ap psych: psychological disorders
specific reaction from a depressed person
"I miss my partner, but thankfully I have family and other friends"
external reaction from a depressed person
"It takes two to make a relationship work and it wasn't meant to be
janet, whose class presentation is titled "current views on the causes of schizophrenia", concludes her talk with the statement
"genes may predispose some people to react to particular experiences by developing schizophrenia"
stable reaction to receiving a failing grade
"i'll never get over this" - lasts forever
internal reaction from a depressed person
"our breakup was all my fault"
global reaction from a depressed person
"without my partner, i can't seem to do anything right"; affects everything
specific disorders for eating
-anorexia nervosa -bulimia nervosa -binge-eating disorder
specific personality disorders
-antisocial personality disorder -schizoid personality disorder -trionic personality disorder -avoidant personality disorder -narcissistic personality disorder
possible explanations of the causes of mood disorders
-behavioral and cognitive changes that accompany depression -stressful events -depression strikes earlier every generation, affecting more and more people
which of the following provides evidence that human fears have been subjected to the evolutionary process?
-compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species' survival -most phobias focus on objects that our ancestors also feared -it is easier to condition some fears than others
specific disorders for anxiety
-generalized anxiety disorder -panic disorder -phobias -ocd -ptsd
which of the following is true concerning eating disorders?
-genetic factors may influence susceptibility -cultural pressures for thinness strongly influence teenage girls -family background is a significant factor
identify several group differences in suicide rates
-higher among caucasians, the wealthy, older, male, non-religious, single, widowed, or divorced -more women attempt suicide but more men succeed -varies widely by culture and religious background
which of the following was presented in the text as evidence of biological influences on anxiety disorders
-identical twins often develop similar phobias -brain scans of persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder reveal unusually high activity in the anterior cingulate cortex -drugs that dampen fear-circuit activity in the amygdala also alleviate OCD
specific disorders for mood
-major depressive disorder -bipolar
social-cognitive theorists contend that depression is linked with
-negative moods -maladaptive explanations of failure -self-defeating beliefs
list several pieces of evidence for the fetal-virus idea
1. flu studies in pregnant women 2. risk of schizophrenia increases for those in fetal development during flu epidemics
five anxiety disorders discussed int he text are:
1. generalized anxiety disorder 2. panic disorder 3. phobias 4. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 5. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
identify several of the possible early warning signs for schizophrenia
1. having a mother whose schizophrenia is severe, long lasting, chronic/ process 2. birth complications 3. poor muscle coordination that develops in teens and early twenties 4. withdrawn behavior and emotional unpredictability 5. poor peer relations, solo act and solo activity/ stops interactions with others
identity two pieces of evidence brought forth by those who do not accept dissociative identity disorder as a genuine disorder
1. the increase in the number of reported DID cases indicated has become a fad because it's extremely rare 2. far less prevalent outside north america 3. tv and film have made it a popular topic
outline the vicious cycle of depression
1. trigger: depression is brought on by a stressor 2. ruminate events with maladaptive thinking that amplifies/ increases depression and triggers even more symptoms 3. social withdrawal and complaingin elicits social rejection which triggers isolation which in turn fuels depression, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness and even suicidal thoughts
research reveals that approximately ____ percent of adult americans suffered a clinically significant mental disorder during the prior year
26
the most widely used system for classifying psychological disorders is the American Psychiatric Association manual, commonly known by its abbreviation, __________. it was developed in coordination with the World Health Organization's ________ ________ of ________. this manual _________ (does/ does not) explain the cause of a disorder; rather, it _________ the disorder
DSM 5 TR; international classification; disorder; does not; describes
dissociative identity disorder (did)
a dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities; formerly called multiple personality disorder
among the following, which is generally accepted as a cause of schizophrenia
a genetic predisposition
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which the person is aggresive, ruthless, and shows no sign of a conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing
han has an intense, irrational fear of snakes. he is suffering from
a phobia
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)
a psychological disorder characterized by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
DSM V
a short name for the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which provides a widely used system of classifying psychological disorders
studies have shown that labeling has ___________ (little/ a significant) effect on our interpretation of individuals and their behavior
a significant
hysteria somatoform disorder
a type of somatoform disorder; -hysterical blindness -hysterical paralysis -hysterical pregnancy
munchausen syndrome
a type of somatoform disorder; a disorder in which a person repeatedly and deliberately acts as if he/she has a physical or mental disorder when not really sick
conversion disorder
a type of somatoform disorder; anxiety is converted into physical symptoms
hypochondria
a type of somatoform disorder; interpret body sensations as illness
research evidence links the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia to ______ during prenatal developmental
a viral infection contracted
which of the following is not true of mood disorders, according to the biological perspective?
activity in the left frontal lobe is increased during a depressed state
a fear of situations in which help might not be available during a panic attack
agoraphobia
factors that affect suicide are ______ dependence and social ______. for the elderly, it may be an alternative to current or future ______. people who engage in non-suicidal self-injury do so to gain relief from intense _______ _______ to ask for help and gain _______, to relieve _____, or to get others to change their negative behavior
alcohol; suggestion; suffering; negative thoughts; attention; guilt
the effect of drugs that block receptors for dopamine is to
alleviate schizophrenia symptoms
ming has never been able to keep a job. he's been in and out of jail for charges such as theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. ming would most likely be diagnosed as having
an antisocial personality
post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd)
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/ or insomnia lasting four weeks or more following a traumatic experience
phobia
an anxiety disorder in which a person has a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd)
an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences uncontrollable and repititive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions)
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by purging (vomiting or laxitive use) or fasting
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder, most common in adolesent females, in which a person restricts food intake to become significantly underweight and yet still feels fat
panic disorder
an episode of intense dread accompanied by chest pain, dizziness, or choking; essentially an escalation of the anxiety associated with generalied anxiety disorder
a type of eating disorder
anorexia nervosa
the disorder in which a person becomes significantly underweight and yet feels fat is known as
anorexia nervosa
fMRI scans of persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder reveal excessive activity in a brain region called the ______ ______ cortex. some antidepressant drugs dampen fear-circuit activity in the ____, thus reducing this behavior
anterior cingulate; amydala
an individual who seems to have no conscience
antisocial personality
an individual who seems to have no conscience, lies, steals, is generally irresponsible, and may be criminal is said to have an ______ personality. previously, this person was labeled a ______
antisocial; pyschopath/ sociopath
psychodynamic and learning theorists both agree that dissociative and anxiety disorders are symptoms that represent the person's attempt to deal with
anxiety
phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors are classified as
anxiety disorders
the psychoanalytic and learning perspectives view dissociative disorders as ways of dealing with _____. others view them as a protective response to histories of ____ _____ ____. skeptics claim these disorders are sometimes contrived by _____-______ people and sometimes constructed out of the _______-______ interaction
anxiety; extreme childhood trauma; fantasy-prone; therapist-patient
most people with psychological disorders __________ (are/ are not) violent. most people whose __________ defense is accepted are nonetheless institutionalized, often for as long as those convicted of crimes
are not; insanity
humans probably ____ (are/ are not) biologically prepared to develop certain fears. compulsive acts typically are exaggerations of behaviors that contributed to our species' _______
are; survival
most mental health workers today take the view that disordered behaviors
arise from the interaction of nature and environment (genetics and environment)
when young women were shown pictures of unnaturally thin models, they felt more ____, ______, and ______ with their own bodies
ashamed; depressed; dissatisfied
adhd, or ________-_________ _________ ________, plagues children who display one or more of three key symptoms: extreme _________, __________, and __________
attention-deficit hyperactive disorder; hyperactivity; impulsivity; inattention
thirteen-year-old ronald constantly fidgets in his seat at school, frequently blurts out answers without being called, and is extremely distractible. a psychiatrist might diagnose ronald with ______-_______ _______ _________
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
a fearful sensitivity to rejection may predispose the ______ personality disorder. eccentric behaviors, such as emotionless disengagement, are characteristic of the _______ personality disorder. the third cluster exhibits dramatic or ______ behaviors, such as the ____ or _______ personality disorders
avoidant; schizoid; impulsive; histrionic; narcissistic
symptoms of mania include:
being hyperactive, euphoric, wildly optimistic, elated, over excited, and talkative
in impoverished areas of the world, where thinness can signal poverty, _______ is better. in ______ cultures, however, the rise in eating disorders has coincided with an increasing number of women having a poor _____ _____
bigger; western; body image
haya, who suffers from taijin-kyofusho (fear of eye-contact), is afraid of direct eye contact with another person. a therapist who believes in the medical model would say that her problem has a ________ basis. a biopsychosocial therapist would want to look into the interaction of her _______, _______, and _______-_______ environment
biological; biology; psychology; social-cultural
the fact that disorders such as schizophrenia are universal and influenced by heredity, whereas other disorders such as anorexia nervosa are culture-bound provides evidence for the ____ model of psychological disorders
biopsychosocial
the view that all behavior arises from the interaction of heredity and environment is referred to as the _____ approach
biopsychosocial
approach that considers behavior disorders to be the result of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences
biopsychosocial approach
most mental health workers today take a _________ approach, whereby they assume that disorders are influenced by ______ _______ and ________ ________, inner ______ _______, and _________ and _________ circumstances
biopsychosocial; genetic predispositions; physiological states; psychological dynamics; social; cultural
a type of mood disorder
bipolar disorder
on monday, delon felt optimistic, energetic, and on top of the world. on tuesday, he felt hopeless and lethargic, and tought that the future looked very grim. delon would most likely be diagnosed as having
bipolar disorder
adhd is diagnosed more often in _______ (boys/ girls). in the past two decades, the proportion of american children being treated for this disorder __________ (increased/ decreased) dramatically. experts ________ (agree/ somewhat agree/ do not agree) that adhd is a real disorder
boys; increased; somewhat agree
possible explanations of causes of schizophrenia
brain abnormalities and genetic predispositions, dopamine overactivity, maternal pregnancy virus
those who accept this as a genuine disorder point to evidence that differing personalities may be associated with distinct _____ and _____ states
brain; body
a more common disorder is ________ ________, which is characterized by repeated ____-____ episodes and by feelings of depression or anxiety. when bouts of excessive eating followed by remorse are not accompanied by purging or fasting, the ______-_____ disorder may be diagnosed
bulimia nervosa; binge-purge; binge-eating
depressed persons usually ____ (can/ cannot) recover without therapy
can
the commonality of depression suggests that its _____ must also be common
causes
mood disorders
characterized by emotional extremes
binge-eating disorder
characterized by episodes of overeating, followed by distress, but without the purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa
personality disorders
characterized by inflexible and enduring maladaptive character traits that impait social functioning
when schizophrenia develops slowly (called _____ schizophrenia), recovery is _____ (more/ less) likely than when it develops rapidly in reaction to particular life stresses (called _____ schizophrenia)
chronic; less; acute
learning theorists, drawing on research in which rats are given unpredictable electric shocks, link general anxiety with ______ conditioning of ______
classical; fears
possible explanations of causes of anxiety disorders
conditioning and reinforcement of fears, pairing of a traumatic event with a genetic predisposition
adoption studies _______ (confirm/ do not confirm) a genetic link in the development of schizophrenia
confirm
women in ____ consider "bigger" to be the ideal body shape
countries such as africa, where thinness can signal poverty
possible explanations of causes of dissociative disorders
cultural phenomenon, exhibited by suggestible, fantasy-prone people, natural protectie response to histories of childhood trauma
which of the following is true concerning abnormal behavior?
definitions of abnormal ehavior are culture-dependent
false beliefs that may accompany psychological disorders
delusions
the distorted, false beliefs of schizophrenia patients are called
delusions
describe how depressed people differ from others in their explanations of failure and how such explanations tend to feed depression
depressed people tend to explain failures and negative events in terms that are: -stable: lasts forever -global: affects everything -internal: all my fault this thinking leads to hopelessness, fuels depression, and may lead to thoughts of suicide
which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?
depression
evidence of environmental effects on psychological disorders is seen in the fact that certain disorders, such as _____, are universal, whereas others, such as ______, are culture-bound
depression; anorexia nervosa
major psychological disorders such as ______ and ______ are universal; others, such as __________ ________ and ________ _________, are culture-bound. these culture-bound disorders may share an underlying ______, such as _________, yet differ in their _________
depression; schizophrenia; anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa; dynamic; anxiety; symptoms
to be classified as a psychological disorder, behavior must be:
deviant, distressful, and dynsfunctional
kitty has agreed to appear on the TV show Fear Factor. her test involves eating roaches, a practice that disgusts most North Americans. although kitty's task is _________ and possibly briefly _______, it is not _________ and so is not disordered
deviant; distressful; dysfunctional
mental health workers label thoughts, feelings, and actions disordered when they are _________, __________, and ____________
deviant; distressful; dysfunctional
the psychodynamic perspective would most likely view phobias as
displaced responses to incompletely repressed impulses
a person who develops two or more distinct personalities is suffering from _______ ________ disorder
dissociate identity
as a child, monica was criticized severely by her mother for not living up to her expectations. this criticism was always followed by a beating with a whip. as an adult, monica is generally introverted and extremely shy. sometimes, however, she acts more like a young child, throwing tantrums if she doesn't get her way. at other times, she is a flirting, happy-go-lucky young lady. most likely, monica is suffering from
dissociate identity disorder
specific disorders for dissociative disorders
dissociate identity disorder (did)
a disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, feelings, and thoughts
dissociative disorder
a a disorder formerly called multiple personality disorder
dissociative identity disorder
multiple personalities have long been a popular subject of films and novels. for example, dr. jekyll, whose second personality was mr. hyde, had ________ _____ disorder
dissociative; identity
in _______ disorders, a person experiences a sudden loss of _____ or change in ______
dissociative; memory; identity
anxiety disorders are psychological disorders characterized by
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
most people suffering major depression _____ (do/ do not) eventually return to normal even without professional help. it usually _____ (is/ is not) the case that a depressive episode has been triggered by a stressful event. an individual's vulnerability to depression also increases following, for example, ______________________
do; is; job loss, mental crisis, family death, sexual/ physical/ emotional assault
a neurotransmitter for which there are excess receptors in some schizophrenia patients
dopamine
wayne has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. his doctor attempts to help wayne by prescribing a drug that blocks receptors for
dopamine
the brain tissue of schizophrenia patients has been found to have an excess of receptors for the neurotransmitter _______. drugs that block these receptors have been found to _______ (increase/ decrease) schizophrenia symptoms
dopamine; decrease
in terms of age of onset, most psuchological disorders appear by ______ (early/ middle/ late) adulthood. some, such as the ____ _____ and ____, appear during childhood
early; antisocial personality; phobias
mood disorders are psychological disorders characterized by ________ _________. they come in two forms: the experience of prolonged depression with no discernible cause is called ______ ____ disorder. when a person's mood alternates between depression and the hyperactive state of ______, a ______ disorder is diagnosed
emotional extremes; major depressive; mania; bipolar
our early ancestors commonly attributed disordered behavior to
evil spirits
men's disorders tend to be more _______ and include: ____________________
external; alcohol abuse, antisocial conduct, lack of impulse control, and anger outbursts
delusions
false beliefs that often are symptoms of psychotic disorders
some victims of schizophrenia lapse into a zombielike state of apparent apathy, or _______ _______; others, who exhibit ______, may remain motionless for hours and then become agitated
flat affect; catatonia
enlarged, _____-filled areas and a corresponding _____ of cerebral tissue is also characteristic of schizophrenia. schizophrenia patients also have a smaller-than-normal _____, which may account for their difficulty in filtering _____ _____ and focusing _______
fluid; shrinkage; cortex; sensory imput; attention
pet scans of murderers' brains reveal reduced activity in the ___ ___, an area of the cortex that helps control _______
frontal lobe; impulses
isabella is continually tense, jittery, and apprehensive for no specific reason. she would probably be diagnosed as suffering from
generalized anxiety disorder
when a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and physiologically aroused for no apparent reason, he or she is diagnosed as suffering from a _________ __________ disorder. in freud's term, the anxiety is ________-________
generalized anxiety; free-floating
possible explanations of causes of personality disorders
genetic influences and child abuse
it appears that for schizophrenia to develop there must be both a ______ predisposition and other factors such as those listed earlier that "________" the ______ that predispose this disease
genetic; turn on/ trigger; genes
possible explanations of causes of eating disorders
genetics, great body dissatisfaction, perfectionist standards
a false sensory experience
hallucination
hearing voices would be a _______; believing that you are napoleon would be a ______
hallucination; delusion
the disturbed perceptions of people suffering from schizophrenia may take the form of ________, which usually are _____ (visual/ auditory)
hallucinations; auditory (although it can be visual)
most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of
hearing
to which is a person most likely to acquire a phobia
heights
generalized anxiety disorder can lead to physical problems, such as _____ _______ _______. in some instances, anxiety may intensify dramatically and unpredictably and be accompanied by heart palpitations or choking, for example; people with these symptoms are said to have _________ _______. this anxiety may escalate into a minutes-long episode of intense fear, or a ___ ____
high blood pressure; panic attacks; panic attack
the incidence of serious psychological disorders is ____ (higher/ lower) among those below the poverty line
higher
the medical model
holds that psychological disorders are illnesses that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a psychiatric hospital
antisocial adolescents tended to have been _____, _____, unconcerned with ______ ______, and low in _______
impulsive; uninhibited; social rewards; anxiety
in treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would
increase levels of norepinepheine/ epinephrine
one criticism of DSM 5 is that as the number of disorder categories has _________ (increased/ decreased), and the number of adults who meet the criteria for at least one psychiatric ailment has ________ (increased/ decreased)
increased; increased
vulnerability to eating disorders _______ (increases/ does not increase) with greater body dissatisfaction
increases
alicia's doctor, who thinks about alicia's depression has a biochemical cause, prescribes a drug that
increases norepinephrine/ serotonin
with each new generation, the rate of depression is ______ (increasing/ decreasing) and the disorder is striking _____ (earlier/ later). in north america, today's young adults are ______ times more likely than their grandparents to suffer depression
increasing; earlier; three
according to martin seligman, depression is more common in western cultures that emhasize _______ and that have shown a decline in commitment to ______ and family
individualism; religion
in general, women are more vulnerable than men to
internal disorders such as depression
dissociative disorders
involve a separation of conscious awareness from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
anxiety disorders
involve stressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
studies of biological relatives of those with antisocial and unemotional tendencies suggest that there _____ (is/ is not) a biological predisposition to such traits
is
behavior is classified as disordered when it
is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional
dissociation itself ______ (is/ is not so) rare
is not
as in other disorders, in antisocial personality, genetics ___ (is/ is not) the whole story. rather, genes _______ some children to be more sensitive to ________ influences such as ___________
is not; predispose; environmental; failture to attach, maltreatment
the diagnostic reliability of dsm-iv-tr
is relatively high
the anxiety response probably _____ (is/ is not) genetically influenced. there may be anxiety _______ that affect brain levels of the neurotransmitter _____ which influences mood, as well as the neurotransmitter ________, which regulates the brain's alarm centers
is; genes; serotonin; glutamate
adhd _______ (is/ is not) thought by some to be heritable, and it _________ (is/ is not) caused by eating too much sugar or poor schools. adhd is often accompanied by a _________ disorder or with behavior that is _______ or temper-prone
is; is not; learning; defiant
which of the following is not true regarding schizophrenia
it occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas
which of the following is true of the medical model?
it views psychological disorders as sicknesses that are diagnosable and treatable
who might be most prone to developing an eating disorder?
jennifer, a teenage girl who has a poor self-image and a fear of not being able to live up to her parents' high standards
which of the following statements concerning the labeling of disordered behaviors is not true?
labels interfere with effective treatment of psychological disorders
before he can study, rashid must arrange his books, pencils, paper, and other items on his desk so that they are "just so". the campus counselor suggests that rashid's compulsive behavior may help alleviate his anxiety about failing in school, which reinforces the compulsive actions. this explanation of obsessive-compulsive behavior is most consistent with which perspective?
learning
julia's psychologist believes that julie's fear of heights can be traced to a conditioned fear she developed after falling from a ladder. this explanation reflects a
learning
the term insanity refers to
legal definitions
when expecting to be electrically shocked, people with an antisocial disorder, as compared with normal people, show
less fear and less autonomic arousal
the brains of depressed people tend to be ______ (more/ less) active, especially in an area of the _____ _____ lobe and an adjacent brain _______ _____. in severely depressed patients, this brain area may also be _______ (smaller/ larger) in size. the brain's ________, which is important in processing _______, is vulnerable to stress-related damage
less; left frontal; reward center; smaller; hippocampus; memories
the possible signs of depression include:
lethargy, feeling worthless, loss of interest with friends, family, and activities
people who have a sensitive _______ ______ are more vulnerable to this disorder. brain scans reveal an abberant and persistent ____ ______ _____ activation in these patients. research with identical twins indicates that ______ may also play a role
limbic system; right temporal lobe; genes
to determine which genes are involved in depression, researchers use _____ ______, in which they examine the DNA of both affected and unaffected family members
linkage analysis; DNA
some scientists contend that the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia may be caused by a prenatal problem, such as ________ ______ ______, maternal ______, older ______ age, and ______ ______ during delivery. another possible culprit is a mid-pregnancy _____ ______
low birth weight; diabetes; paternal; oxygen deprivation; viral infection
brain scans have shown that many people suffering from schizophrenia have abnormally _____ (high/ low) brain activity in the _____ lobes
low; frontal
depression may also be caused by ______ (high/ low) levels of two neurotransmitters, _________ and _______. some poeple with a history of depression also were habitual _______
low; norepinephrine; serotonin; smokers
for the past six months, haeji has compalines of feeling isolated from others, dissatisfied with life, and discouraged about the future. haeji could be diagnosed as suffering from
major depressive disorder
an extremely elevated mood
mania
genetic factors ______ (may/ may not) influence susceptibility to eating disorders
may
approach that considers behavior disorders as illnesses that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured
medical model
most practitioners find the DSM-IV-TR a helpful and practical tool despite its
medical model bias
the view that psychological disorders are sicknesses is the basis of the ________ model. according to this view, psychological disorders are viewed as mental _________, or ___________, diagnosed on the basis of ________ and cured through __________
medical; illnesses; psychopathology; symptoms; treatment/ therapy
nicholas spanos considers dissociative identity disorder to be
merely role-playing
although the cause of eating disorders is still unknown, proposed explanations focus on all the following, except
metabolic factors
according to the social-cognitive perspective, a person who experiences unexpected aversive events may develop helplessness and manifest a
mood disorder
psychological disorders marked by emotional extremes
mood disorders
compared with men, women are _____ (more/ less) vulnerable to major depression. in general, women are more vulnerable to disorders involving _______ states, such as ________, _______, and inhibited ______ ______
more; internalized; depression; anxiety; sexual desire
which of the following is not true concerning depression?
most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event
today's psychologists recognize that all behavior arises from the interaction of ____ and ______. to presume that a person is "mentally ill" attributes the condition solely to a "____________" that must be identified and cured
nature; nurture; sickness
a neurotransmitter that is overabundant during mania and scarce during depression
norepinephrine
which neurotransmitter is present in overabundant amounts during the manic phase of bipolar disorder?
norepinephrine
drugs that alleviate mania reduce _______; drugs that relieve depression increase ________ or _______ supplies by blocking either their ______ or their chemical _______
norepinephrine; norepinephrine; serotonin; reuptake; breakdown
the families of bulimia patients have a high incidence of childhood _______ and ________ self-evaluation. the families of anorexia patients tend to be _______, _____ _____, and _______
obesity; negative; competitive; high achieving; protective
a disorder characterized by repetitive thoughts and actions
obsessive-compulsive disorder
jason is so preoccuptied with staying clean that he showers as many as 10 times each day. jason would be diagnosed as suffering from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
because of some troubling thoughts, carl recently had a pet scan of his brain that revealed excessive activity in the anterior cingulate area. carl's psychiatrist believes that carl suffers from
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
when a person cannot control repititive thoughts and actions, an ________-________ disorder is diagnosed. older people are ________ (more/ less) likely than teens and young adults to suffer from this disorder
obsessive-compulsive; less
a sudden escalation of anxiety often accopmanied by a sensation of choking or other physical symptoms
panic attack
irene occasionally experiences unpredictable episodes of intense dread accompanied by heart palpitations and a sensation of smothering. sincer her symptoms have no apparent cause, they would probably be classified as indicative of
panic attack
which of the follwing is not a symptom of schizophrenia
panic attacks
an anxiety disorder marked by intense dread
panic disorder
schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders, including five subtypes: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, called _____; disordered speech or behavior, or _____; immobility, or ____; many and varied symptoms, or _________; and withdrawal, or ______
paranoid; disorganized; catatonic; undifferentiated; residual
nicholas spanos has argued that such people may merely be playing different _______
personalities
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation
phobia
when a person has an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation, the diagnosis is a ______. although in many situations, the person can live with the problem, some ______ ______, such as a fear of thunderstorms, are incapacitating
phobia; specific phobias
although ______ are more common, ______ is the number one reason that people seek mental health services. it is also the leading cause of disability worldwide
phobias; depression
one of the first reformers to advocate this position and call for providing more humane living conditions for the mentally ill was _____
pinel
the roles of the prenatal environment in schizophrenia is demonstrated by the fact that identical twins who share the same _____, and are therefore more likely to experience the same prenatal ______, are ore likely to share the disorder
placenta; viruses
claiming that she heard a voice commanding her to warn other people that eating is harmful, Sandy attempts to convince others in a restaurant not to eat. the psychiatrist to whom she is referred finds that sandy's thinking and speech are often fragmented and incoherent. in addition, sandy has an unreasonable fear the someone is "out to get her" and consequently trusts no one. her condition is most indicative of ______ symptoms of schizophrenia
positive
people with schizophrenia who display inappropriate behavior are said to have ______ ______, while those with toneless voices and expressionless faces are said to have ____ ______
positive symptoms; negative symptoms
positive psychological changes stemming from dealing with an extreme crisis
post-traumatic growth
although she escaped from war-torn bosnia two years ago, zheina still has haunting memories and nightmares. because she is also severely depressed, her therapist diagnoses her condition as
post-traumatic stress disorder
traumatic stress, such as that associated with witnessing atrocities or combat, can produce ______-____ ____ disorder. the symptoms of this disorder include ______ ______, _______, _____ ______, ____ ______, and ________
post-traumatic stress; haunting memories; nightmares; social withdrawal; jumpy anxiety; insomnia
bipolar disorder is less common among creative professionals who rely on ______ and ______ than among those who rely on _____ expression and vivid _____
precision; logic; emotional; imagery
the pros and cons of labeling psychological disorders
pro: useful to describe, treat, research causes of disorder cons: -creates conceptions that biases our interpretations of others -affects self-image -can be a self-fulfilling prophecy
when schizophrenia is slow to develop, called _____ schizophrenia, recovery is ______
process; unlikely
connie's therapist has suggested that her depression stems from unresolved anger toward her parents. evidently, connie's therapist is working within the _________ perspective
psychoanalytic
somatoform disorders
psychological disorders in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause
marked by irrationality and loss of contact with reality
psychosis
specific disorders for schizophrenia
psychosis
schizophrenia, or "split mind," refers not to a split personality but rather to a split from _______. this disorder is an example of a _______ because it is marked by ______ and ____________
reality; psychosis;; irrationality; lost contact with reality
psychosis
refers to a psychological disorder in which a person experiences irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
post-traumatic growth
refers to positive psychological changes that may result from dealing with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
schizophrenia
refers to the group of severe disorders whose symptoms may include disorganized and delusional thinking, inappropriate emotions and actions, and disturbed perceptions
phobias and compulsive behaviors reduce anxiety and thereby are _______. through _______ learning, someone might also learn fear by seeing others display their own fears.
reinforcement; observational
being withdrawn, self-focused, and complaining tends to elicit social _______ (empathy/ rejection)
rejection
freud assumed that anxiety disorders are symptoms of submerged mental energy that derives from intolerable impulses that were ____ during childhood
repressed
a group of disorders marked by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
schizophrenia
many psychologists attribute the disorganized thinking of schizophrenia to a breakdown in the capacity for _____ ______
selective attention
many psychologists believe the disorganized thoughts of people with schizophrenia result from a breakdown in
selective attention
depression-prone people respond to bad events in an especially ________ way
self-blaming
according to the social-cognitive perspective, depression may be linked with _________ beliefs and a ______ _______ style. such beliefs may arise from _______ _______, the feeling that can arise when the indiidual repeatedly experiences uncontrollable, painful events
self-defeating; negative explanatory; learned helplessness
dissociation means to become ______ from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings
separated
a neurotransmitter possibly linked to anxiety disorders
serotonin
independent diagnoses made with the current manual generally ______ (show/ do not show) agreement
show
people who _______ have at least a doubled risk of a first-time _______ _______ because _________ is a stimulant
smoke/ vape; panic attack; nicotine
personality disorders exist when an individual has character traits that are enduring and impair ______ ______
social functioning
intense fear of being scrutinized by others
social phobia
when a person has an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, the diagnosis is a ______ ______. people who fear situations in which escape or help might not be possible when panic strikes suffer from __________
social phobia; agoraphobia
ken's therapist suggested that his depression is a result of his self-defeating thoughts and negative assumptions, about himself, his situation, and his future. evidently, ken's therapist is working within the _______ perspective
social-cognitive (thinking)
after falling from a ladder, joseph is afraif of airplanes, although he has never flown. this demonstrates that some fears arise from
stimulus generalization
some fears arise from _______ ________, such as when a person who fears heights after a fall also comes to fear airplanes
stimulus generalization
gender differences in responding to _____ help explain why women have been twice as vulnerable to depression. according to susan noel-hoeksema, when trouble strikes, men tend to _____ and women tend to ____/_____
stress; act; overthink/ ruminate
twin studies ______ (support/ do not support) the contention that heredity plays a role in schizophrenia
support
researchers who believe this disorder may be diagnosed point to the _____ ____ of most people who suffer trauma. also, suffering can lead to ______-_____ _____, in which people experience an increased appreciation for life, more meaningful relationships, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.
survivor resiliency; post-traumatic growth
mood disorders ______ (tend/ do not tend) to run in families. studies of ________ also reveal that genetic influences on mood disorders are ______ (weak/ strong)
tend; twins; strong
bipolar disorder
the mood disorder in which a person alternates between depression and the euphoria of a manic state
major depressive disorder
the mood disorder that occurs when a person exhibits the lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, or loss of interest in family, friends, and activities characteristic of depression for more than a two-week period and for no discernible reason. because of is relative frequency, depression has been called the "common cold" of psychological disorders
generalized anxiety disorder
the person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal for no appearent reason
mania
the wildly optimistic, euphoric, hyperactive state that alternates with depression in the bipolar disorder
temporary reaction from a depressed person
this is hard to face, but I will get through this"
three manifestations of schizophrenia are disorganized _______, disturbed ______, and inappropriate ______ and ______
thoughts; perceptions; emotions; actions
major depression occurs when its signs last ____ _____ or more with no apparent cause
two weeks
munchausen syndrome by proxy
type of somatoform disorder; a disorder in which a caregiver makes up symptoms and causes an illness or injury to a person in his/ her care (mother/ elder care giver)
the criteria for classifying behavior as psychologically disordered
vary by culture and with time
this definition emphasizes that standards of acceptability for behavior ___________ (are constant/ vary) by _________, by __________, and with ________
vary; context; culture; time
important warning signs to watch for in suicide prevention efforts include ____ _____, giving ______ _______, or _____ and _____________
verbal hints; possessions away; withdrawal; preoccupation with death
gender differences in the prevalence of depression may partly result from the fact that when stressful experiences occur
women tend to think, while men tend to act