AP Psychology Module 26

Higher-Order Conditioning (Second-Order Conditioning)

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second(often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

Stimulus

Any event or situation that evokes a response.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

In classical conditioning and unlearned, naturally occurring response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previous neutral stimulus (CS).

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that is natural or automatic. Triggers a response (UR).

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

Acquistion

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning , the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Discrimination

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Associative Learning

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences.

Cognitive Learning

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Learning

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Generalization

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Behaviorism

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2)studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with 1 but not 2

Habituation

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeating exposure to it.