chapter 12 biology
what are the main working cells of the specific immune system?
B cells and T cells
what best describes the difference in responses of B cells (plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells?
B cells secrete antibodies against a virus, cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells
a bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions. Why is this?
Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's but her MHC proteins are not
what is an example of active immunity?
a person developing antibodies against the measles vaccine
what are proteins that tag pathogens for destruction by immune cells called?
antibodies
what is an incorrect pairing of antibodies with its source?
antibodies - cytotoxic T cells
what is an example of passive immunity?
antibodies are passed from a pregnant woman to an infant through breast milk
a patient has allergic reactions after receiving a bouquet of flowers. what is a reasonable initial treatment?
antihistamines
when would memory cells be produced? (Days)
between 0 and 7 days and 28 and 35 days
when would you find antibodies being produced?
between 3 and 7 days and 28 and 35 days
microorganisms that live in and on the human body ?
can be symbionts or pathogens
both lysozyme and cytotoxic T cells kill cells through?
chemical interactions
what cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and destroy virally infected cells?
cytotoxic T cells
what are T cells of the immune system?
cytotoxic and helper cells
what ability in T cells is MHC important for?
distinguish self from non self
what are antigens?
foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
HIV weakens the immune system by killing?
helper T cells
what cell type interacts with both the humeral and cell-mediated immune pathways?
helper T cells
if a newborn was accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would happen?
his T cells would not mature and differentiate appropriately
inflammatory responses may include what?
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
what is the primary function of humoral immunity?
it produces antibodies that circulate in body fluids
an invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity that can be nonspecific about which pathogens are prevented tom harming its metabolism, what is most likely to function like this in an insects intestine?
lysozyme
what are the sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes associated with allergies caused by?
mast cells release histamines
what type of cells are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response?
memory cells
the germ theory of diseases states that infectious diseases are caused by ?
microoganisms
what are the body's nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens?
mucus, sweat, and tears
what cells are involved in innate immunity, and without can cause a higher chance of developing malignant tumors?
natural killer cells
why would a person exposed to a new cold virus not feel better for one or two weeks?
no memory cells can be called upon so adequate response is slow
during the winter you become sick with the flu, shortly after that, you become sick with strep throat. will the same type of B-cells that fought the pathogen that caused the flu fight the pathogen the caused the strep throat?
no, because each B-cell is capable of recognizing one specific antigen
what can the inflammatory response cause?
pain, swelling, and a local rise in temperature
a person who has received a vaccine for HPV can?
produce antibodies against HPV
what happens when a person who is allergic to ragweed encounters ragweed?
ragweed antigens bind to mast cells, which release histamines
what are three public health measures that have helped fight disease?
regulating food supplies, monitoring water supplies, and promoting vaccinations
antibiotics are effective in treating ?
strep throat, but not the flu
what differentiates T cells and B cells?
t cells but not b cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens
what is an example of a vector and the disease it spreads?
the deer tick and the Lyme disease
when someone is vaccinated, the purpose of the vaccine is to stimulate what without making them sick?
the primary immune response
both the eye and the respiratory tract are protected against infections by what?
the secretion of lysozyme onto their surface
what is the body's most important nonspecific defense?
the skin
how are infectious diseases spread?
through coughing, sneezing, physical contact, infected animals, and contaminated food/water
in what situation will helper T cells be activated ?
when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell