AP Psychology

to shape the behavior of their students, teachers employ

secondary reinforcers

which of the following best describes punishment

addition of an aversive event

when a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response

classical conditioning has occured

one difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

classical conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events are associated with one another

which of the following best describes the unusal events that occured in pavolov's labratory, leading him to to the discovery of classical conditioning

dogs sometimes salivated before meat powder was placed in their mouths

operant conditioning is to skinner as classical conditioning is to

pavlov

classical conditioning is most often used to condition

reflexes

presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in

extinction

negative reinforcement ______ responding; punishment ______ responding

increase;decrease

which form of learning would most likely be studied in a skinner box

operant conditioning

becoming addicted to gambling is related to the effects of

partial reinforcement

to strengthen the connection between the CS and CR the CS must

precede the US

if the conditioned stimulus is presented many times without reinforcement, we can expect

extinction to occur

the US, by definition, leads to the

UR

after pairing the CS and US in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. this response is then called

conditioned response

in operant conditioning,what is the relationship between events critical to learning and the response to be learned

they occur after the response

jimmy helps his father put away dishes after dinner. jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmy

after all the dishes are put away

secondary reinforcers are

learned

a rat learns to push a button in order to turn on a tone previously associated with food. the button pushing has been rewarded by a _____ reinforcer

secondary

negative reinforcement and punishment

have opposite effects on behavior

advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by

pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products

the first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well. if they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework. the stickers in this are

tokens

using poker chips to reinforce mental patients for healthy behavior would be an example of using

tokens

for conditioning to occur, the proper order of events is

CS, US, UR

ivan pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

classical conditioning

a puppy has begun to cry and bark in order to be let into the house. to extinguish this response you would,

ignore the crying, letting the puppy in when quiet

punishment is most effective in surpressing behavior when it is

immediate, consistent, intense

in pavolv's experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning) was the

neutral stimulus

to be effective, punishment should be

paired with reinforcement

for the connection between the CS and CR to be strengthened, the CS must

precede the US

the presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus are both examples of

punishment

which of the following statements about punishment is false

punishment teaches new responses

the process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is

shaping

in classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

stimulus which did not initally produce a response now elicits that response

in pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivation was the

unconditioned response

the greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a _____ schedule of reinforcement

variable interval

a child who occassionly gets rewarded with candy after asking her grandmother for a treat is being rewarded on a _____ schedule

variable ratio

two principles of conditioning that have aided our learning and improved our adaptability as a species are

generalization and discrimination

two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rate of response are

fixed ratio and variable ratio

if you have a snake phobia because you once heard a loud noise while looking at a snake, for you a snake is a(n)

conditioned stimulus

in pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (during and after conditioning) was the

conditioned stimulus

by a continuous reinforcement scheulde, we mean

each correct response is reinforced

a dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement

fixed interval

the schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of respones must be made for each reward is called

fixed ratio

a child is conditioned to fear a furry, black cat. soon she becomes fearful of any black furry object. her new response demonstrates

generalization

a neutral stimulus is one that

does not evoke the UR

what might be a secondary reinforcer

grades

______ occurs when making a response removes an unpleasent event

negative reinforcement

learning is best defined as

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience

if you give a child her favoirte licorice candy for doing well in school and she continues to do well in school, the licorice candy is

a reward and a reinforcer

in operant conditioning, the reinforcer occurs ______ the response and and in classical conditioning it occurs _______ the response

after; before

increased feedback

almost always improves learning and performance

a punisher can be

any consequence that reduces the occurance of a behavior

in classical conditioning, events critical to the learning occur ____ the response

before

in pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the

bell

your handsome successful boyfriend winks at you each time before he tells you "i love you" your expectation when he winks is a

conditioned response

the most basic form of learning that is not heavily dependent on higher order intellectual processes is known as

conditioning

in ____ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response

continuous

a child bitten by a white dog is not afraid of black dogs. this is an example of

discrimination

a child had learned to avoid a furry, black cat. however, she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired tabby. her response demonstrates

discrimination

your neice has a temper tantrum in the store when she is shopping. if you buy her a toy you are

encouraging more tantrums

in a classic experiment, "little albert", a very young boy was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. he also becme fearful of white fluffy rabits and bearded men. this is an example of

generalization

a corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is

payment of employees on a peice-work basis

a team coach who benches a player for poor performance is using

punishment

a student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. this demonstrates the use of

reinforcement

reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is

response contigent

teaching your cat to turn on the living room light would be accomplished by

shaping

to teach a child to eat spaghetti, you would reinforce initial responses, such as holding the fork, and then increasingly closer approximations to the final response, a procedure known as

shaping

operant conditioning was studied by

skinner

after a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed. this is called

spontaneous recovery

after weeks of successful extinction trials, your pet dachsund suddenly resumes burying bones in the front yard. your pet therapist advises that the dog's behavior is an example of

spontaneous recovery

a series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called

successive approximants

in pavlov's experiments with dogs, food was the

unconditioned stimulus

when you are first learning golf, you may hit one or two great shots in the entire round. you are being reinforced on what kind of partial reinforcement schedule

variable ratio

a child is frightened by a loud noise while playing with a cat. if the child learns to fear the cat, it can be said that the cat was a

CS

which of the following describes the state of affairs after conditioning

CS ---> CR

if you slow down every time you see a police car, your slowing down is probably due to

negative reinforcement

in a study of punishment, shock is administered to a hamster through a wire grid on the bottom of the cage. to the researche's surprise, the hamster learns to role on it's back when shocked so that its fur insulates it from the shock. the hamster's response demonstrates

negative reinforcement

in thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning

occur after the response

responses that are reinforced and tend to be repeated illustrate

operant conditioning