AP PSYCH TRI 2 EXAM
Psychophysiological explanations?
"mind -body" illness, any stress- related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches psycho: excluded ->depression physical: reproduction family life
Enduring marriage bonds
(intimacy and generativity), (affiliation and achievement) couples are more likely to last past age 20 if they are well educated divorce rates increase due to women's independence in jobs those who cohabit before marriage are less likely to last as long successful marriages have at least a 5:1 of positive to negative interactions
Psychosexual stages: Oral stage
0 to 18 months - pleasure centers on the mouth.
Formal Operational
12- Adulthood abstract reasoning abstract logic potential for more moral reasoning
Psychosexual stages: Anal stage
18 months to 3 years - pleasure centers on potty training.
Client satisfaction studies and therapist training and experience
89% of clients are satisfied with their experience in therapy the amount of training or experience a therapist has does not have any bearing on client success.
Fetus
9th week after conception organs such as the stomach have developed enough to allow a prematurely born fetus to survive responsive to sound
Erikson Secure and Insecure attatchments
A developmental psychologist said that securely attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust Basic trust- A sense that the world is predictable and reliable occurs when mother is present likely to explore associated his theory with early parenting infants blessed with sensitive loving parents form lifelong attitudes of trust rather than fear insecure attachments- less likely to explore even when their mother is there- child clings to mothers leg when she leaves sensitive responsive mothers have secure attachments insensitive unresponsive are insecure attachments
token economy as therapy
A reward currency (otherwise known as a token) is awarded for good behavior
Selective attention with schizophrenia
A schizophrenic will have difficulties with selective attention and have disorganized thoughts.
Aptitude test
A test that tests what you have the ability to know (as opposed to an achievement test that tests what you know now) Similar to IQ tests, or ACT, PLAN
Unconditional positive regard per Rogers?
A type of therapy in which everything is acceptable and nothing negative is said all positive therapy no matter what
WAIS
A version of intelligence test for school age children most widely used intelligence test contains verbal and performance (non-verbal) subtests
cultures and mental disorders
ADHD-->different scales of judgement/severity (French vs. American) french are less likely to diagnose ADHD french have set times for meals and children are taught to wait
fixations
According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
Piaget and Accomodation
Adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information refining our schemas
Asian self-description vs American self-description
American's are more individual and use more trait describing adjectives in vocabulary Asian culture uses verbs that describe behavior in context and are more family oriented
brain size, speed of perception information intake and intelligence?
Associations between intelligence and brain size and activity in specific areas, especially within the frontal and parietal lobes. Some evidence shows that high intelligent people differ in their neural plasticity.
Double Blind procedure in testing therapuetic outcomes
Because of 1. normal recovery among untreated people and 2. the placebo effect, researchers have to use a double blind experiment to determine true effectiveness of a drug.
Attachment Issues
Children get attached to things during sensitive periods more attached to parent in scary or uncomfortable situations sensitive parents tend to have securely attached children when in unfamiliar places children show insecure attachment
Habituation
Decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation EX: at first children are intrigued by a ball but after seeing it a lot they are not interested anymore and they get used to it
What are the characteristics of a psychological disorder?
Deviant, dysfunctional, distressful
Unit Bias
EX) One huge bag of chips feels the same as a small bag of chips making units smaller makes people eat less
Amygdala's function
Fear center sends neural projections up to the cortex
Postmortem brain analysis and intelligence
Found that highly educated people die with more synapses found that highly educated people are stronger in neural plasticity
Teratogen
Harmful agents such as viruses or drugs that can get through the placenta and harm the baby HIV, alcohol, the marijuana.. and other drugs
Cultural considerations and therapy outcomes
Having a therapist with the same cultural values as the client will greatly improve the client's success and connection with the therapist. Eg. Asian-Americans probably would not work well with an American therapist because of the collectivist mindset of Asians and the individualist mindset of Americans
TAT? Thematic Apperception Test
Henry Murray: projective test where people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them Ex: (kid sees picture of baseball player, tells story about himself)
Gray matter and intelligence related to brain anatomy
Higher intelligence scores were linked to more gray matter (neural cell bodies) in areas known to be involved in memory, attention, and language.
Identical Twin Studies
Identical twins have similar personalities including temperament (may not because of different treatment or upbringings Conclusion of study: Biologically rooted temperament helps form our enduring personality
recovery from schizophrenia most likely if?
If the schizophrenia is acute, caused by a traumatic event and onsets quickly, it is likely to be recovered from.
Influences upon taste preferences
If you are stressed or depressed you crave carbs if you get sick from a food you will be conditioned not to like it culture influenced by body chemistry and environmental factors sweet and salty tastes are genetic and universal pregnancy nausea: protects babies from toxins
Free Association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing a technique first administered by Freud sitting on the couch and saying exactly how you feel
Flynn effect
Intelligence test scores improve overtime as we, as a civilization, get smarter.
Piaget and schemas
Jean piaget, a developmental psychologist who studied how kids brains develop in stages says that--- children are always trying to create more advanced ways to understand the world the driving force behind our intellectual progression is an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences schemas-- concept or framework of mental mold through which we pour our experience, our current understanding
Placebo effect and therapy sessions
Just going to therapy and being in the mindset that things are going to get better can cause a person to recover from their disorder because of the placebo effect.
Termites-
Lewis Terman studied more than 1500 California school children with IQ scores over 135. popular notion was that intellectually gifted children are frequently maladjusted because they are "in a different world" from their peers, Termans proved wrong, high scoring children were healthy, well adjusted, and unusually successful academically.
gender differences in intelligence
Males mental ability scores vary more than females, better spatial ability. women are better at spelling, verbal ability, nonverbal memory, emotion-detecting ability, and are better with sensation (touch, taste, color, etc)
Needs
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs physiological ->safety -> belongingness/love -> esteem -> self actualization -> self-transcendence need -> drive-> drive- reducing behaviors
psychotherapy outcome studies
Measured using meta-analysis. Overall, therapy helps, but is usually not necessary. Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve.
Menarche and Menopause
Menarche-The first menstrual period in a woman- is an important milestone Spermarche-mans first ejaculation Menopause-Women's foremost sign of aging happens at around 50 chance of getting pregnant after is reduced by 50%
Maturation in development of infants
Most rapid growth in frontal lobes which enable rational planning thinking memory and language are the last to develop babies crawl-->stand-->walk= neural maturation biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience sets the basic course of development-->experiences adjusts it
Howard Gardner
Multiple Intelligences - Our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory Strengths - Intelligence is more than just verbal and mathematical skills. Other abilities are equally important to our human adaptability
Self Actualizing Needs
Need to live up to our fullest and unique potential part of maslows theory Self transcendence(finding meaning and purpose in life)
ego
Negotiator between the two to keep both happy operates on reality principle brings pleasures rather than pain
Bell curve
No matter what is being measured, people's scores tend to form the symmetrical shape of a bell
Instinct Theory
Now replaced by evolutionary perspective focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors EX: salmon swimming back to their birth place
Likely treatment for schizophrenia
Now- drugs Past- lobotomy
crystal intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and overall learning - increases with age
Robert Sternberg
Our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical Strengths - These three facts can be reliably measured
Self-Serving Bias
Our readiness to perceive oneself favorably people accept more responsibility for good deeds than bad most people see themselves as better than average
Adaptation Level Phenomenon
Our tendency to form judgements (of sound, lights, income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience adjust our neutral levels based on personal experience first get B= good job, then constantly get B's and its soon set as your neutral level , then you judge others and your own scores based on that neutral point
Unconscious implicit Learning
Our two track mind has a vast out of sight realm the way we fly on autopilot (do things without really thinking)
Erikson and adolescents- as relates to the spotlight effect
Overestimating others notice and evaluation of our appearance, performance(as if we presume we are under a spotlight) Ex: everyone is watching me self esteem is the armor that protects kids
Authoritative
Parents are both demanding and responsive, set rules and enforce them, but also explain reason behind the rules(the ideal parent)
Permissive
Parents submit to their children's desires, make few demands and little punishments (parents with no control of children)
Sublimination
People re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities Ex:(upset, so you bake cookies to make you feel better)
Rationalization
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. Ex: (The test was dumb and the questions were rigged)
Displacement
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. Ex: (angry at mom for grounding you, punt the cat across the room)
Denial
Psychoanalytic, defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. Ex:( it didn't happen, I didn't do that)
Trait Theory
Psychologists associated with trait theory are: Raymond Cattel, Hans Eysneck, Gordon Allport characteristic patterns of thinking and behavior
7th and 8th grade gifted students developed what skills earlier than their peers
Reading skills
Greatest risk of suicide - when during the depression cycle?
Right when people begin to gain energy and (get?) back and recover, they still have suicidal thoughts and behaviors but now they actually have the energy and motivation to carry them out.
Criticism of the Rochester test
Rochester test: people describe what they see in a series of ink blots people argue that the test is not accurate lacks strong evidence and effectiveness
Thalamus and Schizophrenia symptoms
Schizophrenics may have abnormal brain activity and anatomy. Brain scans show schizophrenics brains work differently from normal folks. While hallucinating, PET scans showed an increased action in... The thalamus that handles incoming sensations. The amygdala that handles fear. Schizophrenics' brains show signs of shrinkage in places. The cavities between the folds of the brain become filled with fluid and thus the brain itself is smaller.
Positive self concept is foundational to what theory?
Self-concept - all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves - "who am I?" Positive self concept- we have a positive view of ourselves Foundational to the Humanistic Perspective.
Social clocks
Socially accepted time to leave home, get a job, have kids
Criticism of Trait Theory
Some people are just naturally expressive - not necessarily indicative of who we are.
Piaget Principle of Conservation - Stage Related to it?
The concrete operational stage is when conservation is first developed the principle that quality remains the same despite changes in shape Ex:(milk pouring in different sized glasses, still the same amount of milk)
Content Variability
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. (how well it tests what its supposed to)=
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting. (how repeatable are the results)
Set Point
The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight When below set point metabolic rate decreases, when above it increases influenced by heredity
Predictive variability
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
regression towards the mean
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average (mean). Happens often in people with a psychological disorder, where they only experience the disorder because of some extreme event, but fall back to their normal state of mind soon after without any intervention. This is common among people with depression (The 90 day period)
Stanford Binet
The widely used revision of the original binet intelligence test a numerical measure for inherited intelligence adds age norms to test
family therapy
Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.
superego
This is our moral compass that details right from wrong. Superego knows it's just not right to go around satisfying our sexual cravings anywhere and everywhere. Freud thought this kicked in starting around age 4 or 5. focus on how we ought to behave
Deep Brain Stimulation
Used to treat depression when drugs and ECT don't work. Also used to treat Parkinson's tremors and OCD. Treatment still in early stages of development. Worked in 8 out of 12 people in initial testing.
Infantile Amnesia
We do not remember things that have happened to us as babies by 4-5 years childhood amnesia is given away to remembered experiences
Embryo
Zygote's inner cell within next 6 weeks organs begin to form and function, heart begins to beat when the placenta develops
Mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet- the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
a personality test that assesses abnormal(deviant) personality tendencies originally developed to identify emotional disorders, but now is used for many other screening purposes
Incentives
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Pizza, not wanting to get grounded pulled by incentives, pushed by drives
Refractory Period
a resting period after orgasm in which males can not get another during the resolution phase mens is much longer than the women's
Factor Analysis-Process and purpose- Uses for intelligence measure
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related terms (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
Kohlberg's moral development: postconventional
abstract reasoning of formal operational thoughts actions are judged right because they flow from peoples rights or from self defined basic ethical principles
Neo-Freudians
accepted freud's basic ideas placed more emphasis on the conscious minds role on interpreting experiences and in coping with the environment doubted sex and aggression were all consuming motivations carl jung: placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with unconscious
Psychosexual stages: Phallic stage
age 3 to 6 - pleasure centers on the genitals including incestuous feelings. He thought boys struggle with an Oedipus complex where they have sexual desires for their mothers. Girls have a flip-flop "Electra complex", supposedly. In this struggle, he thought the boys saw Daddy as a "competitor", but knowing they couldn't compete with Daddy, their sexuality goes dormant into the next stage.
Psychosexual stages: Latency stage
age 6 to puberty - sexuality is dormant (inactive).
Concrete Operational
age 7 -11 thinking logically about concrete events performing arithmetical operations (math) conservation( Although length and width of container changes, volume stays constant) mathematical transformations
Pre Operational
ages 2-6,7 representing things with words and images using intuitive rather than logical thinking-pretend play- egocentrism- not being able to see from others perspective
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
also known as FAS physical and or cognitive abnormalities to the baby due to mother's drinking while pregnant
Social Phobia
an anxiety disorder characterized by overwhelming anxiety and self-consciousness in everyday social situations
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic anxiety and its symptoms, such as tension, sweating, trembling, etc.
OCD
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, or sensations (obsessions) as well as compulsions
Drive
an aroused tension state drive reduction theory- when a psychological need increases, so does a drive a psychological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need internal pushes and external pulls interact
PTSD
anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience--> can lead to positive growth as a result of overcoming challenging circumstances
Criticisms of negative attribution as a depression cause
argue that these (self-defeating beliefs and negative attributions) are indicators, not what causes depression
psychoanalytic
attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
Kohlberg's moral development: preconventional
before age 9, children focus on self interest obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete reinforcement
Social-Cognitive perspective on personality and behavior?
behavior and knowledge are not just the product of trial and error, but also the product of observation of others and our thought concerning their resulting consequences Internal cognitive factors(Thoughts/feelings about risky behavior)←---->behavior(learning to bungee jump)<--->environmental factors(bungee jumping friend)
Erikson - Integrity Issues in life assessments
beliefs the integrity stages comes with death highs less high lows less low but life satisfaction remains constant
Iranian Orphanage Study
biology and experience intertwine, at a destitute Iranian orphanage, typical children could not sit unassisted at age two or walk at by age 4, lack of care caused the infants to develop little sense of personal control over their environment, deprivation hurt their intelligence
Lev Vygotsky - inner speech and problem solving
by age 7 children become increasingly capable of thinking in words and using words to make out solutions to problems HOW?... by internalizing their culture's language and relying on inner speech; whether out loud or inaudibly talking to themselves helps children control their behaviors and master skills
Parasympathetic Nervous System
calms your body after fear diminishes arousal slowly slows our heart rate digestion activity respiration decreases
racial difference in intelligence test scores
concept that when someone of a racial minority is forced to acknowledge their race, they subconsciously believe that they are going to do worse on the test.
Dissociative Disorder
conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Ethnic groups and distribution of intelligence scoresheet
curve represents all ethnic groups
standardized
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Erotic Plasticity
degree to which someones sex drive can be changed by cultural or social influences women have a higher erotic plasticity than men---> this means that woman's sex drive is more socially flexible then mens After puberty men are pretty rigid ( either one sex or the other)
environmental influences on intelligence
deprivation at an early age hurts intelligence
Normal Distributions
describes how traits are distributed through a population tracks extremes on both levels of the spectrum(high and low outliers)
Arousal Level and Performance
describes our tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks---> higher level for easy or well learned tasks
Binet and Simon
developed a measure for intelligence of people
Schizoprenia
disorganized or delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Kohlberg's moral development: conventional
early adolescence morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules
Schizoid Personality Disorder
eccentric behaviors, emotionless disengagement
Reaction Formation
ego unknowingly changes forbidden desires into their opposites "I hate my dad" into "I love my dad" saying the opposite of which you feel
Two-Factor theory
emotion is based on two factors, To experience emotion one must... be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal b) schachter- singer theory
Social cognitive
emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations, explain behaviors as a result of conditioning or modeling after others
pleasure principle
encourages us to follow the directions of the id and subconsciously satisfy our urges for such life-sustaining pleasures and drives as eating and drinking by any means at our disposal.
Biological
evolutionary explanation for fears, instinct, behaviors contributed to survival
Social Cognitive idea on depression
explores how thoughts and actions contribute to depression
Zygote
fertilized egg in woman attaches to mothers uterine wall, happens in around 10 days
humanistic perspective
focus on "healthy" people strive for self-determination and self-realization emphasize human potential, study people through their own experiences and feelings everyone is good belief
Placenta
form as Zygotes outer cell, attached to the uterine wall transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus screen out many potentially harmful substances
Sensorimotor stage
from birth to age 2 babies take world through sense of action (looking hearing seeing touching) young infants in this stage lack Object permanence- when an object is covered children assume it has disappeared (why peekaboo is so entertaining)
Regression
going back to our comfortable childhood days when we face a stressful situation Ex: (sucking thumb)
Genetics, chromosomes and intelligence
identical twins reared together are virtually as similar as those of the same person taking the test twice chromosomes- there are chromosomal regions important to intelligence, there are specific genes that seemingly influence variations in intelligence and learning disabilities, many genes seem to be involved (polygenetic)
Erikson Teen Years into early adulthood
identity vs. role confusion ---> intimacy vs isolation
schizophrenia and identical twins
if one identical twin has schizophrenia, there is a 50% chance that the other twin will also be diagnosed with schizophrenia (even if reared apart)
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
is an alternative therapy to overcome anxiety and PTSD from traumatic events most likely the result of exposure therapy that occurs as people associate the memories of their traumatic event with a safe environment.
Myers-Briggs Test and Personality types
mostly taken for counseling and leadership training and team development labels person as "thinking type" or "feeling type"
Optimal Arousal
motivated behaviors increase arousal EX once I meet my needs to eat I can move on to hygiene then learning than friends reasons we watch TV and read books we are driven to experience stimulation, and hunger for information
Anorexia Nervosa
not eating at all A significant drop in weight below normal weight yet feel they are fat, fear gaining weightƒ
Need to belong is threatened by?
ostracism; social exclusion negative self-esteem
Fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly as when solving new logic problems decreases slowly up to age 75 then rapidly from then on includes intelligence tests and tests similar to the ACT
James-Lange theory of emotion
our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our psychological responses to emotion- arousing stimuli witnessing an external stimulus leads to psychological reaction
Aging - Positive and Negative Moods
overall moods becoming less intense but more enduring
Bulimia Nervosa
overeating followed by purging or throwing up laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise followed by anxiety and depression
Authoritarian
parents impose rules and expect obedience(over controlling parents)
Projection
people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Ex ("he doesn't trust me" when in reality "I don't trust him")
Eating more in social situations explained by?
people eat more in social situations because it helps them socially facilitate (fit in with other people/blend in) kinda a subconscious thing
biasing power of diagnostic labels
people faking symptoms of schizophrenia, being admitted into mental institutions fake patients said their symptoms (voices, hallucinations) had stopped, took them a lot time to be cleared to leave the institution. once labeled it is hard to be unlabeled of a disorder
Aspects of self actualized
people understand and like the levels they are at
Somatoform Disorder
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. hypochondriasis-somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease think hypochondriac!!
Psychosexual stages: Genital stage
puberty on - sexuality is mature. Freud thought this is where sexuality re-emerges. The desires of the earlier days are now hidden in the unconscious. The superego takes in the parents' moral values. Boys and girls begin to behave and agree with their same-sex parent in a, "If you can't beat 'em, join 'em" philosophy.
Repression
pushing desires that cause anxiety out of our consciousness. Ex: (not thinking about event, like it never happened)
Conversation Disorder
rare somatoform disorder person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
Catharsis Hypothesis
releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges----> FALSE fails to cleans ones anger, and can even make them more enraged EX: hitting a doll instead-----> should calm down and then address the problem
reality principle
s it operates within the mind, consciously weighs the possible costs and benefits of a particular action (or series of actions) before deciding whether or not to act upon such. associates with the ego
WISC
same as WAIS but is more for younger children (preschool)
Rite of Passage Examples
shortly after maturation, earlier societies bestowed adult responsibilities and status on young children who would then work, marry and have kids ( western-> schooling
Antipsychotic drug side effects
sluggishness, tremors, twitches, and tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs)
Homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balanced internal state EX blood chemistry EX water (hydration)
Death-Deferral Phenomenon
that death happens on certain days and does not on others more americans die two days after christmas than before death rates increase after people reach age milestones
Emotional intelligence and criticisms
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions "Emotional Intelligence" stretches the term of intelligence too far
Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (RTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate or suppress brain activity to treat depression.
Selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Critical Period
the optimal period in which certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development for ducks this period falls just hours after hatching when attachments are formed
intelligence testing and impact on reducing racial discrimination
the questions became less discriminate and more general to reduce this discrimination
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1.) psychological response and 2.) subjective experience of emotion I see snake- I am afraid of snake-I begin to tremble we react to stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same time
Cognitive perspective
thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions, alter the way people think
id
unconscious desires. Id goes for whatever feels good, right now. The id wants sex and drugs its your basic self...#NOFilter
uses of antipsychotic drugs
used to dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli, helps relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia
classical conditioning as therapy
using classical conditioning techniques to change a person's reaction to a specific stimulus commonly used with treating phobias
compulsions
washing hands the actual action of doing something, not to be confused with obsessions- which is the thought of the action
Asian vs Western Cultures influence on behavior
western- promote independence - "be yourself" -- individualism asian- encourage closeness and family (what shames the child shames the family and what brings honor to the family brings honor to the self) -- collectivism
Biopsychosocial vision of proper aging
younger people are better in remembering random numbers and letters bio- no genes predispositioning dementia or other diseases, appropriate nutrition (deterioration of telomeres with old age) psycho- optimistic outlook, physically and mentally active social- support from family and friends, safe living conditions