AP WHIM UNIT4 MCQ PREP

Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map?

A.Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.

PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA,* EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY © The Trustees of the British Museum *Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450-1750 ?

A.Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions. Correct. The symbolism of the image can be read as a claim that Portuguese maritime exploration is aided and protected by God, and, in an object made by a Portuguese artist in a Portuguese trading post in India, this claim demonstrates how the increase in global connections made possible by European maritime exploration expanded the geographic reach of Christianity.

Map 1 NAVIGATIONAL MAP PRODUCED BY ALBINO DE CANEPA, GENOESE MAPMAKER, 1489 ©The History Collection / Alamy Stock Photo The map shows a number of cities and places, including Genoa, Venice, Paris, the Muslim emirate of Granada, Algiers, Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and several cities along the Danube River. Map 2 WORLD MAP, PRODUCED BY HENRICUS MARTELLUS, A GERMAN CARTOGRAPHER WORKING IN FLORENCE, ITALY, EARLY 1490s ©The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmaker's depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2 ?

A.Portugal's development of maritime technology and navigational skills

Image 1 MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A GLOBE, SOUTH ASIA, 1617 Courtesy of Sotheby's Picture Library Image 2 MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A PICTURE OF THE VIRGIN MARY, SOUTH ASIA, 1620 Jahangir holding a picture of the Madonna, inscribed in Persian: Jahangir Shah, Mughal, 1620 (detail of 57393) / National Museum of India, New Delhi, India / Bridgeman Images The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 2 is best seen as evidence of which of the following?

A.The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state This option is correct. The portrait of Jahangir holding a picture of the Virgin Mary directly illustrates the emperor's continuation of his father Akbar's tradition of encouraging religious tolerance of religious traditions in the Mughal Empire.

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage?

A.The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. Correct. The Ottomans' use of non-Turkic troops as a core part of their army shows that ethnic tolerance and diversity might benefit the empire in certain circumstances, as Barkey argues.

"The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side." *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 Based on the passage, in which of the following ways were Safavid Persian trading practices similar to those of other land-based Islamic empires during the seventeenth century?

A.The participation of multiple ethnic and religious groups in interregional trade Correct. The passage describes how multiple ethnic and religious groups participated in interregional trade with kingdoms and countries in both Asia and Europe. This is similar to other Islamic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire, which is also mentioned in the passage.

PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA,* EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY © The Trustees of the British Museum *Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ?

A.Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. Correct. The use of ivory to construct the plaque, a substance not native to Europe, suggests that the Portuguese trade outpost at Goa had expanded European access to precious luxury goods. Indeed, the primary reason why Europeans established trading posts in the region was to obtain direct access to luxury goods in Asia that were otherwise very expensive when sold in Europe.

"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to

A.suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups Correct. Correct. Article 4 requires Captain Quao and his Maroon troops to destroy other rebel Black forces in exchange for the British granting them land and making other concessions, demonstrating that the British government was attempting to use diplomacy to gain the cooperation of one rebel group to suppress other rebel groups.

AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape, 1770-1796 (oil on canvas) , Brunias, Agostino (1728-96) / Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York, USA / Gift of Mrs. Carll H. de Silver in memory of her husband, by exchange and gift of George S. Hellman, by exchange / Bridgeman Images Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted?

B.Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry. Correct. The expansion of the plantation system for growing sugarcane and other crops resulted in a sharp increase in the demand for labor in the West Indies, while rising sales of sugar and other colonial products in Europe provided planters with opportunities to obtain the capital needed to import a substantial number of enslaved Africans at the time of the painting.

PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA,* EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY © The Trustees of the British Museum *Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that

B.Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces Correct. The Christ Child image standing atop a triumphant sailing vessel suggests that the intent of the artist was to claim that Portuguese naval voyages and activities in the region have divine sanction.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century?

B.The Maya were converted to Christianity. Correct. The fifth paragraph states that, until the Dominican friars began their missionary efforts, the Maya had been "ignorant of the word and the commandments of God." This statement is used as evidence for the implicit argument in the passage that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change by converting to Christianity in the sixteenth century.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"?

B.The Spanish conquered all Maya towns. Correct. The author directly uses the statement that the Spanish "conquered all the towns" as evidence of his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people."

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054-1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments?

B.The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580-1850(in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies) *Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century?

B.The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies

Map 1 NAVIGATIONAL MAP PRODUCED BY ALBINO DE CANEPA, GENOESE MAPMAKER, 1489 ©The History Collection / Alamy Stock Photo The map shows a number of cities and places, including Genoa, Venice, Paris, the Muslim emirate of Granada, Algiers, Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and several cities along the Danube River. Map 2 WORLD MAP, PRODUCED BY HENRICUS MARTELLUS, A GERMAN CARTOGRAPHER WORKING IN FLORENCE, ITALY, EARLY 1490s ©The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo A historian would most likely use Map 1 to research which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ?

B.The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph?

C.Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. Correct. Barkey contends that non-Muslims were not persecuted in the Ottoman Empire but then immediately states that they were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. Since Barkey does not clarify what she means by "persecution," this statement appears to be contradictory.

Map 1 NAVIGATIONAL MAP PRODUCED BY ALBINO DE CANEPA, GENOESE MAPMAKER, 1489 ©The History Collection / Alamy Stock Photo The map shows a number of cities and places, including Genoa, Venice, Paris, the Muslim emirate of Granada, Algiers, Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and several cities along the Danube River. Map 2 WORLD MAP, PRODUCED BY HENRICUS MARTELLUS, A GERMAN CARTOGRAPHER WORKING IN FLORENCE, ITALY, EARLY 1490s ©The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2 ?

C.Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration

Image 1 Ivory tip for a king's ceremonial scepter showing a female ancestor spirit, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 Werner Forman Archive / Bridgeman Images Image 2 Female figure on a crucifix, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 Kongo. Crucifix. Stone, pigment, 13 x 6 1/2 x 2 1/2 in. (33.0 x 16.6 x 6.4 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Museum Expedition 1922, Robert B. Woodward Memorial Fund, 22.240. The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750?

C.The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread This option is correct. The Kongolese crucifix is an example of syncretic fusion of Christian iconography and African beliefs about the power of female spirituality.

PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA,* EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY © The Trustees of the British Museum *Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following?

C.The development of trading-post empires Correct. The production of the ivory plaque in a Portuguese territory in the Indian Ocean is most directly situated in the creation of a Portuguese trading-post empire that spread throughout the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph?

C.The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas Correct. The establishment of a system of racial and social hierarchy in Spanish colonies in the Americas would support Barkey's claim that previous and contemporary states were less tolerant, because the casta system imposed a rigid social hierarchy that included legal discrimination against groups that were further down the social ladder.

CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580-1850(in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies) *Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions?

D.Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.

AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape, 1770-1796 (oil on canvas) , Brunias, Agostino (1728-96) / Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York, USA / Gift of Mrs. Carll H. de Silver in memory of her husband, by exchange and gift of George S. Hellman, by exchange / Bridgeman Images Which of the following most directly led to the arrival of substantial numbers of Africans in the Americas at the time of the painting?

C.The expansion of the plantation system for growing sugarcane and other crops Correct. The expansion of the plantation system for growing sugarcane and other crops resulted in a sharp increase in the demand for labor in the West Indies, while rising sales of sugar and other colonial products in Europe provided planters with opportunities to obtain the capital needed to import a substantial number of enslaved Africans at the time of the painting.

"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ?

D.Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom. Correct. The treaty clearly indicates that the Maroons used violence and that their use of violence allowed them to secure a treaty with the British government acknowledging their freedom and awarding them lands of their own.

"The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side." *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 Which of the following most directly contributed to the geographic expansion of Safavid trade during the period from 1450 to 1750, as indicated in the passage?

D.Safavid exchanges with European trading-post empires in Asia Correct. Safavid exchanges with European trading posts directly expanded the geographic scope of Persian trade activities. For example, the passage explicitly states that the Dutch exported large quantities of Persian silk into Europe through the Indian Ocean.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT:

D.The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars. Correct. The fourth and fifth paragraphs of the passage describe the arrival of the Spanish, but they do not use it as evidence to illustrate the toll of the "pestilence" on Maya society. It is likely that the author of the source was unaware of the causal connection between the Spanish conquest of Mexico and the spread of new infectious diseases. Since the arrival of the Spanish is not used as evidence in support of the author's argument about the "pestilence," it is the correct answer to the question.

"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450-1750 ?

D.The increasing expansion and centralization of state power Correct. The Maroons' conflict with the British took place within the context of European and especially British colonial expansion and the centralization of state power, which contributed to encouraging local populations to resist greater state power.

All of the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT

D.air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels