AP PSYCH REVIEW

Explicit memory is to____________________ as implicit memory is to ________________________.

hippocampus, cerebellum

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?

recall

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent

rehearsal

Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be

repressed

A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as

repression

Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates

retroactive interference

The inability to remember events in one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known as

retrograde amnesia

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by

body's release of stress hormones

The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the impact of

serial position effect

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as

12 seconds

Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention?

relearning

What is the testing effect?

repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled.

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory is called

retrieval

After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the impact of __________ ______ on recall.

retrieval cues

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called

retrieval cues

The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of

semantic encoding

Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that

we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten negative and positive events.

The process of getting information into memory is called

Encoding

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of

meanings

Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates

source amnesia

The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of being kidnapped after hearing his nursemaid's false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates

source amnesia

Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve

synaptic changes

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names?

Group 2 list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them than the recall task assigned to group 1

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of

Hierarchical organization.

Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?

I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?

Long-term Memory

Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?

Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory.

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

Retention, Acquisition

Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories?

Sigmund Freud

Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that

The system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system.

Where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal information and visual designs stored?

Verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus

Iconic memory refers to

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates

a recency effect

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of ___________ ___________________.

absent mindedness

A person who has trouble forgetting information, such as the Russian memory whiz S, often seems to have a limited capacity for _____________ ___________________.

abstract thinking

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of an

acronym

With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

adult memories of eeriness happening before 3 are unreliable

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from

amnesia

What term best describes parallel processing?

automatic

Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known a

automatic processing

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

automatic processing (the spacing effect)

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the release of

certain neurotransmitters

Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of

chunking

A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as

connectionism

Effortful processing can occur only with

conscious attention

Compared with false memories, true memories are more likely to have

contain detailed info/emotional overtones

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by ______________ _____________.

context effects

A student who tried to remember a list of words by the way the words sounded when read aloud would be using _____ processing.

deep

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as

deja vu

Proactive interference refers to the

disruptive effect on prior learning on the recall on new information

Information learned while a person is drunk is best recalled when that person is _________ .

drunk

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of

imagery

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates

echoic memory

Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requires

effortful processing

To prevent encoding failure you should engage in _______________ _________________

effortful processing

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of

encoding

Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to

encoding failure

The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to _________________ ________________.

encoding failure

Conscious memory of factual information is called ______________ memory.

explicit

Research on memory construction indicates that

false memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened.

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called _______________ _________________.

flashbulb memories

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the

hippocampus

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the

hippocampus

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on

how long ago we learned that information.

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates

iconic memory

Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to

imagination inflation

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates _____________ memory.

implicit

Cerebellum is to _________ memory as hippocampus is to ______________ memory.

implicit, explicit

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items

in the middle of the list

An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining

infantile amnesia

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is

initially rapid but subsequently slows down.

Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand. They discovered that

it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in _________-___________ memory.

long-term

By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of

long-term memory formation

A mnemonic device is a

memory aid, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates

memory construction

The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of

memory construction

When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use, people offer recollections closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates

memory construction

Retroactive interference involves the disruption of

memory retrieval

The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n)

memory trace

Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that

misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to ________ ____________________ memory.

mood congruent

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

motivated forgetting

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories was

not restricted to specific regions of the cortex

We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain?

parallel processing

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?

parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of

peg-word system

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been.

You took Spanish during your sophomore year, and French during your junior year. Happily, you found that knowing Spanish helped you learn French. This phenomenon is best explained by

positive transfer

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called

priming

Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

proactive interference

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?

recall

An effect of long-term potentiation is that a

receive neurons receptors site may increase.

Police Lineup- An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized?

recognition

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

rehearsal

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to

sensory memory

When learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug, Aplysia, releases more _____________ at certain synapses.

serotonin

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________-___________ memory.

short-term

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called _______-_______ memory.

short-term

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of

short-term memory

Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall them after up to eight hours had elapsed. John Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach observed that forgetting occurred least rapidly when the individuals spent their time

sleeping

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates ________-_________________ memory.

state-dependent

Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is in

storage

Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

the amount remembered depends on the amount of time spent learning.

Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated

the misinformation effect

chunking refers to

the organization of information into meaningful units

Memory is best defined as

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

the spacing effect

What is the spacing effect?

the tendency for disturbed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Long-term potentiation refers

to an increase in a neuron's firing potential.

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that storage decay contributes to ____________.

transience

Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of

visual imagery

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as

visual stimulation is to auditory stimulation.

Automatic processing occurs without occurs

without conscious awareness

As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed?

working memory