disorder -bipolar

social-cognitive theorists contend that depression is linked with

-negative moods -maladaptive explanations of failure -self-defeating beliefs

list several pieces of evidence for the fetal-virus idea

1. flu studies in pregnant women 2. risk of schizophrenia increases for those in fetal development during flu epidemics

five anxiety disorders discussed int he text are:

1. generalized anxiety disorder 2. panic disorder 3. phobias 4. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 5. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

identify several of the possible early warning signs for schizophrenia

1. having a mother whose schizophrenia is severe, long lasting, chronic/ process 2. birth complications 3. poor muscle coordination that develops in teens and early twenties 4. withdrawn behavior and emotional unpredictability 5. poor peer relations, solo act and solo activity/ stops interactions with others

identity two pieces of evidence brought forth by those who do not accept dissociative identity disorder as a genuine disorder

1. the increase in the number of reported DID cases indicated has become a fad because it's extremely rare 2. far less prevalent outside north america 3. tv and film have made it a popular topic

outline the vicious cycle of depression

1. trigger: depression is brought on by a stressor 2. ruminate events with maladaptive thinking that amplifies/ increases depression and triggers even more symptoms 3. social withdrawal and complaingin elicits social rejection which triggers isolation which in turn fuels depression, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness and even suicidal thoughts

research reveals that approximately ____ percent of adult americans suffered a clinically significant mental disorder during the prior year

26

the most widely used system for classifying psychological disorders is the American Psychiatric Association manual, commonly known by its abbreviation, __________. it was developed in coordination with the World Health Organization's ________ ________ of ________. this manual _________ (does/ does not) explain the cause of a disorder; rather, it _________ the disorder

DSM 5 TR; international classification; disorder; does not; describes

dissociative identity disorder (did)

a dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities; formerly called multiple personality disorder

among the following, which is generally accepted as a cause of schizophrenia

a genetic predisposition

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which the person is aggresive, ruthless, and shows no sign of a conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing

han has an intense, irrational fear of snakes. he is suffering from

a phobia

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)

a psychological disorder characterized by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

DSM V

a short name for the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which provides a widely used system of classifying psychological disorders

studies have shown that labeling has ___________ (little/ a significant) effect on our interpretation of individuals and their behavior

a significant

hysteria somatoform disorder

a type of somatoform disorder; -hysterical blindness -hysterical paralysis -hysterical pregnancy

munchausen syndrome

a type of somatoform disorder; a disorder in which a person repeatedly and deliberately acts as if he/she has a physical or mental disorder when not really sick

conversion disorder

a type of somatoform disorder; anxiety is converted into physical symptoms

hypochondria

a type of somatoform disorder; interpret body sensations as illness

research evidence links the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia to ______ during prenatal developmental

a viral infection contracted

which of the following is not true of mood disorders, according to the biological perspective?

activity in the left frontal lobe is increased during a depressed state

a fear of situations in which help might not be available during a panic attack

agoraphobia

factors that affect suicide are ______ dependence and social ______. for the elderly, it may be an alternative to current or future ______. people who engage in non-suicidal self-injury do so to gain relief from intense _______ _______ to ask for help and gain _______, to relieve _____, or to get others to change their negative behavior

alcohol; suggestion; suffering; negative thoughts; attention; guilt

the effect of drugs that block receptors for dopamine is to

alleviate schizophrenia symptoms

ming has never been able to keep a job. he's been in and out of jail for charges such as theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. ming would most likely be diagnosed as having

an antisocial personality

post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/ or insomnia lasting four weeks or more following a traumatic experience

phobia

an anxiety disorder in which a person has a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd)

an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences uncontrollable and repititive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions)

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by purging (vomiting or laxitive use) or fasting

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder, most common in adolesent females, in which a person restricts food intake to become significantly underweight and yet still feels fat

panic disorder

an episode of intense dread accompanied by chest pain, dizziness, or choking; essentially an escalation of the anxiety associated with generalied anxiety disorder

a type of eating disorder

anorexia nervosa

the disorder in which a person becomes significantly underweight and yet feels fat is known as

anorexia nervosa

fMRI scans of persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder reveal excessive activity in a brain region called the ______ ______ cortex. some antidepressant drugs dampen fear-circuit activity in the ____, thus reducing this behavior

anterior cingulate; amydala

an individual who seems to have no conscience

antisocial personality

an individual who seems to have no conscience, lies, steals, is generally irresponsible, and may be criminal is said to have an ______ personality. previously, this person was labeled a ______

antisocial; pyschopath/ sociopath

psychodynamic and learning theorists both agree that dissociative and anxiety disorders are symptoms that represent the person's attempt to deal with

anxiety

phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors are classified as

anxiety disorders

the psychoanalytic and learning perspectives view dissociative disorders as ways of dealing with _____. others view them as a protective response to histories of ____ _____ ____. skeptics claim these disorders are sometimes contrived by _____-______ people and sometimes constructed out of the _______-______ interaction

anxiety; extreme childhood trauma; fantasy-prone; therapist-patient

most people with psychological disorders __________ (are/ are not) violent. most people whose __________ defense is accepted are nonetheless institutionalized, often for as long as those convicted of crimes

are not; insanity

humans probably ____ (are/ are not) biologically prepared to develop certain fears. compulsive acts typically are exaggerations of behaviors that contributed to our species' _______

are; survival

most mental health workers today take the view that disordered behaviors

arise from the interaction of nature and environment (genetics and environment)

when young women were shown pictures of unnaturally thin models, they felt more ____, ______, and ______ with their own bodies

ashamed; depressed; dissatisfied

adhd, or ________-_________ _________ ________, plagues children who display one or more of three key symptoms: extreme _________, __________, and __________

attention-deficit hyperactive disorder; hyperactivity; impulsivity; inattention

thirteen-year-old ronald constantly fidgets in his seat at school, frequently blurts out answers without being called, and is extremely distractible. a psychiatrist might diagnose ronald with ______-_______ _______ _________

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

a fearful sensitivity to rejection may predispose the ______ personality disorder. eccentric behaviors, such as emotionless disengagement, are characteristic of the _______ personality disorder. the third cluster exhibits dramatic or ______ behaviors, such as the ____ or _______ personality disorders

avoidant; schizoid; impulsive; histrionic; narcissistic

symptoms of mania include:

being hyperactive, euphoric, wildly optimistic, elated, over excited, and talkative

in impoverished areas of the world, where thinness can signal poverty, _______ is better. in ______ cultures, however, the rise in eating disorders has coincided with an increasing number of women having a poor _____ _____

bigger; western; body image

haya, who suffers from taijin-kyofusho (fear of eye-contact), is afraid of direct eye contact with another person. a therapist who believes in the medical model would say that her problem has a ________ basis. a biopsychosocial therapist would want to look into the interaction of her _______, _______, and _______-_______ environment

biological; biology; psychology; social-cultural

the fact that disorders such as schizophrenia are universal and influenced by heredity, whereas other disorders such as anorexia nervosa are culture-bound provides evidence for the ____ model of psychological disorders

biopsychosocial

the view that all behavior arises from the interaction of heredity and environment is referred to as the _____ approach

biopsychosocial

approach that considers behavior disorders to be the result of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences

biopsychosocial approach

most mental health workers today take a _________ approach, whereby they assume that disorders are influenced by ______ _______ and ________ ________, inner ______ _______, and _________ and _________ circumstances

biopsychosocial; genetic predispositions; physiological states; psychological dynamics; social; cultural

a type of mood disorder

bipolar disorder

on monday, delon felt optimistic, energetic, and on top of the world. on tuesday, he felt hopeless and lethargic, and tought that the future looked very grim. delon would most likely be diagnosed as having

bipolar disorder

adhd is diagnosed more often in _______ (boys/ girls). in the past two decades, the proportion of american children being treated for this disorder __________ (increased/ decreased) dramatically. experts ________ (agree/ somewhat agree/ do not agree) that adhd is a real disorder

boys; increased; somewhat agree

possible explanations of causes of schizophrenia

brain abnormalities and genetic predispositions, dopamine overactivity, maternal pregnancy virus

those who accept this as a genuine disorder point to evidence that differing personalities may be associated with distinct _____ and _____ states

brain; body

a more common disorder is ________ ________, which is characterized by repeated ____-____ episodes and by feelings of depression or anxiety. when bouts of excessive eating followed by remorse are not accompanied by purging or fasting, the ______-_____ disorder may be diagnosed

bulimia nervosa; binge-purge; binge-eating

depressed persons usually ____ (can/ cannot) recover without therapy

can

the commonality of depression suggests that its _____ must also be common

causes

mood disorders

characterized by emotional extremes

binge-eating disorder

characterized by episodes of overeating, followed by distress, but without the purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

personality disorders

characterized by inflexible and enduring maladaptive character traits that impait social functioning

when schizophrenia develops slowly (called _____ schizophrenia), recovery is _____ (more/ less) likely than when it develops rapidly in reaction to particular life stresses (called _____ schizophrenia)

chronic; less; acute

learning theorists, drawing on research in which rats are given unpredictable electric shocks, link general anxiety with ______ conditioning of ______

classical; fears

possible explanations of causes of anxiety disorders

conditioning and reinforcement of fears, pairing of a traumatic event with a genetic predisposition

adoption studies _______ (confirm/ do not confirm) a genetic link in the development of schizophrenia

confirm

women in ____ consider "bigger" to be the ideal body shape

countries such as africa, where thinness can signal poverty

possible explanations of causes of dissociative disorders

cultural phenomenon, exhibited by suggestible, fantasy-prone people, natural protectie response to histories of childhood trauma

which of the following is true concerning abnormal behavior?

definitions of abnormal ehavior are culture-dependent

false beliefs that may accompany psychological disorders

delusions

the distorted, false beliefs of schizophrenia patients are called

delusions

describe how depressed people differ from others in their explanations of failure and how such explanations tend to feed depression

depressed people tend to explain failures and negative events in terms that are: -stable: lasts forever -global: affects everything -internal: all my fault this thinking leads to hopelessness, fuels depression, and may lead to thoughts of suicide

which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?

depression

evidence of environmental effects on psychological disorders is seen in the fact that certain disorders, such as _____, are universal, whereas others, such as ______, are culture-bound

depression; anorexia nervosa

major psychological disorders such as ______ and ______ are universal; others, such as __________ ________ and ________ _________, are culture-bound. these culture-bound disorders may share an underlying ______, such as _________, yet differ in their _________

depression; schizophrenia; anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa; dynamic; anxiety; symptoms

to be classified as a psychological disorder, behavior must be:

deviant, distressful, and dynsfunctional

kitty has agreed to appear on the TV show Fear Factor. her test involves eating roaches, a practice that disgusts most North Americans. although kitty's task is _________ and possibly briefly _______, it is not _________ and so is not disordered

deviant; distressful; dysfunctional

mental health workers label thoughts, feelings, and actions disordered when they are _________, __________, and ____________

deviant; distressful; dysfunctional

the psychodynamic perspective would most likely view phobias as

displaced responses to incompletely repressed impulses

a person who develops two or more distinct personalities is suffering from _______ ________ disorder

dissociate identity

as a child, monica was criticized severely by her mother for not living up to her expectations. this criticism was always followed by a beating with a whip. as an adult, monica is generally introverted and extremely shy. sometimes, however, she acts more like a young child, throwing tantrums if she doesn't get her way. at other times, she is a flirting, happy-go-lucky young lady. most likely, monica is suffering from

dissociate identity disorder

specific disorders for dissociative disorders

dissociate identity disorder (did)

a disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, feelings, and thoughts

dissociative disorder

a a disorder formerly called multiple personality disorder

dissociative identity disorder

multiple personalities have long been a popular subject of films and novels. for example, dr. jekyll, whose second personality was mr. hyde, had ________ _____ disorder

dissociative; identity

in _______ disorders, a person experiences a sudden loss of _____ or change in ______

dissociative; memory; identity

anxiety disorders are psychological disorders characterized by

distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

most people suffering major depression _____ (do/ do not) eventually return to normal even without professional help. it usually _____ (is/ is not) the case that a depressive episode has been triggered by a stressful event. an individual's vulnerability to depression also increases following, for example, ______________________

do; is; job loss, mental crisis, family death, sexual/ physical/ emotional assault

a neurotransmitter for which there are excess receptors in some schizophrenia patients

dopamine

wayne has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. his doctor attempts to help wayne by prescribing a drug that blocks receptors for

dopamine

the brain tissue of schizophrenia patients has been found to have an excess of receptors for the neurotransmitter _______. drugs that block these receptors have been found to _______ (increase/ decrease) schizophrenia symptoms

dopamine; decrease

in terms of age of onset, most psuchological disorders appear by ______ (early/ middle/ late) adulthood. some, such as the ____ _____ and ____, appear during childhood

early; antisocial personality; phobias

mood disorders are psychological disorders characterized by ________ _________. they come in two forms: the experience of prolonged depression with no discernible cause is called ______ ____ disorder. when a person's mood alternates between depression and the hyperactive state of ______, a ______ disorder is diagnosed

emotional extremes; major depressive; mania; bipolar

our early ancestors commonly attributed disordered behavior to

evil spirits

men's disorders tend to be more _______ and include: ____________________

external; alcohol abuse, antisocial conduct, lack of impulse control, and anger outbursts

delusions

false beliefs that often are symptoms of psychotic disorders

some victims of schizophrenia lapse into a zombielike state of apparent apathy, or _______ _______; others, who exhibit ______, may remain motionless for hours and then become agitated

flat affect; catatonia

enlarged, _____-filled areas and a corresponding _____ of cerebral tissue is also characteristic of schizophrenia. schizophrenia patients also have a smaller-than-normal _____, which may account for their difficulty in filtering _____ _____ and focusing _______

fluid; shrinkage; cortex; sensory imput; attention

pet scans of murderers' brains reveal reduced activity in the ___ ___, an area of the cortex that helps control _______

frontal lobe; impulses

isabella is continually tense, jittery, and apprehensive for no specific reason. she would probably be diagnosed as suffering from

generalized anxiety disorder

when a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and physiologically aroused for no apparent reason, he or she is diagnosed as suffering from a _________ __________ disorder. in freud's term, the anxiety is ________-________

generalized anxiety; free-floating

possible explanations of causes of personality disorders

genetic influences and child abuse

it appears that for schizophrenia to develop there must be both a ______ predisposition and other factors such as those listed earlier that "________" the ______ that predispose this disease

genetic; turn on/ trigger; genes

possible explanations of causes of eating disorders

genetics, great body dissatisfaction, perfectionist standards

a false sensory experience

hallucination

hearing voices would be a _______; believing that you are napoleon would be a ______

hallucination; delusion

the disturbed perceptions of people suffering from schizophrenia may take the form of ________, which usually are _____ (visual/ auditory)

hallucinations; auditory (although it can be visual)

most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of

hearing

to which is a person most likely to acquire a phobia

heights

generalized anxiety disorder can lead to physical problems, such as _____ _______ _______. in some instances, anxiety may intensify dramatically and unpredictably and be accompanied by heart palpitations or choking, for example; people with these symptoms are said to have _________ _______. this anxiety may escalate into a minutes-long episode of intense fear, or a ___ ____

high blood pressure; panic attacks; panic attack

the incidence of serious psychological disorders is ____ (higher/ lower) among those below the poverty line

higher

the medical model

holds that psychological disorders are illnesses that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a psychiatric hospital

antisocial adolescents tended to have been _____, _____, unconcerned with ______ ______, and low in _______

impulsive; uninhibited; social rewards; anxiety

in treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would

increase levels of norepinepheine/ epinephrine

one criticism of DSM 5 is that as the number of disorder categories has _________ (increased/ decreased), and the number of adults who meet the criteria for at least one psychiatric ailment has ________ (increased/ decreased)

increased; increased

vulnerability to eating disorders _______ (increases/ does not increase) with greater body dissatisfaction

increases

alicia's doctor, who thinks about alicia's depression has a biochemical cause, prescribes a drug that

increases norepinephrine/ serotonin

with each new generation, the rate of depression is ______ (increasing/ decreasing) and the disorder is striking _____ (earlier/ later). in north america, today's young adults are ______ times more likely than their grandparents to suffer depression

increasing; earlier; three

according to martin seligman, depression is more common in western cultures that emhasize _______ and that have shown a decline in commitment to ______ and family

individualism; religion

in general, women are more vulnerable than men to

internal disorders such as depression

dissociative disorders

involve a separation of conscious awareness from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

anxiety disorders

involve stressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

studies of biological relatives of those with antisocial and unemotional tendencies suggest that there _____ (is/ is not) a biological predisposition to such traits

is

behavior is classified as disordered when it

is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

dissociation itself ______ (is/ is not so) rare

is not

as in other disorders, in antisocial personality, genetics ___ (is/ is not) the whole story. rather, genes _______ some children to be more sensitive to ________ influences such as ___________

is not; predispose; environmental; failture to attach, maltreatment

the diagnostic reliability of dsm-iv-tr

is relatively high

the anxiety response probably _____ (is/ is not) genetically influenced. there may be anxiety _______ that affect brain levels of the neurotransmitter _____ which influences mood, as well as the neurotransmitter ________, which regulates the brain's alarm centers

is; genes; serotonin; glutamate

adhd _______ (is/ is not) thought by some to be heritable, and it _________ (is/ is not) caused by eating too much sugar or poor schools. adhd is often accompanied by a _________ disorder or with behavior that is _______ or temper-prone

is; is not; learning; defiant

which of the following is not true regarding schizophrenia

it occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas

which of the following is true of the medical model?

it views psychological disorders as sicknesses that are diagnosable and treatable

who might be most prone to developing an eating disorder?

jennifer, a teenage girl who has a poor self-image and a fear of not being able to live up to her parents' high standards

which of the following statements concerning the labeling of disordered behaviors is not true?

labels interfere with effective treatment of psychological disorders

before he can study, rashid must arrange his books, pencils, paper, and other items on his desk so that they are "just so". the campus counselor suggests that rashid's compulsive behavior may help alleviate his anxiety about failing in school, which reinforces the compulsive actions. this explanation of obsessive-compulsive behavior is most consistent with which perspective?

learning

julia's psychologist believes that julie's fear of heights can be traced to a conditioned fear she developed after falling from a ladder. this explanation reflects a

learning

the term insanity refers to

legal definitions

when expecting to be electrically shocked, people with an antisocial disorder, as compared with normal people, show

less fear and less autonomic arousal

the brains of depressed people tend to be ______ (more/ less) active, especially in an area of the _____ _____ lobe and an adjacent brain _______ _____. in severely depressed patients, this brain area may also be _______ (smaller/ larger) in size. the brain's ________, which is important in processing _______, is vulnerable to stress-related damage

less; left frontal; reward center; smaller; hippocampus; memories

the possible signs of depression include:

lethargy, feeling worthless, loss of interest with friends, family, and activities

people who have a sensitive _______ ______ are more vulnerable to this disorder. brain scans reveal an abberant and persistent ____ ______ _____ activation in these patients. research with identical twins indicates that ______ may also play a role

limbic system; right temporal lobe; genes

to determine which genes are involved in depression, researchers use _____ ______, in which they examine the DNA of both affected and unaffected family members

linkage analysis; DNA

some scientists contend that the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia may be caused by a prenatal problem, such as ________ ______ ______, maternal ______, older ______ age, and ______ ______ during delivery. another possible culprit is a mid-pregnancy _____ ______

low birth weight; diabetes; paternal; oxygen deprivation; viral infection

brain scans have shown that many people suffering from schizophrenia have abnormally _____ (high/ low) brain activity in the _____ lobes

low; frontal

depression may also be caused by ______ (high/ low) levels of two neurotransmitters, _________ and _______. some poeple with a history of depression also were habitual _______

low; norepinephrine; serotonin; smokers

for the past six months, haeji has compalines of feeling isolated from others, dissatisfied with life, and discouraged about the future. haeji could be diagnosed as suffering from

major depressive disorder

an extremely elevated mood

mania

genetic factors ______ (may/ may not) influence susceptibility to eating disorders

may

approach that considers behavior disorders as illnesses that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured

medical model

most practitioners find the DSM-IV-TR a helpful and practical tool despite its

medical model bias

the view that psychological disorders are sicknesses is the basis of the ________ model. according to this view, psychological disorders are viewed as mental _________, or ___________, diagnosed on the basis of ________ and cured through __________

medical; illnesses; psychopathology; symptoms; treatment/ therapy

nicholas spanos considers dissociative identity disorder to be

merely role-playing

although the cause of eating disorders is still unknown, proposed explanations focus on all the following, except

metabolic factors

according to the social-cognitive perspective, a person who experiences unexpected aversive events may develop helplessness and manifest a

mood disorder

psychological disorders marked by emotional extremes

mood disorders

compared with men, women are _____ (more/ less) vulnerable to major depression. in general, women are more vulnerable to disorders involving _______ states, such as ________, _______, and inhibited ______ ______

more; internalized; depression; anxiety; sexual desire

which of the following is not true concerning depression?

most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event

today's psychologists recognize that all behavior arises from the interaction of ____ and ______. to presume that a person is "mentally ill" attributes the condition solely to a "____________" that must be identified and cured

nature; nurture; sickness

a neurotransmitter that is overabundant during mania and scarce during depression

norepinephrine

which neurotransmitter is present in overabundant amounts during the manic phase of bipolar disorder?

norepinephrine

drugs that alleviate mania reduce _______; drugs that relieve depression increase ________ or _______ supplies by blocking either their ______ or their chemical _______

norepinephrine; norepinephrine; serotonin; reuptake; breakdown

the families of bulimia patients have a high incidence of childhood _______ and ________ self-evaluation. the families of anorexia patients tend to be _______, _____ _____, and _______

obesity; negative; competitive; high achieving; protective

a disorder characterized by repetitive thoughts and actions

obsessive-compulsive disorder

jason is so preoccuptied with staying clean that he showers as many as 10 times each day. jason would be diagnosed as suffering from

obsessive-compulsive disorder

because of some troubling thoughts, carl recently had a pet scan of his brain that revealed excessive activity in the anterior cingulate area. carl's psychiatrist believes that carl suffers from

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

when a person cannot control repititive thoughts and actions, an ________-________ disorder is diagnosed. older people are ________ (more/ less) likely than teens and young adults to suffer from this disorder

obsessive-compulsive; less

a sudden escalation of anxiety often accopmanied by a sensation of choking or other physical symptoms

panic attack

irene occasionally experiences unpredictable episodes of intense dread accompanied by heart palpitations and a sensation of smothering. sincer her symptoms have no apparent cause, they would probably be classified as indicative of

panic attack

which of the follwing is not a symptom of schizophrenia

panic attacks

an anxiety disorder marked by intense dread

panic disorder

schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders, including five subtypes: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, called _____; disordered speech or behavior, or _____; immobility, or ____; many and varied symptoms, or _________; and withdrawal, or ______

paranoid; disorganized; catatonic; undifferentiated; residual

nicholas spanos has argued that such people may merely be playing different _______

personalities

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation

phobia

when a person has an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation, the diagnosis is a ______. although in many situations, the person can live with the problem, some ______ ______, such as a fear of thunderstorms, are incapacitating

phobia; specific phobias

although ______ are more common, ______ is the number one reason that people seek mental health services. it is also the leading cause of disability worldwide

phobias; depression

one of the first reformers to advocate this position and call for providing more humane living conditions for the mentally ill was _____

pinel

the roles of the prenatal environment in schizophrenia is demonstrated by the fact that identical twins who share the same _____, and are therefore more likely to experience the same prenatal ______, are ore likely to share the disorder

placenta; viruses

claiming that she heard a voice commanding her to warn other people that eating is harmful, Sandy attempts to convince others in a restaurant not to eat. the psychiatrist to whom she is referred finds that sandy's thinking and speech are often fragmented and incoherent. in addition, sandy has an unreasonable fear the someone is "out to get her" and consequently trusts no one. her condition is most indicative of ______ symptoms of schizophrenia

positive

people with schizophrenia who display inappropriate behavior are said to have ______ ______, while those with toneless voices and expressionless faces are said to have ____ ______

positive symptoms; negative symptoms

positive psychological changes stemming from dealing with an extreme crisis

post-traumatic growth

although she escaped from war-torn bosnia two years ago, zheina still has haunting memories and nightmares. because she is also severely depressed, her therapist diagnoses her condition as

post-traumatic stress disorder

traumatic stress, such as that associated with witnessing atrocities or combat, can produce ______-____ ____ disorder. the symptoms of this disorder include ______ ______, _______, _____ ______, ____ ______, and ________

post-traumatic stress; haunting memories; nightmares; social withdrawal; jumpy anxiety; insomnia

bipolar disorder is less common among creative professionals who rely on ______ and ______ than among those who rely on _____ expression and vivid _____

precision; logic; emotional; imagery

the pros and cons of labeling psychological disorders

pro: useful to describe, treat, research causes of disorder cons: -creates conceptions that biases our interpretations of others -affects self-image -can be a self-fulfilling prophecy

when schizophrenia is slow to develop, called _____ schizophrenia, recovery is ______

process; unlikely

connie's therapist has suggested that her depression stems from unresolved anger toward her parents. evidently, connie's therapist is working within the _________ perspective

psychoanalytic

somatoform disorders

psychological disorders in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause

marked by irrationality and loss of contact with reality

psychosis

specific disorders for schizophrenia

psychosis

schizophrenia, or "split mind," refers not to a split personality but rather to a split from _______. this disorder is an example of a _______ because it is marked by ______ and ____________

reality; psychosis;; irrationality; lost contact with reality

psychosis

refers to a psychological disorder in which a person experiences irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

post-traumatic growth

refers to positive psychological changes that may result from dealing with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

schizophrenia

refers to the group of severe disorders whose symptoms may include disorganized and delusional thinking, inappropriate emotions and actions, and disturbed perceptions

phobias and compulsive behaviors reduce anxiety and thereby are _______. through _______ learning, someone might also learn fear by seeing others display their own fears.

reinforcement; observational

being withdrawn, self-focused, and complaining tends to elicit social _______ (empathy/ rejection)

rejection

freud assumed that anxiety disorders are symptoms of submerged mental energy that derives from intolerable impulses that were ____ during childhood

repressed

a group of disorders marked by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

schizophrenia

many psychologists attribute the disorganized thinking of schizophrenia to a breakdown in the capacity for _____ ______

selective attention

many psychologists believe the disorganized thoughts of people with schizophrenia result from a breakdown in

selective attention

depression-prone people respond to bad events in an especially ________ way

self-blaming

according to the social-cognitive perspective, depression may be linked with _________ beliefs and a ______ _______ style. such beliefs may arise from _______ _______, the feeling that can arise when the indiidual repeatedly experiences uncontrollable, painful events

self-defeating; negative explanatory; learned helplessness

dissociation means to become ______ from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings

separated

a neurotransmitter possibly linked to anxiety disorders

serotonin

independent diagnoses made with the current manual generally ______ (show/ do not show) agreement

show

people who _______ have at least a doubled risk of a first-time _______ _______ because _________ is a stimulant

smoke/ vape; panic attack; nicotine

personality disorders exist when an individual has character traits that are enduring and impair ______ ______

social functioning

intense fear of being scrutinized by others

social phobia

when a person has an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, the diagnosis is a ______ ______. people who fear situations in which escape or help might not be possible when panic strikes suffer from __________

social phobia; agoraphobia

ken's therapist suggested that his depression is a result of his self-defeating thoughts and negative assumptions, about himself, his situation, and his future. evidently, ken's therapist is working within the _______ perspective

social-cognitive (thinking)

after falling from a ladder, joseph is afraif of airplanes, although he has never flown. this demonstrates that some fears arise from

stimulus generalization

some fears arise from _______ ________, such as when a person who fears heights after a fall also comes to fear airplanes

stimulus generalization

gender differences in responding to _____ help explain why women have been twice as vulnerable to depression. according to susan noel-hoeksema, when trouble strikes, men tend to _____ and women tend to ____/_____

stress; act; overthink/ ruminate

twin studies ______ (support/ do not support) the contention that heredity plays a role in schizophrenia

support

researchers who believe this disorder may be diagnosed point to the _____ ____ of most people who suffer trauma. also, suffering can lead to ______-_____ _____, in which people experience an increased appreciation for life, more meaningful relationships, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.

survivor resiliency; post-traumatic growth

mood disorders ______ (tend/ do not tend) to run in families. studies of ________ also reveal that genetic influences on mood disorders are ______ (weak/ strong)

tend; twins; strong

bipolar disorder

the mood disorder in which a person alternates between depression and the euphoria of a manic state

major depressive disorder

the mood disorder that occurs when a person exhibits the lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, or loss of interest in family, friends, and activities characteristic of depression for more than a two-week period and for no discernible reason. because of is relative frequency, depression has been called the "common cold" of psychological disorders

generalized anxiety disorder

the person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal for no appearent reason

mania

the wildly optimistic, euphoric, hyperactive state that alternates with depression in the bipolar disorder

temporary reaction from a depressed person

this is hard to face, but I will get through this"

three manifestations of schizophrenia are disorganized _______, disturbed ______, and inappropriate ______ and ______

thoughts; perceptions; emotions; actions

major depression occurs when its signs last ____ _____ or more with no apparent cause

two weeks

munchausen syndrome by proxy

type of somatoform disorder; a disorder in which a caregiver makes up symptoms and causes an illness or injury to a person in his/ her care (mother/ elder care giver)

the criteria for classifying behavior as psychologically disordered

vary by culture and with time

this definition emphasizes that standards of acceptability for behavior ___________ (are constant/ vary) by _________, by __________, and with ________

vary; context; culture; time

important warning signs to watch for in suicide prevention efforts include ____ _____, giving ______ _______, or _____ and _____________

verbal hints; possessions away; withdrawal; preoccupation with death

gender differences in the prevalence of depression may partly result from the fact that when stressful experiences occur

women tend to think, while men tend to act