AP PSYCH - UNIT 5 TEST
Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus?
Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood
Piper reads about someone described as adventurous and extroverted. She then judges that this person is more likely to be a lawyer who enjoys hiking than a lawyer who does not. The best explanation for Piper's error is that she is basing her judgment on
the representativeness heuristic
Maeve wants to change her college major but has decided not to because she is close to finishing. She believes that the time she has spent in her current program will be wasted if she changes now. Maeve is experiencing
the sunken cost factory
Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories? A Elizabeth Loftus B Noam Chomsky C Ernst Heinrich Weber D Jean Piaget E Mary Ainsworth
A: Elizabeth Loftus
[Identifying Psychologists] Which of the following psychologists is best associated with studying the function of memory? A. Mary Whiton Calkins B. Hermann Ebbinghaus C. Erik Erikson D. Carl Rogers E. Carl
B. Hermann Ebbinghaus Hermann Ebbinghaus studied memory by memorizing nonsense syllables and seeing how many he could remember.
[False Memories] Which of the following is most likely to be a false memory? A. A young child's memory of a day at the beach B. A high school student's memory of the prom C. A person's memory of going to a restaurant after college graduation D. A job applicant's memory of the clothes the applicant wore to an interview E. A couple's memory of their first dance at their wedding
A. A young child's memory of a day at the beach People are much more susceptible to false memories about their childhood than about memories formed later in life.
[Identifying Problem Solving Techniques] A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as A. an algorithm B. an action potential C. an analogy D. a conditioned reflex E. a heuristic
A. an algorithm
[Source Monitoring Failure] An example of a failure of source monitoring is A. Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story B. Katie being unable to recall the information for her English exam while feeling anxious when taking it, because she was feeling sad when she studied for the exam C. Jose forgetting the information he learned in class because he took his final in a different room D. Hanson confusing his old locker combination numbers with his new locker combination numbers E. James confusing his new address with his old address
A. Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story Source monitoring refers to the ability to track the origin of a piece of information.
[Theory of Executive Functioning and Intelligence] Which of the following examples is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence? A. Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. B. Reilly began walking earlier than most children and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. C. Amir is good at understanding other peoples' emotions and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. D. Jake can read very quickly and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. E. Rose has perfect pitch and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests.
A. Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. Being able to remember a long list of instructions is a measure of working memory capacity (related to executive function). Geoff's having strong executive functioning and higher than average intelligence is consistent with the theory.
[Gardner-Type Of Intelligence] Keisha performs well in her geometry course in school, and her classmates often ask her for help with understanding word problems and writing formal proofs. Her friends describe her as very rational and analytical. According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess? A. Logical-mathematical B. Bodily-kinesthetic C. Interpersonal D. Intrapersonal E. Verbal-linguistic
A. Logical-mathematical This term refers to the ability to use logic and mathematical skills in problem solving.
[Divergent Thinking] An example of divergent thinking is A. Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period B. Sharon picking her favorite restaurant from a list C. Martin drawing a picture of a bicycle from memory D. Eleni studying for a spelling test by rehearsing the words and their spellings multiple times E. Dmitry using a map to determine the fastest driving route
A. Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period Divergent thinking involves brainstorming as many potential solutions as possible.
[Elaborative Encoding] An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is A. Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad B. Trevor remembering to buy milk at the grocery store by putting a note on the refrigerator C. Emilia remembering a new acquaintance's name by silently repeating the name after learning it D. Arthur remembering to pick up a cake before leaving work by asking a coworker for a reminder at the end of the workday E. Diego remembering the meanings of Spanish vocabulary words by creating flash cards and studying them
A. Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad Elaborative encoding occurs when something new is associated with something meaningful or with an existing memory.
[State-Dependent Memory] An example of state-dependent memory is A. Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam B. Jeremy saying he knew his favorite football team was going to lose all along after they lost the game C. Josef remembering only the first five linking verbs during his English exam despite studying to remember the entire list D. Wilda believing she is always sad when it rains despite her being sad sometimes when it is sunny E. Geoff liking Francine more than when he had met her the first day of class after sitting next to her in class each week
A. Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam
[Memory Organization] The fact that Lori finds herself thinking about dogs and other pets after seeing a cat is evidence that human memory is organized into A. an association network B. a hierarchy C. a mental set D. a schema E. mnemonics
A. an association network An association network representation predicts that activation of a concept will also activate related concepts.
[Mental Set] A mental set is A. an established way of thinking about or perceiving something B. a link between two memories in which recall of one prompts recall of the other C. a strategy in which items are grouped to make them easier to remember D. a type of learning that happens suddenly during a critical phase of development E. an ability of the mind to retain information over time
A. an established way of thinking about or perceiving something A mental set is based on previous experience and may or may not be helpful solving problems.
[Consolidation] Consolidation can be described as the process of A. long-term memories being formed from short-term memories B. the body trying to keep itself in a set state of being C. new information becoming integrated with previous knowledge D. determining where information is coming from E. retrieving information from long-term memory
A. long-term memories being formed from short-term memories Consolidation is the process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories.
[Identifying Research Study Laws] A researcher wanted to test the psychometric properties of a new intelligence test for children. She administered the test twice, two months apart, to children in a fourth-grade classroom. On the second administration, she noticed that the children who performed well were not the same children who performed well on the first administration and that there appeared to be no relationship between student performance on the first and second administration of the test. Based on this scenario, the psychological construct missing from this intelligence test is A. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice B. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering equivalent forms of the test twice C. split-half reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice D. split-half reliability, because the researcher is administering equivalent forms of the same test twice E. internal-consistency reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice
A. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice Test-retest reliability refers to when repeated administration of the same test yields consistent results, which this test did not.
[Reasoning Process] John went to the beach for vacation shortly after having watched a documentary film about shark attacks. Overestimating the possibility of encountering a shark in the water, he decided to spend the day sunbathing and reading instead of going for a swim. John's reasoning can be explained through A. the availability heuristic B. the gambler's fallacy C. source monitoring D. confirmation bias E. counterfactual thinking
A. the availability heuristic John recently watched the documentary about shark attacks, and information about shark attacks can be easily retrieved from memory. Because this information is fresh in his mind, he is hesitant to get in the water for fear of encountering a shark.
Which of the following best describes the primacy effect? A When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence B When people have better recall of things that occur at the end of a sequence C When people who know very little about a subject tend to be overly confident about how much they know about that subject, while people who know a great deal about the subject tend to downplay their knowledge about that subject D When people state that things that have happened to them recently occur more frequently than they actually do E When people tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they get when making decisions
A: When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence
The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention A requires more automatic processing than selective attention does B is used primarily in simple tasks, whereas selective attention is used primarily in complex tasks C is related to the development of reading skills in children, whereas selective attention is not D is more highly correlated with intelligence than selective attention is E is related only to auditory processing, whereas selective attention is related only to visual processing
A: requires more automatic processing than selective attention does.
Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect? A Marcus used to use words he knew were bad because his parents would pay attention to him whenever he did. When his parents learned to stop giving him attention in response to the bad words, he stopped using them for a few months. A few months later, though, he suddenly started using the bad words again. B Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment. C Rodrigo did not like the taste of coffee at first, but after drinking it every day for a while, he started liking it more. D After listening to a long list of words, Peter remembers the words that occurred near the end of the list more than the ones he heard earlier in the list. E When watching a video of a mouth saying the word "bag" while the word "gag" is played over speakers, Charlotte hears a word that sounds somewhere between the two words.
B Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.
After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect? A How fast were the cars going when the accident occurred? B How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? C What can you tell me about what you saw? D What did the cars look like? E Were there other people around who witnessed the accident?
B How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall? A Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain. B Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair. C Evelyn studies a list of words and is later asked to list all of the words that were on the list. D To help her remember what she needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing. E Kumail scores well on a multiple-choice quiz because he recognizes all of the correct answers when he sees them.
B Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.
[Schemas] Which of the following describes the concept of schema? A. Gustav uses the method of loci to study for all of his classes. B. Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water. C. Tracy grouped the information she needed to learn into categories that made sense to her. D. Kevin thinks David is not motivated because he showed up late for a meeting, but actually a traffic jam made David late. E. Naman makes up a story about the information he has to learn to help him remember the information.
B. Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water. Marsha has created a schema, or way of thinking, about what should happen in a restaurant.
[Memory Enhancement Technique] David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory? A. Method of loci B. Self-reference C. Retroactive interference D. Overlearning E. The recency effect
B. Self-reference This refers to the fact that information that is personally relevant is more easily remembered than personally irrelevant information.
[Short-Term Memory Capacity] Jeanette is curious to see how many numbers she can hold in her mind at once. She asks her friend to test her on lists of random digits to see how many she can remember. Based on what is known about the average limits of short-term memory capacity, what is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember? A. Two B. Seven C. Ten D. Eleven E. Twelve
B. Seven Short-term memory capacity is roughly seven (plus or minus two).
[Chomsky Explanation of Behaviour] Rodrigo's three-year-old sister says the phrase "We goed to the store" instead of "We went to the store." According to Noam Chomsky, what is the best explanation for her behavior? A. Her parents have not presented her with the appropriate corrective feedback to teach her not to use the incorrect form. B. She is overregularizing her use of the past tense. C. She has heard other children using the incorrect form and has learned that it is correct. D. She has not yet entered the concrete operational stage of cognition, in which she will be able to learn the correct form of the word. E. She has a specific language impairment, which has prevented her from acquiring the correct form.
B. She is overregularizing her use of the past tense. Chomsky described children's errors in using irregular past tense forms as overregularizing past tense forms.
[Primary Effect] Which of the following illustrates the primacy effect? A. Jason remembers the last two digits of his doctor's phone number but not any other digits. B. Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list. C. Frederick thinks people are paying attention to him when they actually are not. D. Paul gets a reward every time he gets on the bus for school on time. E. When his son Fekru cries because he wants a candy bar, Mr. Debebe gives the boy the candy to stop him from crying.
B. Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list. This is an example of the primacy effect, which refers to having a better memory for items occurring earliest in a list.
[Predictable-World Bias] For a person planning to hold a party outside, an example of the predictable-world bias would be A. hoping the weather will be nice this year B. believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years C. believing the party will be fun outside regardless of the weather D. remembering only past parties with good weather, not those with bad weather E. believing the weather can be controlled if one wishes hard enough
B. believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years This is an example of predictable-world bias, which occurs when people see patterns in things that are random. They may make predictions based on past events rather than on actual probabilities of future events.
[Error In Thinking] Patrick believes his basketball coach doesn't like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes his playing and ignores all the times the coach praises his performance. Patrick's behavior is best explained by the concept of A. the Flynn effect B. confirmation bias C. retroactive interference D. groupthink E. overregularization
B. confirmation bias Patrick is choosing to focus on things that confirm his theory and ignore those that do not, which is confirmation bias.
Encoding Technique] To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using A. distributed learning B. the method of loci C. maintenance retrieval D. echoic memory E. lateral inhibition
B. the method of loci This is an example of using the method of loci to remember something.
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? A Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. C Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. D Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her. E Glenn vividly remembered the details of a car crash he was involved in, but he remembered very little about the rest of the day.
B: Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions
Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students? A Teaching them a rhyme for each word B Asking them questions about the meaning of each word C Writing the words in different fonts and having the students think about the font that each word is printed in D Writing the words in different colors and having the students think about the color that each word is printed in E Having them write sentences where each word of the sentence starts with the same letter as one of the parts of the body
B: Asking them questions about the meaning of each word.
Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? A Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. B Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. C When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. D Marsha remembers only information that agrees with her current understanding and ignores everything else. E Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story.
B: Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.
After visiting her professor's office, Rachel writes down everything she remembers seeing there. She correctly remembers many details, but she falsely remembers seeing books even though there were no books in the office. Additionally, she did not remember seeing a skull that was in the office. Which memory concept best explains why Rachel falsely encoded the books and failed to encode the skull? A The method of loci B Schemas C Association networks D Sensory memory E Context effects
B: Schemas
Five-year-old Tahani is entering a school where English is the only language spoken, but in her home, her family uses a combination of both English and her family's native language. When she starts school, she takes a test measuring her English language development. Her score is well below that of the other children in her class, most of whom live in homes where only one language is spoken. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Tahani's test scores?
Because Tahani speaks more than one language, her proficiency in each language may come later than for her monolingual peers.
Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? A After a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident. B Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery many times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before. C Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss. D Raj just bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the on button was on his old phone. E Lina is trying to find a solution to a problem but is unable to see how the available tools could be used in a different way.
C Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.
When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance? A Sensory memory, because he is activating information about his sensory experiences of fruit. B The spacing effect, because he is going through the list multiple times. C Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory. D Single-trial learning, because he goes through the lists only one time. E Flashbulb memories, because Gustavo has vivid memories of fruit and that helps him remember.
C Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.
[Inter-Rater Reliability] Professor Gustafson is developing a new intelligence test and wants to ensure the test has good inter-rater reliability. Which of the following strategies will most directly help him achieve this goal? A. Allowing only a small subset of highly trained researchers to grade the test, because this ensures standardization of test conditions B. Allowing only a small subset of highly trained researchers to grade the test, because this ensures validity, which is crucial to establish reliability C. Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree D. Ensuring that a representative sample of participants take the test, as this is the best way to establish reliability E. Comparing scores from the test to scores from a similar test designed to measure the same construct, because this will establish reliability between the tests
C. Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree Inter-rater reliability refers to having all people scoring the test in the same way, which will be more likely to happen if they are highly trained.
[Memory Enhancement Technique] A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using A. elaborative rehearsal B. distributed learning C. maintenance rehearsal D. a mnemonic device E. imagery
C. maintenance rehearsal Simple thinking of words over and over again is a form of maintenance rehearsal.
[Automatic Vs. Effortful Processing] Which of the following statements about automatic processing or effortful processing is true? A. Effortful processing does not require conscious awareness B. Effortful processing makes other processing more difficult. C. Automatic processing requires little mental effort. D. Automatic processing does not improve with practice. E. Effortful processing is affected by intelligence.
C. Automatic processing requires little mental effort. Automatic processing requires little mental effort, whereas effortful processing requires mental effort and use of short-term memory.
[Sternberg Types of Intelligence] Arthur is helping his friend set up her new phone. Arthur has never used this type of phone, but he uses his knowledge of setting up his own phone to help figure out how to use the new phone. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Arthur is using which type of intelligence? A. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. Practical intelligence C. Creative intelligence D. General intelligence E. Visual-spatial intelligence
C. Creative intelligence Sternberg defined creative intelligence as using one's prior experiences to help solve new problems.
[Theories of Behaviour] Vandana, a 12-month-old infant, is listening to her father talk to her and suddenly repeats a word that he just said. Her father praises her and gives her a cookie. After she gets the cookie, she repeats the word again. Vandana's behavior can be best explained by using the theory of A. universal grammar B. linguistic determinism C. behaviorism D. attachment E. classical conditioning
C. behaviorism Central to behaviorism is the idea of rewards reinforcing a behavior. In this example, the initial behavior (repeating the word) may have been spontaneous, but the cookie was a reward that reinforced the behavior.
[Short-Term Memory] Short-term memory is best described as A. memory of how to perform an activity, such as riding a bike B. memory of facts and general knowledge C. memory that can hold only a small amount of information D. memory of specific events E. memory of a surprising event
C. memory that can hold only a small amount of information Memory that can hold only a few items, generally about seven, for a short period is known as short-term memory.
[Interpreting IQ Score] Mary has an IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean score. This indicates her score was A. high enough for Mary to be considered a genius B. higher than at least 75% of people who took the test C. within the middle 68% of people who took the test D. lower than exactly 7% of people who took the test E. higher than exactly 93% of people who took the test
C. within the middle 68% of people who took the test About 34% of people score between the mean and one standard deviation below the mean, and about 34% of people score between the mean and one standard deviation above the mean.
Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? A Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games. B Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. C Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. D Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. E Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.
C: Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.
To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy? A Chunking B Long-term potentiation C Semantic encoding D Self-reference E Imagery
C: Semantic Encoding
Dr. Porter is studying the effectiveness of two intervention programs to improve the outcomes of children who have an intellectual disability. Which of the following groups of children should she include in her study?
Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69
Maki is a three-month-old living in a household of Japanese speakers. Which of the following best describes how her ability to discriminate phonemes will develop?
Currently, she will likely be able to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will have begun to lose the ability to discriminate these phonemes.
[Implicit Vs. Explicit Memory] If Jess has a type of amnesia that affects the formation of explicit memories but not implicit ones, which of the following will she be most likely to remember? A. The date of her last basketball lesson B. The name of her basketball coach C. The location of the gym D. The arm position to throw the ball E. The rules of the game
D. The arm position to throw the ball Skills such as how to hold one's arm to throw a ball are implicit memories. Jess will improve at basketball over time, as would any person with practice.
[Explicit Memories] Explicit memories are A. retrieved from the amygdala B. created in the thalamus C. retrieved from the cerebellum D. created in the hippocampus E. stored in the basal ganglia
D. created in the hippocampus Various studies, including that of H. M., show that damage to the hippocampus inhibits the ability to create explicit memories.
Martin has been heavily influenced by the work of Lewis Terman. Which of the following perspectives on intelligence would Martin most likely have?
Intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity.
Which of the following describes one of the functions of the temporal lobe of the brain?
It is where declarative memories are stored.
[Generational Language Differences] Sometimes people who speak different languages are in a community together and must develop a way of communicating. Similarly, their offspring must also find a way to communicate. The main difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation is A. the speech of the first generation tends to include a larger vocabulary B. the speech of the second generation tends to include a larger vocabulary C. the speech of the first generation tends to have more complex grammar rules D. the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules E. minor because there is typically no difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation
D. the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules The first-generation language tends to have very little grammatical structure; this is called a pidgin language. The second generation tends to impose its own grammatical structure on the makeshift language; this is called a creole language. The fact that children develop grammatical rules without any training is often cited as evidence that people have a built-in language acquisition device.
[Long-Term Potentiation] Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation? A. Erik and Harry don't like each other when they are first assigned to the same a room during a class trip, but after spending a great deal of time together, they begin to like each other more. B. When Sruthi first enters a dark room after coming in from outside, she can't see anything, but her eyes adjust after a few minutes. C. At first, Benjamin needs to drink only a small amount of a caffeinated beverage to feel its effects, but after drinking it regularly for a while, he needs more to feel the same effects. D. Alan wants to stop studying to go to a party but stops himself by thinking about his future career. E. The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.
E. The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly. Long-term potentiation is the mechanism behind memory formation.
Which of the following statements is true of insight problem solving?
It requires an incubation period in which the problem solver can start fresh on the problem.
A psychologist has just developed a new test that he hopes will be a good measure of intelligence. At the surface level, the questions appear to be the types of puzzles and problems that would provide an intellectual challenge and give insight into someone's intellectual abilities. Unfortunately, when he distributes the test to a classroom of college students, it does not appear to perform similarly to existing measures of intelligence. The test does not predict student GPAs and in fact is better at predicting performance on a measure of anxiety than intelligence. Which of the following characteristics does the new intelligence test possess?
Face validity, because the test looks like it should measure intelligence.
When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions? A Sensory memory, because Catherine did not pair the word with one of her senses to remember it the next day. B Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory. C Retrieval, because though Catherine probably stored the memory, it was difficult for her to retrieve it. D State-dependent memory, because Catherine was too anxious to perform well. E Context-dependent memory, because Catherine did not study the word in a variety of locations.
Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.
Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence than Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with?
Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone.
Which of the following is true of analogies in supporting problem solving?
Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies.
Dr. Sosa administers the first exam to all his introductory psychology students, which amounts to 250 students total. The mean for the first exam was 75%. The grades for Dr. Sosa's classes are distributed as shown below.
The distribution is positively skewed.
Maria is a thirteen-year-old congenitally deaf child who was born to hearing parents living in a remote, rural area. Since birth her parents have provided love, nourishment, educationally enriching toys, and developed their own hand signals to communicate with her about basic necessities. However, Maria did not begin to learn sign language until she was twelve and the family moved to a city and encountered members of a deaf community. Maria has found it very difficult to learn sign language, no matter what her instructors try. Which of the follow concepts best explains Maria's difficulty learning sign language?
a sensitive period
Average IQ scores have increased steadily over the past 100 years. It has been argued that this effect is most likely due to
an increase in the average number of years in school
Creativity is most closely associated with which of the following?
divergent thinking
Martine needs a hammer but cannot find one. As she looks around her apartment, her gaze passes over a metal paperweight and some other objects that could potentially serve as a makeshift hammer. However, she is so focused on these objects' typical uses that she does not think to use any of them as a hammer. Martine is experiencing which of the following?
functional fixedness
The cerebellum is most directly involved in
motor learning
