AP Test Unit 6

Describe France's settler colony in Algeria.

There were a lot of French, Spanish and Italian immigrants moving to Algeria

Migration in the face of challenges - background:

some people migrated because their home situation was worse, it wasn't just for work

Why did Europeans fail to take over territory in Africa until the late 19th century?

Because of disease

According to a Chinese writer and translator, Yan Fu, "China governs the realm through filial piety, while westerners govern the realm with impartiality. China values the sovereign, while westerners esteem people. China prizes the one way, while westerners prefer diversity. In learning, Chinese praises breadth of wisdom, while westerners rely on human strength."

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As certain nations grew in their industrial capacity they found that they were in great need of raw material and food.

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As western corporations grew in the latter 19th century, their influence grew as well, both in their home countries and in the lands where they were investing.

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Europeans ruled their colonies with the help of intermediates and collaborators .

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What food did the growing middle class prefer?

Beef

Describe imperialism into the Congo.

Belgian King, Leopold II, pushed his way into the congo and claimed it as his own holding. He enacted by policies of brutality toward the Congolese, used forced labor (caused 8mil deaths).

Describe Mexico's resistance against the French. Include Benito Juarez.

Benito Juarez (zapotec blood) was in power of Mexico. Aras' (liberal who resented foreign influence in mexico) had conservative members of his gov resent benito's liberalism and saw French encroachment as way to cut him from power. French occupation was short-lived, french became ousted from mexico armed resistance after 3yrs.

Explain Britain's expansion into India.

Britain claimed more territory over time from the (weakened) Mughal empire. Eventually, they conquered all of India using their own troops and Indian soldiers.

What is an example of an export economy?

Britain?

Describe one example of rebellion (use one of illustrative examples)

British settlers understood that the native people had no voice in the British courts so the sellers pushed on their native, native people rose up in defense but the large British military crushed them and thousands of natives died in effort.

Where did palm oil come from? What was its impact?

Came from west africa, it was an important food crop until the industrial revolution turned it into a great lubricant for machines and slave laborers would have to produce it

What is guano?

Fertilizer (bat and sea bird poop)

Diaspora and examples:

scattered population's origin lied in a different geological location, many chinese people made up the aspera during the time

Explain the economic motives for imperialism.

Industrial power became "hungry" for more raw material and more markets. Some places tried to start trade agreements and trading posts but then euro powers eventually took control over those trading posts.

Where did rubber come from? What was its impact?

Industrial revolution made rubber a crucial material (tires, shoes, horses, gaskets), it comes from trees but the trees grew in the Amazon rainforest in South America so colonial powers forced the natives to work at rubber extraction

What were some of the reasons for Europe being able to succeed in colonizing in Africa

Industrialization, nationalism and to control the means of production

Explain the United States' economic imperialism in Latin America - include Monroe Doctrine.

James Monroe had wrote the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 stating the Western Hemisphere belonged to the US and Europe invention was no longer welcomed. US gained great prosperity and power from the Second Industrial rev so they industrialized heavily in Mexico, Cuba to have as trading partners.

Name 3 reasons people migrated during 1750-1900:

Labor system, challenges, and migration

Explain how nationalism could lead to empire building and lead to resistance to empire building

Nationalism could lead to empire building because they find out they could have more land, they can expand their nation even more, leading to empire building. Although there would be resistance because of the natives not wanting to leave that land (ex: cherokee, xhosa) and they would be against this because they'd have to be driven out not caring for that empire "needing" to expand.

What steps did a newly-throned Emperor Meiji and his leadership implement in order to unify Japan?

Proclaimed restoration of the imperial throne, modernized the state, developed into a meritocracy, and conscripted a new army/military

Why did India struggle with the idea of nationalism?

Some indians wanted to create a European style state organized around Hinduism but they had a large muslim minority so it wouldn't have been great for political unity.

What are some examples of conflicts that gave way to emerging nations?

Some say it's an organic process involving culturally-similar people wanting to formalize their connections. Others say nationalism is made from governments building a sense of patriotism

What were some of the technologies that enabled Europeans to dominate Africa?

Steam ships, quinine medicine, and guns

Explain imperialism in Australia. Include penal colony

The british colonized Australia and New Zealand. Australia became a penal colony were Britain sent all of its convicts but by 1820, it became the whole continent

What warrior class was an odd feature of the Tokugawa era?

The samurai

Effects of Berlin Conference?

They drew colonial boundaries which avoided a war for a fight over land, but drawing these boundaries divided united Africans and made long-standing rival groups that would cause trouble and unrest in the future.

Why did ruling native princes put up with European imperialism?

They got to keep some extent of their power, they could gain advantages through the system but they couldn't really resist either

How did indigenous peoples often respond to imperial intrusion?

They had a surge of nationalism, led to resistance against encroachment of imperial powers

Explain how farming changed once Europeans showed up in Africa.

They introduced subsistence farming (only enough for them to live on) but once people from the North arrived, it became cash crop farming

What was the American response to British imperialism?

They settled in the west of the lands anyways

Beginning in 1603 and lasting over 260 years, what was the main government of Japan and what did it offer? (BAKUFU and DAIMYO - Describe these terms

Tokugawa Bakufu. It offered stability. Bakufu is a military government and Daimyo are the local lords of which the power was mainly put in.

True/false: export economies are highly industrialized

True

Migration to settler colonies (Japanese migration to Mexico):

attempted to colonize mexico but it was unsuccessful

Migration through labor systems (Indentured servants):

attractive to poor laborers since the agreement allowed for them to work for a number of years in order to pay for their passage to the new land and after they completed the indenture, they were free

Migration of China and their face of challenges

many accepted the offer for indentured servitude because of poverty

What were some of the disadvantages of nationalism?

meiji rulers expanded Japan's borders to include Hokkaido, acquired okinawa after forcing the king to abdicate, not successful in invading taiwan

Migration to settler colonies (Engineers):

they migrated because the colonial powers wanted to extend industrialization

Because of their small numbers relative to local populations, most European colonizers resorted to indirect rule, relying on governments that were already there but exerting control over their leaders.

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In the second half of the 19th century, Europe succeeded at colonizing basically all of Africa.

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One of the major effects of the Industrial Revolution across the world was a new wave of empire building and the word for this is imperialism .

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What was the Berlin Conference?

A meeting called by Otto Von Bismarck in 1884 where all of the imperial leaders would decide how to split up Africa in ways that pleased everyone

What was one of Britain's chief desires during imperialism in Africa?

A shorter sea based route to the Asian trading post

Why did Britain begin to take African colonies by force rather than mutual agreements?

Africa was being rude trying to resist their imperial influence

Define Spheres of Influence:

After Britain took too much control over China, places wanted China too. Japan, France, Russia, Germany had equal trading rights with China

Explain economic imperialism in India and its effects:

After britain wasn't satisfied with the economic spice trade, they gained more political dominance over India and led them into a situation where majority of export was cotton

Migration through labor systems (Contract labor)

After slave trade was abolished in britain in 1806, their first replacement was the Chinse and Indian workers who agreed to work at low wage and the contract laborers did the work

Describe Peru's rebellion against Spanish colonial leaders.

Amaru (peru hereditary leader) was fed up with Spain's abuse, arrested a colonial leader and charged him with cruelty. They even reached into other south american nations but eventually, Amaru was captured and executed.

What is the Scramble for Africa?

As more lands were claimed by Europe in Africa, competition began to heat up and the Europeans were fighting for Africa

Describe one example of new states (use one of illustrative examples)

As the Cherokee were driven out of their land to a new land due to the Indian removal act,, the americans caused suffering and pain which started the Trail of Tears

Describe one piece of evidence that "receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants?

Britain started the Chinese Immigration Act and Chinese Removal so they could take the Chinese away from their society and lessen the number because they hated them

Explain economic imperialism in China and its effects

British wanted many goods from China but they wanted more goods from China than China did in reverse. Britain East India Company forced Indian farmers to make Opium (addictive, hallucinogenic drug) so they'd smuggle them into China, China became addicted and wanted more and more from Britain (started Opium Wars)

What was Britain's solution to the Britain chief's desires?

Building a canal across egypt from the Meditteranean to the Red Sea (Suez Canal)

What is the effect of an ethnic enclave?

Can bring culture, religion, language, overpopulate and majority of them received hate

Explain imperialistic expansion by Russia.

Catherine II expanded the Russian empire and won half of Poland from the Ottomans. Alexander the first gained Finland, some of Armenia and Russia got a large portion of Manchuria from China.

Explain Spain's economic imperialism in Chile.

Chile had a colonial holding over Spain and initially, Chile's economy was mainly dependant on agricultural exports to Spain but once copper was discovered in huge quantities so it became a huge part of Chile's export economy (made up ⅓ of exports from Chile)

What two foreign forces rocked Japan and contributed to the crumbling of the Tokugawa control in Japan?

China's defeat in the Opium wars (western forces forced china to give europeans special trade privileges) and the arrival of Matthew Perry

What is an example of an ethnic enclave?

Chinese

What cash crops were grown in Africa?

Coffee, rubber, and sugar

Where did the middle class get beef?

Colonial holdings in Argentina and Uruguay

Where did Cotton come from? Explain its impact.

Cotton was needed from industrial revolution for british textiles but then after the civil war, cotton exports dropped dramatically so the british shut down the factories. Then they found out Egypt made cotton so they got it from there.

What 3 things caused the new spurt of imperialistic fervor during this period?

Culture, nationalism, economics

Explain how Darwinism can be applied to justify imperialistic ideas.

Darwin thought the strong survived better than the weak and only the fittest survived so people thought why not apply these ideals to society.

Describe the shift from BEIC Control of India to control by the British Government

Describe the shift from BEIC Control of India to control by the British Government

Where did diamonds come from? What was its impact?

Diamond rush in South America (Cecil Rhodes has a De Beers mining company) and this helped export 90% of the worlds diamonds

What, if anything from western imperialism, do Asian communities borrow and integrate into their own communities?

Education , military reforms, political organization, and through their nation-states

Describe an example of a demographic pressure in an industrial society that led to migration

Engineers migrated because of the colonial power around them and they didn't want there to be an extended industrialization

How did competition with the West modernize Japan? List specifically what they did to modernize their country.

Established a tax system, built public infrastructure (harbors, telephone lines), invested heavily in railroads, and created a uniform national currency.

Explain imperialism in New Zealand. Include the conflict with the Maori people

Established as a settler colony. As the islands were inhabited by the Maori people, it was tricky for the British so they had to create a separate colony for the Maori and sent them there. This caused the New Zealand War between the Maori and British but the Maori lost.

Migration through labor systems (Penal colony)

Established in Australia, sent the convicts to do hard labor and the convicts did their work on projects like building railroads but some did have better jobs and kept records for gov oversight. Once their sentence was complete, they mostly returned back to their parents' country.

According to historians and Asian intellectuals, what reasons were given to European dominance over Asia?

Europe had superior industrial technology and organization

Describe one example of direct resistance to imperial rule (use one of illustrative examples)

Europe set up colonial gov in South america but the native xhosa people refused to be ruled by europeans. They started the cattle killing movement in hopes their spirits would drive the europeans out

Explain how religion was used to spread imperialistic ideas.

European Christians wanted to spread the religion and convert the world during this period and so empires needed many people and places to convert and do so.

Why is it emphasized that when we rely on studying historical texts, we should note the origin, particularly those of European writers?

European imperialism affected millions of people like industrial and agricultural workers and very few of them left their experience so we rely on those that wrote things down.

Describe how culture led to imperialistic ideas.

Europeans believed in the superiority of the white race and superiority of their culture so they thought of themselves as the benevolent protectors which is why they desired to expand their empire and spread their culture.

Describe Australia's response to imperialism

Eventually settlers came to live there in penal colony, British gov was clear with the settlers to be kind to the Aboriginal people then the British settlers understood that the native people had no voice in the British courts so the sellers pushed on their native, native people rose up in defense but the large British military crushed them and thousands of natives died in effort.

What kind of responses did these immigrants get from receiving cultures? - include examples:

Excluding Argentina, most of these countries hated the immigrants, they worked for low wages, like the Chinese Exclusion Act or the White Australia policy

Migration through labor systems - background:

Factories wanted more raw material which meant demand for labor in the cash crop plantations went along with it

European imperialism involved a lot of what?

Fighting and dying

Two consequences of agriculture and raw materials into the larger economy:

Formed an increasingly interconnected global economy (there wasn't enough domestically grown food for everyone) and the narrowing and weakening of the colonial economies (got into big financial trouble if lost cash crop)

What is an example of a settler colony?

French, Spanish, and Italian immigrants started moving to Algeria

What is an ethnic enclave?

Influences the culture in a society

Explain Britain's economic imperialism in Argentina.

Invested huge sums of money to Argentina (livestock, farming and railroads). Helped finance building of Buenos Aires because they wanted massive import and export of raw material and manufactured goods.

What is the definition of the modern nation-state? What are some aspects that define a nation-state?

Involves a centralized government that can claim and exercise authority over a distinctive territory (state). It also involves a certain degree of linguistic and cultural homogeneity (territory).

Migration of Ireland and their face of challenges

Irish people emigrated mainly for political reasons

Explain how the Opium War was an economic turning point for China

It became really addicting so they started trading big time with Britain and couldn't stop trading with them. Economic war caused them to lose that opium, britain controlled france economically.

Explain Japan's expansion into Korea.

Japan wasn't colonized during this time but they did become a colonizer. They modernized their military during a period of reform (meiji restoration), they became powerful and looked for other people to destroy. Their desires were colonial holdings rich in raw materials.

Effects of migration on the Home Society:

Men left home to go do work and they wouldn't really come back for a while which left the housewives alone with the kids and stressed

Explain imperialistic expansion in the United States. Include Manifest Destiny.

On their own continent but they wanted to push westward until they conquered the whole territory. The natives lived in the Western lands and resisted their expansion but then the Indian Removal Act was created (Trail of Tears). They thought this was their manifest destiny where they were given all of this land so it was theirs to take.

What is an export economy?

One country trades with another but that other country doesn't give anything in return (the sole country is just trading goods, not receiving)

What caused Portuguese and Spanish influence to decline over their colonies in the Americas?

Other places began to expand, leaving no land for them or it would cause wars, weakening them

What is a settler colony?

People from the Imperial country relocate to that place in order to live there

Explain how nationalism was used to spread imperialistic ideas.

People wanted to become loyal to a single state so colonizing other countries seemed like the way to go. Britain lost America and they went across the globe to establish their empire but they wanted to go to India. France established colonies in North and West Africa, Senegal and Indochina.

How did the IR lead to export economies?

People wanted to trade goods, mainly cash crops so they could get money in return

Where was it exported from?

Peru and Chile

What is imperialism?

Process by which one extends its influence and power into another nation either by diplomacy or force

What was the reason given that both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities?

Some laborer contracts had ended

Although they failed in the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries, what eventually made the difference?

Technology

Describe imperialistic movements into the Cherokee territory. Include Indian Removal Act and the Ghost Dance.

The Cherokee Indians dealt with the british and the americans for a long time and they made a space for themselves by cultural assimilation in america. Then the Americans sought gold on their land, initiated indian removal act. Started a resistance movement called Ghost dance where Indians believed their dead would return and drive white men out of their land.

Because migrants tended to be male, what happened to women in the home society?

The females had to take on male roles in the household which stressed them out and made things worse in the family

What does it mean to say Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific are an example of "return of migrants?

They either came from Mexico or Hawaii

Describe Africa's response to imperialism. Include the Xhosa People.

They set up colonial gov in South america but there, the native xhosa people refused to be ruled by europeans. They fought with the british over 40 years but then the xhosa cattle began to die off (maybe from european cows) so they killed all cattle in hopes the spirits would drive europeans out of their land (xhosa cattle killing movement).

Explain Western expansion into China.

They used economic imperialism and western powers to help with their period of instability (due to natural disasters and internal rebellion). This created spheres of influence which meant the Qing dynasty remained in power but the Western powers had trading rights in their own sphere.

What countries were interested in Latin American countries and what were they seeking?

United States, Britain, Spain and they were seeking raw material, low wage workers and markets for their goods

What is economic imperialism?

Where one country has significant economic power over another

General effects of Migration on receiving society:

brought effects upon their culture (brought changes like food, religion, language)

Effects of migration on receiving society for Chinese enclaves

brought their culture with them, some ended up holding government jobs, engaged in commerce with encouragement, some ran opium farms, mined gold, had to be involved in crucial labor, large amount of chinese went to peru and cuba for cash crops

Effects of migration on receiving society for Italian enclaves

came in large numbers, faced similar trials to Irish, some of them found their way to Argentina, enjoy civil rights, had an influence on language to Argentine Spanish.

Describe an example of a demographic pressure in a non-industrial society that led to migration

ireland emigrated because of political reasons

Migration of india, face of challenges

overlap in motivation for migration, majority of people signed 5 year agreements to work while staying at home

Effects of migration on receiving society for Irish enclaves

settled in urbanized areas, got low wage jobs, brought labor for public works, stayed in tenements, subjects of strong anti-immigrant movements, became assimilated to American culture and they brought their culture as well, had a strong voice in improvement of labor

Migration of settler colonies - background:

settler colony is when it's established that people can go and live freely

Effects of migration on receiving society for Indian enclaves

signed to the british system of indentured servitude and went to all parts of british empire, worked on sugar plantations, built railroads, many brought Hindu along with them but then abandoned the idea but kept faith alive, major source of labor, brought kangana (sent whole families to work on plantations in malaya, ceylon and burma).

Describe "Chinese and Indian indentured servitude"

the importation of contract laborers who worked low wage and did jobs meant for contract laborers