AP PSYCH REVIEW
Explicit memory is to____________________ as implicit memory is to ________________________.
hippocampus, cerebellum
Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?
recall
After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent
rehearsal
Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be
repressed
A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as
repression
Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates
retroactive interference
The inability to remember events in one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known as
retrograde amnesia
Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by
body's release of stress hormones
The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the impact of
serial position effect
Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as
12 seconds
Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention?
relearning
What is the testing effect?
repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled.
Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in
retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory is called
retrieval
After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the impact of __________ ______ on recall.
retrieval cues
Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called
retrieval cues
The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of
semantic encoding
Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that
we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten negative and positive events.
The process of getting information into memory is called
Encoding
Semantic encoding refers to the processing of
meanings
Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates
source amnesia
The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of being kidnapped after hearing his nursemaid's false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates
source amnesia
Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve
synaptic changes
Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names?
Group 2 list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them than the recall task assigned to group 1
Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of
Hierarchical organization.
Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?
I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years
Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?
Long-term Memory
Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?
Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory.
Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.
Retention, Acquisition
Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories?
Sigmund Freud
Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that
The system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system.
Where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal information and visual designs stored?
Verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus
Iconic memory refers to
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.
Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates
a recency effect
In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of ___________ ___________________.
absent mindedness
A person who has trouble forgetting information, such as the Russian memory whiz S, often seems to have a limited capacity for _____________ ___________________.
abstract thinking
Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of an
acronym
With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that
adult memories of eeriness happening before 3 are unreliable
After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from
amnesia
What term best describes parallel processing?
automatic
Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known a
automatic processing
During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
automatic processing (the spacing effect)
Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the release of
certain neurotransmitters
Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of
chunking
A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as
connectionism
Effortful processing can occur only with
conscious attention
Compared with false memories, true memories are more likely to have
contain detailed info/emotional overtones
Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by ______________ _____________.
context effects
A student who tried to remember a list of words by the way the words sounded when read aloud would be using _____ processing.
deep
The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as
deja vu
Proactive interference refers to the
disruptive effect on prior learning on the recall on new information
Information learned while a person is drunk is best recalled when that person is _________ .
drunk
We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of
imagery
For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates
echoic memory
Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requires
effortful processing
To prevent encoding failure you should engage in _______________ _________________
effortful processing
Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of
encoding
Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to
encoding failure
The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to _________________ ________________.
encoding failure
Conscious memory of factual information is called ______________ memory.
explicit
Research on memory construction indicates that
false memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened.
Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called _______________ _________________.
flashbulb memories
The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the
hippocampus
Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the
hippocampus
The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on
how long ago we learned that information.
The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates
iconic memory
Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to
imagination inflation
Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates _____________ memory.
implicit
Cerebellum is to _________ memory as hippocampus is to ______________ memory.
implicit, explicit
On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items
in the middle of the list
An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining
infantile amnesia
Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is
initially rapid but subsequently slows down.
Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand. They discovered that
it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories
A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in _________-___________ memory.
long-term
By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of
long-term memory formation
A mnemonic device is a
memory aid, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates
memory construction
The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of
memory construction
When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use, people offer recollections closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates
memory construction
Retroactive interference involves the disruption of
memory retrieval
The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n)
memory trace
Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that
misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.
The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to ________ ____________________ memory.
mood congruent
Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
motivated forgetting
Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories was
not restricted to specific regions of the cortex
We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain?
parallel processing
How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?
parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort
Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of
peg-word system
When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that
portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been.
You took Spanish during your sophomore year, and French during your junior year. Happily, you found that knowing Spanish helped you learn French. This phenomenon is best explained by
positive transfer
The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called
priming
Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates
proactive interference
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?
recall
An effect of long-term potentiation is that a
receive neurons receptors site may increase.
Police Lineup- An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized?
recognition
Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of
rehearsal
Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to
sensory memory
When learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug, Aplysia, releases more _____________ at certain synapses.
serotonin
A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________-___________ memory.
short-term
Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called _______-_______ memory.
short-term
"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of
short-term memory
Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall them after up to eight hours had elapsed. John Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach observed that forgetting occurred least rapidly when the individuals spent their time
sleeping
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates ________-_________________ memory.
state-dependent
Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is in
storage
Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
the amount remembered depends on the amount of time spent learning.
Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated
the misinformation effect
chunking refers to
the organization of information into meaningful units
Memory is best defined as
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as
the spacing effect
What is the spacing effect?
the tendency for disturbed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Long-term potentiation refers
to an increase in a neuron's firing potential.
In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that storage decay contributes to ____________.
transience
Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of
visual imagery
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as
visual stimulation is to auditory stimulation.
Automatic processing occurs without occurs
without conscious awareness
As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed?
working memory