AP Psychology Unit 4 Practice Test

electrical signals

A cochlear implant converts sounds into

sensorineural hearing loss

A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer

perceptual adjustment to an artificially displaced visual field

Perceptual adaptation refers to the

eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve?

semicircular canals

Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride?

Gestalt psychologists

Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts?

Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely than the other.

Why do people who have lost all hearing in one ear have difficulty locating sounds?

endorphins

People who carry a gene that boosts the availability of _________ are less bothered by pain.

the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard

According to frequency theory

the retina contains three kinds of color receptors

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory

green light are inhibited by exposure to red light

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to

place

After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the _________ theory.

phantom limb sensations

After losing his left hand in an accident, Jack continued to experience pain in his nonexistent hand. This experience illustrates

absolute threshold

Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.

context effects

Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry teacher several times a week, she didn't recognize the teacher when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of

perceptual adaptation

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of

shape constancy

Although textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of

100

An 80-decibel sound is _________ times louder than a 60-decibel sound.

a biopsychosocial approach

An integrated understanding of perception in terms of our sensory capacities, cultural contexts, and Gestalt principles is most clearly provided by

top-down processing

As the text notes, "Once we have formed a wrong idea about reality, we have more difficulty seeing the truth." This best illustrates the impact of

relative motion

As we move, objects that are fixed in place, a light pole, for example, may appear to move. What is this monocular cue for depth called?

sensory receptors

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the

extrasensory perception of events that occur at places remote to the perceiver

Clairvoyance refers to the

objects are perceived to be the same color even if the light they reflect changes

Color constancy refers to the fact that

less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail

Compared with rods, cones are

conduction hearing loss

Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is most likely to cause

Young-Hemholtz

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ___________ theory.

psychokinesis

Farouk insists that by intense mental concentration he can actually influence the mechanically generated outcomes of slot machines. Farouk is most specifically claiming to posses the power of

are nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that fire in response to specific edges, lines, and angles

Feature detectors

how we perceive low-pitched sounds; how we perceive high-pitched sounds

Frequency theory best explains _________, while place theory best explains ________.

basilar membrane

Hair cells line the surface of the

the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as

8

If the just-noticeable difference for a 10-ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s).

the McGurk effect

If we see a speaker mouthing day while actually hearing someone else saying may, we may perceive a third syllable bay that blends both inputs. This phenomenon is known as

light and shadow

If we see two of the same object but one of them appears to be dimmer, we will interpret the dimmer object as farther away. What is this monocular cue for depth called?

selective attention

In University of Utah driving-stimulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. This best illustrates

priming

In experiments, an image is quickly flashed and then replaced by a masking stimulus that inhibits conscious perception of the original image. In these experiments, the researchers are studying the effects of

nociceptors

In response to a harmful stimulus, _________ initiate neural impulses leading to the sensation of pain.

lightness constancy

Jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. This illustrates what is known as

middle ear

Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told by experts that a hearing aid would restore his lost sense of hearing. It is likely that Joe's hearing loss involves problems within the

the Moon illusion

Knowing about the effects of the perceived distance of objects on their perceived size helps us to understand

loud

Many hard-of-hearing people like sound compressed because they remain sensitive to ______________ sounds.

evolutionary psychologists

Many researchers believe that pleasing tastes attracted our ancestors to energy or protein-rich foods that enabled their survival. Such researchers are most likely

a biopsychosocial approach

Mr. Kim's experience of chronic back pain is influenced by his cultural background, his attentional processes, and nerve damage caused by an automobile accident. An integrated understanding of Mr. Kim's suffering is most clearly provided by

selective attention

Ohio State University pedestrians were more likely to cross streets unsafely if they were taking on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of

smell

Olfactory receptor cells are essential for our sense of

equally as yellow as

On a cloudy day, a yellow flower is likely to appear _________ it does on a bright sunny day.

top-down processing

Our experiences, assumptions, and expectations may give us a perceptual set that influences what we perceive. This is an example of

study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis

Parapsychology refers to the

joints, tendons, bones, and ear

Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the

more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones

Rods are

precognition

Rudy claims that his special psychic powers enable him to correctly anticipate whether the outcome of a coin toss will be heads or tails. Rudy is claiming to possess the power of

the absolute threshold

Standing atop a mountain on an utterly dark, clear night, most of us would see a candle flame atop another mountain 30 miles away. This best illustrates

inattentional blindness

Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Jerry most clearly suffered

a perceptual set

Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to

1000

The 130-decibel sound of a rock band is _______ times louder than the 100-decibel sound of a nearby subway train.

sensory interaction

The McGurk effect best illustrates

perceived distance and perceived size

The Moon illusion can best be explained in terms of the relationship between

the cocktail party effect

The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called

bind spot

The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the

cochlea

The coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the

perceptual adaptation

The impact of experience on perception is most clearly illustrated by

absolute threshold

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the

depth perception

The organization of two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions is called

learn to perceive the world through experience

The philosopher John Locke believed that people

the frequency of the sound wave

The pitch of a sound is determined by what?

transduction

The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called

sensation

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system is called

phantom limb sensations

The role of a central nervous system activity for the experience of pain is best highlighted by

the phi phenomenon

The sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion. This best illustrates

hot

The simultaneous stimulation of adjacent cold and warmth spots on the skin produces the sensation of

rods are more light-sensitive than cones

Under very dim levels of illumination

social-cultural

We tend to perceive more pain when others around us also report feeling pain. This research finding indicates that pain perception is affected by both biological and what other influences?

a placebo effect

When informed that a brief imperceptible message would be flashed repeatedly during a popular TV program, many viewers reported feeling strangely hungry or thirsty during the show. Since the imperceptible message had nothing to do with hunger or thirst, viewers' strange reactions best illustrate

perceptual set

When researchers added a few drops of vinegar to a brand-name beer, the beer tasters disliked it only if they had been told they were drinking vinegar-laced beer. This best illustrates the impact of

the phi pheonomenon

When two adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession, we perceive a single light moving back and forth between them. This is called

crawling experience

Which factor appears to be important for the development of depth perception in infancy?

Young children have more taste receptors, so their sensitivity to taste is greater.

Which of the following best explains why children are more likely to resist eating strong-tasting foods?

tinnitus

Which of the following best illustrates the impact of central nervous system activity in the absence of normal sensory input?

misuse of Q-tips (cotton swabs) in cleaning your ears

Which of the following circumstances is most likely to contribute to conduction hearing loss?

When the sound is directly overheard, it reaches both ears simultaneously.

Which of the following explains why we have difficulty locating sounds that are directly overheard?