AP Psychology
to shape the behavior of their students, teachers employ
secondary reinforcers
which of the following best describes punishment
addition of an aversive event
when a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response
classical conditioning has occured
one difference between classical and operant conditioning is that
classical conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events are associated with one another
which of the following best describes the unusal events that occured in pavolov's labratory, leading him to to the discovery of classical conditioning
dogs sometimes salivated before meat powder was placed in their mouths
operant conditioning is to skinner as classical conditioning is to
pavlov
classical conditioning is most often used to condition
reflexes
presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in
extinction
negative reinforcement ______ responding; punishment ______ responding
increase;decrease
which form of learning would most likely be studied in a skinner box
operant conditioning
becoming addicted to gambling is related to the effects of
partial reinforcement
to strengthen the connection between the CS and CR the CS must
precede the US
if the conditioned stimulus is presented many times without reinforcement, we can expect
extinction to occur
the US, by definition, leads to the
UR
after pairing the CS and US in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. this response is then called
conditioned response
in operant conditioning,what is the relationship between events critical to learning and the response to be learned
they occur after the response
jimmy helps his father put away dishes after dinner. jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmy
after all the dishes are put away
secondary reinforcers are
learned
a rat learns to push a button in order to turn on a tone previously associated with food. the button pushing has been rewarded by a _____ reinforcer
secondary
negative reinforcement and punishment
have opposite effects on behavior
advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by
pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products
the first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well. if they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework. the stickers in this are
tokens
using poker chips to reinforce mental patients for healthy behavior would be an example of using
tokens
for conditioning to occur, the proper order of events is
CS, US, UR
ivan pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of
classical conditioning
a puppy has begun to cry and bark in order to be let into the house. to extinguish this response you would,
ignore the crying, letting the puppy in when quiet
punishment is most effective in surpressing behavior when it is
immediate, consistent, intense
in pavolv's experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning) was the
neutral stimulus
to be effective, punishment should be
paired with reinforcement
for the connection between the CS and CR to be strengthened, the CS must
precede the US
the presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus are both examples of
punishment
which of the following statements about punishment is false
punishment teaches new responses
the process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is
shaping
in classical conditioning, learning is evident when a
stimulus which did not initally produce a response now elicits that response
in pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivation was the
unconditioned response
the greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a _____ schedule of reinforcement
variable interval
a child who occassionly gets rewarded with candy after asking her grandmother for a treat is being rewarded on a _____ schedule
variable ratio
two principles of conditioning that have aided our learning and improved our adaptability as a species are
generalization and discrimination
two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rate of response are
fixed ratio and variable ratio
if you have a snake phobia because you once heard a loud noise while looking at a snake, for you a snake is a(n)
conditioned stimulus
in pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (during and after conditioning) was the
conditioned stimulus
by a continuous reinforcement scheulde, we mean
each correct response is reinforced
a dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement
fixed interval
the schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of respones must be made for each reward is called
fixed ratio
a child is conditioned to fear a furry, black cat. soon she becomes fearful of any black furry object. her new response demonstrates
generalization
a neutral stimulus is one that
does not evoke the UR
what might be a secondary reinforcer
grades
______ occurs when making a response removes an unpleasent event
negative reinforcement
learning is best defined as
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience
if you give a child her favoirte licorice candy for doing well in school and she continues to do well in school, the licorice candy is
a reward and a reinforcer
in operant conditioning, the reinforcer occurs ______ the response and and in classical conditioning it occurs _______ the response
after; before
increased feedback
almost always improves learning and performance
a punisher can be
any consequence that reduces the occurance of a behavior
in classical conditioning, events critical to the learning occur ____ the response
before
in pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the
bell
your handsome successful boyfriend winks at you each time before he tells you "i love you" your expectation when he winks is a
conditioned response
the most basic form of learning that is not heavily dependent on higher order intellectual processes is known as
conditioning
in ____ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response
continuous
a child bitten by a white dog is not afraid of black dogs. this is an example of
discrimination
a child had learned to avoid a furry, black cat. however, she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired tabby. her response demonstrates
discrimination
your neice has a temper tantrum in the store when she is shopping. if you buy her a toy you are
encouraging more tantrums
in a classic experiment, "little albert", a very young boy was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. he also becme fearful of white fluffy rabits and bearded men. this is an example of
generalization
a corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is
payment of employees on a peice-work basis
a team coach who benches a player for poor performance is using
punishment
a student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. this demonstrates the use of
reinforcement
reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is
response contigent
teaching your cat to turn on the living room light would be accomplished by
shaping
to teach a child to eat spaghetti, you would reinforce initial responses, such as holding the fork, and then increasingly closer approximations to the final response, a procedure known as
shaping
operant conditioning was studied by
skinner
after a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed. this is called
spontaneous recovery
after weeks of successful extinction trials, your pet dachsund suddenly resumes burying bones in the front yard. your pet therapist advises that the dog's behavior is an example of
spontaneous recovery
a series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called
successive approximants
in pavlov's experiments with dogs, food was the
unconditioned stimulus
when you are first learning golf, you may hit one or two great shots in the entire round. you are being reinforced on what kind of partial reinforcement schedule
variable ratio
a child is frightened by a loud noise while playing with a cat. if the child learns to fear the cat, it can be said that the cat was a
CS
which of the following describes the state of affairs after conditioning
CS ---> CR
if you slow down every time you see a police car, your slowing down is probably due to
negative reinforcement
in a study of punishment, shock is administered to a hamster through a wire grid on the bottom of the cage. to the researche's surprise, the hamster learns to role on it's back when shocked so that its fur insulates it from the shock. the hamster's response demonstrates
negative reinforcement
in thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning
occur after the response
responses that are reinforced and tend to be repeated illustrate
operant conditioning