ap world 3.2
describe st.petersburg:
- architects laid out streets in rectangular grids. - peasants and swedish prisoners of war were forced to do work, draining marshes and building streets and government structures.
how did the ming dynasty erase mongol influence in china?
- bringing back the traditional civil service exam - improving education by establishing a national school system - re-establishing the bureaucracy
summarize how akbar established an efficient government in india?
- his people had the right to appeal to him for judgement in any lawsuit. - laws were fairly administered
describe two ways in which european monarchs sought to legitimize the authority of their monarchs:
- idea of divine right of monarchy - built impressive structures, such as palace of versailles in france, to demonstrate their power and glory.
list two things the english bill of rights accomplished:
- legal process was required before someone could be arrested and detained. - guaranteed protection against the tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of parliment on matters of taxation and raising an army.
describe two ways askia the great of songhai changed his empire in order to legitimize his rule;
- made islam songhai's official religion to reunite his empire - supported an efficient bureacracy to bring the empire together.
what kind of jobs did the devshirme have?
- mans were groomed to become administrators of the newly conquered territories; some were scribes, tax collectors, and even diplomats. - most famous group called janissaries formed elite forces in the ottoman army
describe the cultural contributions of the ottoman empire:
- restored some of the glorious buildings of constantinople (cathedral of saint sophia) - the miniature paintings and illuminated manuscripts became famous
mughal india was marked by magnificent architectural accomplishments. what were they?
- taj mahal, built by shah jahan as a tomb for his wife - forts were also built
what were the three groups in russia vying for power under the ramanov dynasty and what did they want?
- the church; bent on conserving traditional views and beliefs - the boyars; desire to gain and hold power - members of the tsar royal family
oda nobunaga
- the first of these powerful daimyo. - him and his samurai took over kyoto and he began to extend his power, forcing daimyo lads around kyoto to submit. he unified about one-third of what is today japan.
divine rights of kings
a common claim from the middle ages that the right to rule was given to a king by god.
what did ivan iv create to keep an eye on the boyars?
a paramilitary force loyal to him called the oprichnina.
samurai
army of warriors
istanbul was a center of what:
arts and learning
english bill of rights
assured individual civil liberties
why were intendents called tax farmers?
because they oversaw the collection of various taxes in support of the royal governments.
how did peter organize the russian governments?
by creating provinces
how did ivan iv create loyalty within the oprichnina?
by drawing people from lower-level bureaucrats and merchants.
how did the mughal empire use art from islam?
craftspeople and builders of mughal india combined the arts from islam and local arts to create magnificent, airy structures with decorative geometric designs.
absolutism
directed by one source of power, the king, with one complete authority.
why did peter lose favor amongst members of the clergy despite being referred as the "defender of the orthodoxy"?
due to his reforms
how did peter the great attempt to industrialize russia?
established new industries owned by the state, especially shipyards in st. petersburg and iron mines in the ural mountains. he also encouraged private industries such as metallurgy, woodwork, gunpower, paper, leather, and mining.
what was the role of parliament?
gave legitimacy to the monarch's claim to authority
how did lous xviii change the french government?
he and his minister, moved to even greater centralization of the government and development of the system of intendents.
how did king james i use the divine right of kings to justify his rule?
he believed himself outside of god and any earthly authority and saw any challenge toward him as a challenge to god.
how did ivan iv feel about the boyar class?
he punished the boyars and confiscated their lands and forced them and their families to move to moscow.
how did he increase revenue for russia when industrialization didn't bring in as much money as he wanted?
he raised taxes and compel workers to work in the shipyards- a sort of urban extension of serfdom.
what is the significance of the new lands peter the great conquered?
his conquest gave russia its own warm-water port on the baltic- st. petersburg. where he later moved the capital from moscow to st. petersburg so he could keep watch on the boyars
who did peter have to defeat to come into power?
his half-sister sophia and her supporters, a boyar-led elite military and corps
taxes were collected in what from?
in form of grains and later silver
why were janissaries loyal to the ottoman empire
it provided a path of upward mobility in the ottoman empire
how did the tokugawa shogunate reorganize the government of japan?
japan was divided into 250 hans, or territories, each of which is controlled by a daimyo who had his own army and was fairly independent.
daimyo
land holding aristocrats
how did ottoman raise taxes to support their empire and military?
leveled taxes on peasants and used tax farming to collect it.
tax farmers
local officials and private tax collectors distant from the central government
what was the grand bazar and why was it so important?
located at istanbul, at western end of the overland silk roads and was full of foreign imports.
shogun
military leader
justice of peace
officials selected by the landed gentry; swore an oath to office
zamindars
paid government officials in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and water supply
who was responsible for collecting taxes in the ming dynasty?
private citizens which were wealthy families
tokugawa shogunate
set about reorganizing the governance of japan in order to centralize control over what was essentially a feudal system
why was lous the xiv considered a dictator?
since his aims were two-folded, he wanted absolute power and expand french borders.
why were boys taken to be part of the devshirme always christian?
since islamic law prohibited enslavement of "people of the book" which were muslims and jews
how did the daimyo contribute to the decentralization in japan?
since the arguments between these landholding aristocrats left japan in disarray.
why did the samurai have significant economic power in japan?
since they were salaried, first paid in rice and then later in gold.
what was the significance of versailles to the french government?
so it made it difficult for the noble to act independently and plot against them
describe the class system in russia:
social hierachy was static: - top was the boyars - below them were the merchants - last and most numerous were the peasants - who gradually sink into debt resulting in serfdom
what were some continuities in the ottoman empire at the time?
the arts, the culture, the economy
what eventually contributed to the economic decline of the mughal empire?
the burden of taxes and the military
how did the tokugawa shoguate control the aristocratic daimyo's?
the government required that daimyo maintain residences both in their home territory and also in the capital. so if the daimyo was visiting his home country, then his family had to stay in the capital as hostages.
what was the effect of a stronger tudor rule on feudalism in england?
the power of feudal lords weakened
what did artistic accomplishments of mughal india show?
the power of the rulers
louis xiv
the sun king, espoused a theory of divine right and was a virtual dictator
what was the role of the justices of the peace in tudor england and why were they so important?
their job was to maintain peace in the counties of england, even settling legal matters, and to carry out the monarchs law. they were important since the # and responsibilities of the justices of peace increased through the years of tudors rule, and they became the most important and powerful groups in england.
how did french government grow in comparison to the english?
they became more absolute in the 17th and 18th centuries
how did zamindars eventually impact the mughal empire?
they eventually began to keep more of the taxes they collected where with this money they built personal armies of soldiers and civilians loyal to the.
how did tax farmers grow wealthy? were they corrupt?
they grew wealthy and was corrupt since they skimmed money from the taxes in their areas.
how were serfs connected to their land?
they were bound to their land and had little freedom
describe the devshirme system in ottoman empire?
through the system, christian boys were subjects of the empire were recruited by force to serve in the ottoman government. used to staff their military and government to ensure control over large areas
how did the ottoman empire change at this time?
tremendous changes in government and religion, they legitimized the rule of ottomans
describe the tribute system.
tributes were given as a sign of respect, submission, or allegiance to china.
