AP PSYCH SEM 1 FINAL
Sigmund Freud belives that dream analysis was a useful device for
gaining insight into unconscious motives
Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following?
gate-control theory
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to elicit similar responses is called
generalization
what are the three major catergories of drugs
hallucinogen, depressants, and stimulants
Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness
hammer, anvil, stirrup
Stimulation of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to
hear sounds
the occiptial lobes contain
primary visual cortex
what is the pineal glands role in sleep?
production of melatonin
reuptake refers to
reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron
The function of dendrites is to
receive incoming signals from other neurons
time shortly after a neuron fires
refractory period
An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)
reinforcement
In vision, transduction occurs within the
retina
Balance is influenced by the
semicircular canals
drugs that block the reaborption of nuerotransmitters in the synapse during nueral transmission are
SSRI's
In Pavlov's original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UCR) was:
Salivation elicited by food
An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called
Selective attention
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes was called
behaivorism
which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinethesis sense?
being able to tell exact body position without looking at body
photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells
bipolar and ganglion
the place in the retina where the optic nerve exits the brain is called the
blinds spot
Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following?
brocas area
Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example
color constancy
The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the
cochlea
When you are asked to provide directions to your home, you are most likely using:
cognitive map
The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of
cognitve processes
In Pavlov's experiment, the salivating to the sound of a bell is a(n)
conditioned response
People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their
cones
Assuming that the reinforcer is the sound of a rattle, Johnny's shaking of the rattle is reinforced according to which of the following schedules?
continous reinforcement
giving a treat to your dog every time it rolls over is called __.
continous reinforcement
In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep?
correlated with dreaming
The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal a CR is called
discrimination
What term did Ernest Hilgard use to describe a split between different levels of consciousness?
dissociation
treating a patient for parkinsons disease includes a chemical that will lead to a increase in the patients
dopamine
Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty?
her cones cannot detect color well in dim light
The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the
hippocampus
Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement . Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located
occipital cortex
Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for
observational learning
a person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth
retinal disparity
the process by which nuerotransmitters are reasborbed into the nueron after it fires is called
reuptake
the right occipital lobe receives visual info from the
right half of both retinas
if an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to the
right parietal lobe
An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained person will be processed in the
right visual cortex
which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision/
rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve
when there is a negative charge inside an axon and a positive outside it, the neuron is
said to have a resting potential
When shaping a behavior, you would couple a treat with, "good dog" to get your pet to sit. The "good dog" is considered __.
secondary reinforcer
Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires
selective attention
after spending hours in the kithcen preparing for dinner, rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. her failure to notice the smell illustrates
sensory adaptation
when rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. which of the following psychological terms best describes rosa's inability to taste
sensory interaction
taylor does not feel like getting out of bed, has lost her appetite, and feels tired most of the day . which of the following neurotransmitters likely is in short supply
serotonin
what neurotransmitter are most likely in undersupply if someone is depressed
serotonin and norepinephrine
Small successive step taken in which to get an organism to learn a behavior is called __.
shaping
For most people, which of the following is an activity based in the right hemisphere of the brain?
simple spatial reasoning
activity based on the right hemisphere
simple spatial reasoning
As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of
size constancy
Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli?
Difference threshold
Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision?
Rods and cones-> bipolar cells-> ganglion cells-> optic nerve
which of the following is a circadian rhythm
A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours
The newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will have their "watching" reinforced on:
A fixed-interval schedule
All summer Thomas hears the sound of the icecream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?
A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar
A conditioned stimulus is:
A previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response
sally says her dream about going to a circus is just her brain attempting to make sense of random stiumulation from the brain stem. Sallys explanation is consistent with which of the following theories of dreaming
Activation Synthesis
The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the
Blind spot
The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as
Closure
Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?
Color constancy
Photoreceptors are responsible for color vision
Cones
A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called
EEG
psychologists who study the brains activity during sleep are most likely to use
EEG
An example of shape constancy is
Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.
which neurotransmitters inhibits CNS activity in order to calm a person down during stressful situations
GABA
Where does the blind spot occur?
It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye
An example of context effects
Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies
technique that produces the msot detailed picture of brain structure
MRI
After Sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color. This perceptual phenomenon is best explained by
Opponent-process theory
After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?
Opponent-process theory
in which of the following techniques do researchers inject a harmless, radioactive substance into a brain to examine activity
PET
In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the
Perceived distance of the objects becomes smaller
Deep sleep occurs in which stage?
REM
increasing amounts of paradoxical sleep following a period of sleep deprivation is known as
REM rebound
Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone?
Selective attention
After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates
Sensory adaptation
When Lindsay was nine years old, the neighbor's Chihuahua bit her ankle. Today, Lindsay is still terrified of Chihuahuas, but she likes all other types of dogs. Lindsay's fear illustrates the process of:
Stimulus discrimination
Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate?
Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals.
Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people
Switch their attention rapidly from task to task so they miss critical information association task that is not receiving their attention
Domingo has just hit play to begin listening to a new song he bought . Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through domingos auditory canal
The ear drum
Ernst Weber's and Gustavo Fechner psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following
The intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation
The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called
Transduction
Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses?
Transduction
All summer Thomas hears the sound of the ice-cream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?
a lower absolute threshold for hearing than oscar
which of the following is described as an antagonist?
a tricyclic antidepresant because it blocks serotonin and norepinephrine transporters
immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to a stimulation. this is referred to as
absolute refractory phase
The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's
absolute threshold
the intesity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individuals
absolute threshold
The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called
accommodation
The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called
accomodation
When learning first takes place, we would say that __ has occurred.
acquisition
the explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brains attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain acitivity during sleep is called
activation synthesis theory
information is relayed to the spinal cord by
afferent neurons
Which of the following supports the opponent-process theory of color vision?
afterimages
a drug that has the effect of intensifying or mimicking a particular neurotransmitter can be characterized as a
agonist
Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of...
alcohol
which of the following correctly decribes the firing of neurons
all or none reponse
damage to which of the brain structures may cause the inability to detect emotional signicance of facial expressions , especially those demonstrating fear
amygdala
an individual was admitted to the hosptial after experiencing mild tingling on the right side of the face and a sudden inability to speak. using MRI the doctor would likely find
an abnormality in brain tissue of the left hemisphere
one year old marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such reaction is most likely
an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment
Malia is 10 years of age, and her grandmother, Anna Rosa, is 60 years old . Which statement is likely to be true concerning their sleep patterns?
anna rosa sleeps fewer hours per day than malia does
Curare blocks acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. this drug is an example of an
antagonist
A polygraph machine is often called a "lie detector," although it does not detect lies. Instead, it responds to changes in
autonomic arousal
which of the following correctly pairs subdivisions with the major divisions of the human nervous system
autonomic... sympathetic and parasympathetic
Difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the
cerebellum
which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors that are involved in the vestibular sense
cerebellum
which of the following parts of brain is most active in decision making
cerebral cortex
the biological clock that operates human beings to adjust their function to ngiht and day periodicity is reffered as
circadian rhythm
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.
classical conditioning
In a classic experiment, "Little Albert," a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of
classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of
classical conditioning
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in
decrease in heart rate
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk: the visual cliff was used to study
depth perception
a person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say wheteher the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individuals
difference threshold
which of the following refers to the just-noticeable different between two stimuli
difference threshold
a person with damage to the brocas area would most likely demonstrate
difficulty with speech production
the autonomic nervous system is most directly involved in
digesting food
the perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its
frequency
During a psychology experiment, a researcher uses a probe to lesion the ventromedial nucleus of a rat's hypothalamus. After the procedure the rat most likely will
eat more and gain weight
which of these drugs, which acts like a stimulant and a hallucinogen, can also cause dangerous dehydration
ecstasty
Morphine elevates mood and eases pain, and is most similar to which of the following?
endorphins
Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as
endorphins
the effects of opiates are similar to the effects of which nuerotransmitter
endorphins
in extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which of the following conditions?
epilepsy
carly used to feel nausea when going to McDonalds because she associated the food with illness. After a few good meals there, she no longer feels the nausea. Which prinicple?
extinction
A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that
falls below the threshold for conscious detection
a subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that
falls below the threshold for conscious detection
which of the following groups of characteristics best describes the REM sleep stage
fast breathing, relatively high heart rate, relatively high blood pressure
Charlie gets paid on the 15th of every month. He is reinforced on a ___ schedule
fixed interval
Marie works in a dress factory where she earns $10 for each three dresses she hems. Marie is paid on a
fixed ratio
Jarod's muscles are relaxed, his body is basically paralyzed, and he is hard to awaken. His sleep state would most likely be called
hypnagogic
damage to what causes a coma
hypothalamus
hunger
hypothalamus
part of the endocrine system responsible for overseeing and regulation the release of hormones is the
hypothalamus
the part of the endocrine system responsible for overseeing and regulationg the release of hormones across the entire body is the
hypothalamus
which of the following structures is most closely associated with communication btwn CNS and endocrine system
hypothalamus
after an electrode implanted in a cats brain stimulates the cats amygdala, the cat will most likely
immediately withdraw in fear
sleep paralysis typically occurs in people who are
in REM sleep
brain laterization refers to the
inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized in one hemisphere
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes
increase in respiratory rate
which of the following statements concerning sleep is valid
individuals do not typically act out their dreams
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
insomnia
the nature-nuture issue is best exemplified by
is the level of intelligence the result of ones environment and specific learning, or is it the result of biological maturation
Hyrum is at a concert when the flute player hits a very high note at the end of the song. whcih of the following explains why the pitch of the sound was high
it has short wavelength and high frequency
which of the following is true about the pons
it is the region of the brain that is most closely associated with sleep and arousal
Juana accidentally touched a hot iron. She immediately drew back her hand. Which of the following is true about the withdrawal of her hand?
it was initiated in the spinal cord
hris has failed English class repeatedly and has now stopped trying because he believes the situation is uncontrollable. This is an example of:
learned helplessness.
_______ is the adaptive process through which experience modifies pre-existing behavior and understanding.
learning
structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory
limbic system
ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her
linear perspective
A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the
location the source
to study the effects of smoking on the sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a
longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether smokers sense of smell declined
damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems
loss of motor coordination
In John Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, what was the UCS?
loud noise
REM slee, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics
lowered muscle tone
people who experience damage to the frontal lobe seldom regain their ability to
make and carry out plans
people who have experiences severe damage to the frontal love of the brain seldom regain their ability to
make and carry out plans
The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the
medulla
In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are
more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea
in the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. this phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are
more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea
when viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. this cue for depth perception is called
motion parallax
during neuronal firing, the part of the nueron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical imoulse as it travels down the axon is
myelin sheath
multiple sclerosis is a result of degeneration in the
myelin sheath
Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated?
narcolepsy
Sudden sleep attacks at inopportune times best describes
narcolepsy
Receptors for olfaction are located
nasal cavity
Anything that seeks to continue a desired behavior by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of undesired stimulus is called __.
negative reinforcer
dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all
nuerotransmitters
Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located?
occipital cortex
which of the following about perception of taste is true
older adults experience decreases in the senses of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flaor of food
A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.
operant conditioning
Learning that occurs due to reward and punishment
operant conditioning
Which form of learning would most likely be studied in an operant chamber (Skinner box)?
operant conditioning
after sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color. This perceptual phenomenon is best explained by
opponent-process theory
negative after images are explained by
opponent-process theory
recent research most consistenly supports the effectiveness of hypnosis in which of the following areas
pain relief
the hypothesis that intelligence is in part inherited is best supported by the fact that the IQ correlation for
pairs of identical twins is greater than fraternal twins
Which takes longer to acquire, but is less prone to extinction?
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
people who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more suspectible to the muller lyer illusion than people who live in environments without such angles and corners. the difference in perception between the two groups reveals that
people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives
In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the
perceived distance of the object becomes smaller
after his friend said a new movie was the funniest he has seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though it wasnt really funny. what concept
perceptual set
When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as
phi phenomenon
which of the following are involved in regulation circadian rythms?
photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal gland
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
plasticity
A little girl gets spanked by her mom for throwing a temper tantrum in the grocery store. This is an example of:
positive punishment
A little girl gets to eat dessert because she finished all the food on her plate. This is an example of:
positive reinforcement
The reinforcer, such as food, that gets the organism to continue a behavior is called __.
primary reinforcer
the reinforcer, such as food, that gets the organism to continue a behavior is called __
primary reinforcer
The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the
red-green system
During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?
sleep apnea
a patient reports constant sleepiness. A series of tests reveals that the patients sleep is frequently disrupted by periods of interuppted breathing and brief awakenings
sleep apnea
Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity while sleeping during NREM 2 are called
sleep spindles
Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because
some depth perception is lost
a person accidentally touches a hang to a hot stove and quickly pulls the hand away, even before sensory info about the hot stove reaches the brain. the persons reaction is most directly enabled by
spinal reflex
Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again.
spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a classically conditioned response after extinction has occurred.
spontaneous recovery
nuerotransmitters cross the ______ to carry info to the next nueron
synaptic gap
what hormone seems to be most closely linked with aggressive behaivor
testosterone
A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that
the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete
which of the following is true of a nueron in its resting state
the inside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outside
speech functions are localized in
the left cerebral hemisphere
which of the following occurs when a nueron is stimulated to its threshold
the movements of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential
abnormalities in calcium regulation are likely to arise from problems with
the parathryoid gland
the time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as
the refractory period
Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound
the sound has a high-amplitude sound wave
which of the following assertions is best supported by empirical evidence
the two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to process diff types of cognitive tasks
which of the following is an explanation of why travelers suffer from jet lag?
there is disruption in their circadian rhythm
He is known for his Law of Effect that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
thorndike
what term describes the brains adaptation to a drugs chemistry
tolerance
Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by
top-down processing
When Pavlov placed food in the mouth's of dogs, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________.
unconditioned response
You could receive a text message at any random time. You are reinforced on a ______schedule of reinforcement
variable interval
Slot machines work on a _____ reinforcement schedule
variable ratio
Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the
visual cortex
damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a
visual deficit
a person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to
wernickes area
after sustaining a traumatic injury, Russ is having difficulty comprehending the meaning of words. which part of the brain may have been damaged
wernickes area