Ap Psych Unit 3 Study Guide

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of...

His genetic makeup and environmental influences.

Madeline has previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She has an identical twin sister, Josephine, and a nonidentical sister, Abigail. Neither of Madeline's sisters have previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Which of the following statements is true of Madeline's sisters?

Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.

A neuron sends a signal along its.

axon

Antagonists function by...

blocking receptors to prevent other neurotransmitters from binding to the neural receptors

Michael Gazzaniga is best known for...

doing studies where he splits the brain in half to see which functions occur on which half.

What is the sympathetic nervous system? What are its functions?

helps your body activate its "fight-or-flight" response. It cannincrease heart rate and blood pressure

Elaborate and describe the function of the Endocrine System.

The endocrine system's function is to create and release hormones that control mood, growth, and development.

Describe what happens when a neuron sends a signal...

The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again.

Which part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body.

The pituitary gland

Which biological system is most likely responsible for an increase in heart rate while experiencing anxiety?

The sympathetic nervous system

Define and explain Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection?

The theory of natural selection began because of the limited resources in nature so organisms adapted to survive and developed traits more favorable for survival.

At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do what?

They bind to receptor sites on the receiving neurons

What is the autonomic nervous system most directly involved in?

involuntary physiologic processes such as heart rate, sexual arousal, blood pressure, and respiration.

Which chemical is most closely associated with sleep?

melatonin

Researchers trained monkeys to perform two tasks: an object-matching task and a location task. In the object-matching task, the monkeys are given an object and must choose a matching object from two objects placed in front of them. In the location task, an object is placed near one of two locations, and the monkeys must reach toward the location the object is closest to. Separating the monkeys into two groups, researchers created a lesion in one area of the brains of the monkeys in one group and a lesion in a different area of the brains of the monkeys in the second group. The researchers then tested the monkeys' performance on the two tasks. The figures below show the monkeys' accuracy on the two tasks. The lesions were most likely performed in the....

parietal lobe for Group 1 and the temporal lobe for Group 2

The parietal lobe is most involved in...

processing sensory information

The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as...

refractory period

The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron after it fires is called...

reuptake

The medulla oblongata is a part of the...

the brainstem

Professor Janeja is studying which brain regions are involved inlearning to correctly navigate a maze task. She randomly assigns half of a group of mice to get a lesion in one area of the brain. The other half does not get a lesion. Based on the following graph, where in the brain is the most likely site of the lesion?

the hippocampus

During neuronal firing, the part of the neuron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical impulse as it travels down the axon is...

the myelin sheath

The pons?

-It plays a role in sleep and arousal. It connects the cerebellum and the brain stem.

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically...

-Just as similar as Vince and Frankie's

The hormone most associated with the fight or flight response is...

Adrenal glands

What effect do agonists have?

Agonists increase the effect of a neurotransmitter

What is an agonist?

An agonist is a molecule that stimulates a response. Morphine and opiates are examples of agonists.

What is an antagonist? What types of drugs would be considered as an antagonist?

An antagonist is a molecule that inhibits or blocks a response by binding to a receptor site. Curane, Botulin, and Botox are all examples of antagonist drugs.

Kristi has been training as a ballet dancer since she was very young. When Kristi's car is hit by another motorist, she is diagnosed with mild trauma to the area in the back of her brain. Kristi tries to dance again soon after her accident but has a great deal of trouble maintaining her balance. Explain how each of the following concepts applies to Kristi's current situation.

Cerebellum: Is the area in the back at the bottom of the brain that helps maintain balance where she must have gotten hit. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This is a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue. Kristo's doctors would have done an MRI to see structures within the brain which would show that she has damage in the cerebellum at the back of the brain .• Neuroplasticity: is the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma. So her brain may make a new area for motor movements

What is the part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons called?

Dendrite

It is close to sunset when Brandon is hiking in the woods with his dog. The dog suddenly stops walking and starts to growl menacingly at something in the shadows of the forest. Brandon squints his eyes and tries to make out what alerted his dog. He tightens his grip on the leash and strains to hear any movement in the dry leaves. He can also feel his pulse increase, and his mouth feels very dry. Explain how each of the following concepts applies to Brandon's current situation.

Epinephrine: The epinephrine released due to his fear, and it causes pulse to increase. • Peripheral nervous system: The tightened grip on the leash is due to the peripheral nervous system. • Occipital lobe: When he squints his eyes and tries to make out what alerted his dog, an image is sent to the occipital lobe. • Natural selection: The dog's growl is part of natural selection, since the growl increases the dog's chance of survival because it induces fear in other predators.

A drug that is used to treat seizures functions by preventing inhibitory neurotransmitters from returning to the presynaptic neuron. This slows the rate of neurons firing by increasing the amount of the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the synapse. The drug is most likely to be classified as a...

GABA

Provide an example of natural selection?

Giraffes develop long necks to reach leaves others can't reach and thus increasing their food availability.

Describe a major role of the thalamus?

It directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

What does Brain lateralization mean?

It means that each brain hemisphere has its own functions.

The fatty casing that helps speed up the neural transmissions of a neuron is called the

Myelin Sheath