AP Psychology Chapter 6 Retest MC

Which of the following is the best example of Premark's principle for a normal child? a. "When you eat your spinach, you can go outside and play with your friends." b. "If you do not eat your spinach, you will be punished." c. "Eat your spinach, and you will grow up big and strong like your father." d. "If you do not want your spinach, give it to the dog."

a. "When you eat your spinach, you can go outside and play with your friends."

It has been rumored that campus parking enforcement officers receive a $10 bonus for every twenty tickets they write. An unnamed campus parking administrator has remarked off the record, "This ____________ schedule of reinforcement keeps our officers diligent and busy>" a. fixed-ratio b. fixed-interval c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio

a. fixed-ratio

Marlene's parents spank her with a paddle whenever she misbehaves. Because of this, Marlene is afraid whenever the paddle is in sight. Her parents move the paddle to a closet that squares. Marlene soon grows afraid of the squeak of the closet door because it predicts the appearance of the paddle, and the paddle predicts a spanking and pain. This is an example of _________ conditioning. a. higher-order b. simultaneous c. escape d. backward

a. higher-order

Sarah wants to learn to play the piano. Research on skill learning suggests that __________ will be the most critical component in Sarah's learning process. a. repeated practice b. writing music c. immediate feedback d. continual guidance

a. repeated practice

A dog in a classical conditioning experiment salivates to a continuous buzzer but not to a single bell ring. This is an example of a. stimulus discrimination b. secondary reinforcement c. partial reinforcement extinction effect d. stimulus generalization

a. stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is true about the relationship between violence and watching violent TV? a. watching violent TV and violence are positively correlated b. violent behaviors lead to increased time spent watching violent TV c. watching violent TV leads to violent behavior d. All of the above

a. watching violent TV and violence are positively correlated

Scovie has just died from a cocaine overdose. Strangely, it turns out that the dose of cocaine that killed Scovie was no higher than doses he has taken many times before without lethal results. What best explains why the same dose of cocaine killed him this time? a. Benzodiazepines relieve anxiety by acting on GABA. b. All of Scovie's previous cocaine usages had been in his dorm room, but this time Scovie took cocaine in a strange hotel room. c. Scovie developed tolerance to cocaine's dangerous effects d. This time, Scovie took cocaine at a slower rate than before

b. All of Scovie's previous cocaine usages had been in his dorm room, but this time Scovie took cocaine in a strange hotel room.

Art has doting parents who praise him every time he sits down and studies. Ben has parents who praise him every now and then when he studies. A learning theorist would predict that if both sets of parents stopped giving encouragement for studying, ________ would continue studying longer because behaviors rewarded on a _____________ schedule persist longer. a. Art; partial b. Ben; partial c. Art; continuous d. Ben; continuous

b. Ben; partial

The first time Elizabeth went to her local mall, she had a difficult time finding her way around, but after several visits she finds it very easy to get to where she needs to go. Elizabeth has a. insight into the layout of the mall b. developed a cognitive map of the mall c. experienced observational learning d. experienced social learning

b. developed a cognitive map of the mall

Pamela and Martin are practicing a complicated dance to be filmed for a soft-drink commercial, but are having trouble with one section. Which of the following would be the best way for them to improve their learning of the dance? They should practice the entire dance a. until they can perform it perfectly once b. during several shorter sessions, rather than one long session c. without seeking feedback from other performers because that might only confuse them d. from the end to the beginning

b. during several shorter sessions, rather than one long session

Baby Abbey was playing with her favorite toy rattle when her mom dropped an armful of pots and pans behind her. the loud noise made her startle and cry. Subsequently, on seeing her favorite rattle, she cries. However, Mom continues to give Baby Abbey her rattle and doesn't drop any more pots and pans. We would expect that Baby Abbey's crying when seeing her rattle would now a. continue through intermittent reinforcement b. extinguish c. decrease because of spontaneous recovery d. generalize

b. extinguish

Hailey thinks that it doesn't matter how hard she studies for her classes. Sometimes she studies and other times she doesn't but her grades are always the same. Soon, Hailey never studies because she doesn't see any reason to do so. Hailey is experiencing a. social learning b. learned helplessness c. observational learning d. latent learning

b. learned helplessness

Stephanie is studying her vocabulary words for German class. Each time she reads the German word and thinks of the English equivalent, she finds it easier to recall the meaning. Stephanie's experience is best explained by the role of a. latent learning b. neural networks c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

b. neural networks

Pookie, the dog, quickly learns hat when she scratches at the door, her owner will allow her to go outside to play. This is an example of ______________ conditioning. a. avoidance b. classical c. higher-order d. operant

b. operant

Continued gambling behavior is best explained in terms of which process of learning? a. classical conditioning b. partial reinforcement c. social learning d. observational learning

b. partial reinforcement

The most critical component of skill learning is a. acquisition b. practice c. imagination d. guidance

b. practice

Fed up with his son not cleaning around the house, Jack buys a book called "Shape Up," which instructs the reader to implement the operant conditioning technique of shaping. According to the book, Jack will want to a. reward his son only after the final desired response is performed b. reinforce successive approximations of the desired response c. utilize a mixture of punishment and reinforcement d. pair an unconditioned response with a conditioned one

b. reinforce successive approximations of the desired response

Grasping how to perform a complex action sequence, such as driving a car, pitching a baseball, or playing the harmonica, is referred to as a. insight b. part-task learning c. skill learning d. trace learning

c. skill learning

One aspect common to Tolman's research on latent learning and Kohler's research on insight is a. vicarious experience b. sudden, dramatic improvement in performance c. negative reinforcement d. slow, gradual improvement in performance

b. sudden, dramatic improvement in performance

If a research team is going to Chicago to conduct a study on latent learning, they would be most interested in interviewing a a. street performer who learned to play guitar by watching others b. taxi driver who can give directions to a location he's never visited c. teacher who has her first grade students solve problems in groups d. homeless woman who believes she has no control over the outcomes of her life

b. taxi driver who can give directions to a location he's never visited

Kong is scared to death of bananas and banana peels. However, he watches others eat bananas and receive a rewarding piece of candy every time they throw their banana peel away. Eventually, Kong began to eat bananas and throw the peels away. Kong learned through a. classical conditioning b. vicarious experience c. higher-order conditioning d. insight learning

b. vicarious experience

Charlie wants to get a job in which he is rewarded for his work on a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. Which job should Charlie pursue? a. Teddy's Carpentry, where he will earn money as the jobs are completed b. Cruise-In, where the tips are split between all the servers c. Burger Express, where he will earn a paycheck each week d. Vanguard Advertising, where he will earn $3.00 for each ad he sells

c. Burger Express, where he will earn a paycheck each week

When Joel asks his psychology class a question, he calls on only those students whose hands are raised. Guff, another psychology instructor, requires all students in his class to answer every question by holding up a card showing their written responses. Assuming that Joel and Guff are equally competent instructors who cover the same material, which class should perform better on the upcoming midterm? a. Joel's class b. They should perform equally c. Guff's class d. Joel's class on multiple-choice questions and Guff's class on essay questions

c. Guff's class

Which of the following is an example of habituation? a. a child learns how to turn on the television by watching his father b. a dog learns not to chew on his owner's slippers after he is scolded c. an infant gradually stops playing attention to a continuous buzzing noise d. a cat learns that the sound of the electric can opener means that she will be fed soon.

c. an infant gradually stops playing attention to a continuous buzzing noise

Jon ate a hamburger that was contaminated with nasty bacteria. While eating the burger, Jon was watching an episode of the television show Small Wonder. Jon soon developed an aversion to hamburgers, but not to the television program because of a. stimulus generalization b higher-order conditioning c. biopreparedness d. reconditioning

c. biopreparedness

Jelena is studying in her apartment when suddenly the power goes out. She has to walk to the kitchen to get a flashlight and is surprised by how well she "navigates" without bumping into anything in the dark. She is able to do this because she has formed a(n) a. mental proposition b. conditioned response c. cognitive map d. unconditioned response

c. cognitive map

If you want a strong reinforcer, you should mildly stimulate the a. striatum b. cerebellum c. hypothalamus d. substantia nigra

c. hypothalamus

Lavonne hates to listen to new age music. So, when Lavonne refuses to clean her room, her mother makes her stay in her room and plays new age music through the intercom. Her mother tells Lavonne that as soon as she finishes cleaning her room the music will be stopped. This is an example of a. punishment b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. shaping

c. negative reinforcement

Tadd is trying to impress Tara. He knows that she is a fan of Jane Austen, so Tadd reads "Emma," a Jane Austen book, and then talks with Tara about the book, surprising her with his knowledge. As a result of the conversation, Tara agrees to go out with Tadd on a date. Tadd reads other Jane Austen books after this experience. This is an example of _______________ conditioning a. escape b. classical c. operant d. avoidance

c. operant

In token economy programs, therapists give mental patients tokens such as poor chips for desired behaviors. The tokens reinforce desired behaviors because they can be exchanged for TV time, desserts, and other desired commodities. The tokens are thus ___________ reinforcers. a. negative b. partial c. secondary d. primary

c. secondary

What kind of reinforcer is money? a. discriminative b. primary c. secondary d. negative

c. secondary

Although punishment has several drawbacks, it is most effective when a. the behavior is intermittently punished b. the punisher is very angry while punishing c. the punisher identifies more appropriate behavior d. it occurs a couple days after the behavior

c. the punisher identifies more appropriate behavior

Learned helplessness involves learning that a. one has inferior mental abilities b. punishment will follow certain behaviors c. there is no relationship between one's behaviors and their consequences d. some habits are difficult to change

c. there is no relationship between one's behaviors and their consequences

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? a. praise b. pain c. water d. cigarettes

c. water

In her kindergarten class, Tanesha gives the children star stickers for good behavior in class (e.g., raising their hands before speaking, being polite to other children, walking in line through the halls). Tanesha gives a star sticker every time a good behavior occurs. Tanesha is using a(n) _______________ reinforcement schedule. a. interval b. continuous c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio

continuous

Whenever Lisa's aunts visit, they kiss her on the cheek. Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing. Now whenever her aunts enter her home, she pretends to cough. This is an example of a. latent learning b. escape conditioning c. punishment d. avoidance conditioning

d. avoidance conditioning

When Ken kisses Barbie, his heart races. For a month, Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him. She stopped snapping her fingers, but now whenever Ken hears someone snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of _________________ conditioning, and finger snapping is the ______________. a. operant; conditioned stimulus b. operant; primary reinforcer c. classical; primary reinforcer d. classical; conditioned stimulus

d. classical; conditioned stimulus

Reginald's camera always makes a clicking noise just before the flash goes off. After taking many pictures of his little brother Devin, he presses the button, the camera clicks, but the flash does not go off. Despite this, Devin blinks just as he did when the flash was working. This is an example of ___________ conditioning, and the flash is the _____________. a. operant; positive reinforcer b. classical; unconditioned response c. operant; negative reinforcer d. classical; unconditioned stimulus

d. classical; unconditioned stimulus

After Maria drank coffee for the first time, she felt more awake. She then drank coffee every morning. Now when she even smells coffee, she feels more awake. Feeling more awake after just smelling the coffee is the a. unconditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

d. conditioned response

Extinction will be most rapid after a history of ____________ reinforcement. a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. continuous

d. continuous

Teaching assists are paid a meager sum of money once a month, whether they work hard or not. This type of payment plan demonstrates a ________ reinforcement schedule. a. variable-ratio b. variable-interval c. fixed-ratio d. fixed-interval

d. fixed-interval

Brandon is trying to get out of his crib. He tries sticking his legs through the bars, hitting the bars with his arms, and butting them with his head. He realizes that he is getting nowhere. Then suddenly Brandon tries climbing over the top of the bars, and he breaks free. This illustrates a. use of cognitive maps b. vicarious experience c. escape conditioning d. insight

d. insight

When she was young, Nadia's father would always travel in a straight line through a forest if they became lost. since she was always with her father when hiking, she never had to think much about this tactic. Many years later, while hiking alone, she did become lost but was able to escape the forest using her father's technique. This demonstrates a. avoidance conditioning b. latent learning c. insight d. cognitive map

d. latent learning

Jerome tried to please his parents by always being good, but whenever Jerome's older brother, Tom, misbehaved, their parents would punish both Tom and Jerome. Jerome soon stopped trying to please his parents because he didn't think it would make any difference. This change in Jerome's behavior is an example of a. classical conditioning b. positive reinforcement c. vicarious experience d. learned helplessness

d. learned helplessness

Marat had a terrible toothache and decided to go to the dentist. The dentist made the problem worse, and Marat was in a lot more pain. Now, he no longer trusts dentists and is unlikely to go to one in the future if he has a toothache. This is an example of a. penalty b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. punishment

d. punishment

During every pay period that Shauna isn't late to work, she gets a bonus added to her paycheck. As a result, Shauna is never late to work. The extra money added to her paycheck is a(n) a. primary reinforcer b. operant c. discriminative conditioned stimulus d. secondary reinforcer

d. secondary reinforcer

Gabe is trying to get his dog, Trixie, to "sit up." He starts rewarding her first when she lies down. Then he rewards her when she is sitting on her backside. And finally, he rewards her only when she sits up with her paws off the ground. Game got Trixie to "sit up" by using a. secondary reinforcement b. stimulus discrimination c. backward conditioning d. shaping

d. shaping

Jia is a bear trainer at the circus. She wants to teach Barney the bear to ride a unicycle. To do this, Jia first rewards Barney for sitting up. Then she rewards Barney only if he sits on the unicycle seat. Next she rewards him only for sitting on the unicycle seat and raising his paws toward the pedals and so on. By show time, Barney can ride the unicycle. This method is called a. reconditioning b. latent learning c. higher-order conditioning d. shaping

d. shaping

Bertha becomes conditioned to cry every time she saw an onion chopper because she associated it with cutting onions, which always made her eyes water. For weeks, the onion cutter sat on the counter with no onions. Eventually she never cried then she saw the cutter. Then the onion cutter disappeared for two months, and when Bertha saw it again for the first time, she began to cry. This response is known as a. positive reinforcement b. reconditioning c. negative reinforcement d. spontaneous recovery

d. spontaneous recovery

Russell's mo wants him to study for two hours each nigh, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. On the average, Russell is given a treat every twenty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom utilizing? a. fixed-ratio b. fixed-interval c. variable-ratio d. variable-interval

d. variable-interval