AP World His chapter 12

Constantinople

Capital of the Byzantine Empire(Christian)

What motivated Chinese maritime voyaging in the fifteenth century

1. several hundred large ships 2. no military allies, required little in the way of trade, and had no desire to convert foreigners to Chinese culture or religion. 3.China ended its voyages abruptly after 1433 4.The Chinese believed in the absolute superiority of their culture, and felt that, if they needed something from abroad, others would bring it to them.

What typified and drove the European voyages of exploration?

1.European explorations were undertaken by expeditions made up of a handful of small ships 2.European motivations for exploration included the desire for wealth from trade, the search for converts to Christianity, and the recruitment of possible Christian allies against the Muslim powers. 3.The Europeans sought to monopolize by force the commerce of the Indian Ocean and violently carved out empires in the Americas 4.The fragmentation of political authority in Europe, ensured that once begun, rivalry alone would drive Europeans to the end of the earth. 5.The Europeans were seeking out the greater riches of the East, and they were highly conscious that Muslim power blocked easy access to these treasures and posed a military and religious threat to Europe itself.

What political and cultural differences stand out in the histories of fifteenth-century China and Western Europe?pt 2

1.Political consolidation occurred in both China and Western Europe, but in China this meant a unitary and centralized government that encompassed almost the whole of its civilization, while in Europe a decidedly fragmented system of many separate, independent, and competitive states made for a sharply divided Christendom. 2.While both experienced cultural flowering, Europe's culture after the Renaissance was rather more different from its own recent past than Ming dynasty China was from its pre-Mongol glory. 3.While both sent out ships to explore the wider world, their purposes in doing so were very different.

What distinguished the Aztec and Inca Empires from eachother?

1.The Aztec Empire controlled only part of the Mesoamerican cultural region, while at its height the Inca state encompassed practically the whole of the Andean civilization. 2.The Aztec rulers largely left their conquered people alone, and no elaborate administrative system arose to integrate the conquered territories or to assimilate their people to Aztec culture. 3.The Incas, on the other hand, erected a more bureaucratic empire. 4.The Aztec Empire extracted substantial tribute in the form of goods from its subject populations, while the Incas primarily extracted labor services from their subjects. 5.The Aztec Empire had a system of commercial exchange that was based on merchants and free markets, whereas the Inca government played a major role in both the production and distribution of goods.

In what ways did Inca authorities seek to integrate their vast domains?

1.The emperor was an absolute ruler and was regarded as divine. 2.In theory, the state owned all land and resources. 3.Subject peoples were required to acknowledge major Inca deities, although once they did so, they were largely free to carry on their own religious traditions. 4.The Inca Empire played a major role in the production and distribution of goods.

How did Aztec religious thinking support the empire?

1.The ideology of state that gave human sacrifice great religious importance shaped the techniques of Aztec warfare, which focused on capturing prisoners rather than on killing the enemy. 2.Priests and rulers became interdependent, with human sacrifices carried out for political ends. 3.Massive sacrificial rituals served to impress and create fear in enemies, allies, and subjects alike with the immense power of the Aztecs and their gods.

How would you define the major achievements of Ming dynasty China? pt2

1.Under the Ming dynasty, China recovered from the disruption caused by Mongol rule and the ravages of the plague to become perhaps the best-governed and most prosperous of the world's major civilizations in the 1500's 2.China also undertook the largest and most impressive maritime expeditions the world had ever seen. 3. The Ming continued to improve and restore the vast canal network that was developed in previous dynasties

What order chronologically

1345-1521 Aztec 1368-1644 Ming Dynsaty China 15th islam spread in south east asia 1405-1433 China martime voyages 1415 Portugese begin explorin west africa 1438-1533 Inca empire in andes peru 1453 Ottoman over constantople 1464-1591 Songhay in west africa 1492 Christian takes spain from muslims 1492 Columbus first 1497-1520 Portugese entry into indian ocean world 1526-Mughal in India

Mughal empire when

16th and 19th centuries

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.Sunni, but religiously tolerant. Conquered constantinople in 1453 and ended the byzantine empire.

Aztecs

Ancient civilization (1200-1521AD) that was located in what is present-day Mexico City

Zheng He

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan. A member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries. a devoted follower or supporter.

Ming Dynasty religion

Confucian learning and othrodox gender roles base on earlier models. Encyclopedia. Culturally was looking at past.

Malacca

Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya. Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. spoke Quecha , mita, conquered by the spanish.1438-1533

Emperor Yongle

Ruled China from 1402-1424 during the Ming Dynasty. Promoted naval expansion and dispatched Zheng He

Ming dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Maya

The Maya civilization (/ˈmaɪə/) was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its logosyllabic script—the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.

Why was the fall of Constantinople important?

The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe.

How would you define the major achievements of Ming Dynasty China?

The major achievements of the Ming dynasty China were that it led to artistic expression, a rise in the focus of education, reestablished civil service exams, and an increase in maritime expeditions. With confucianism, the first encyclopedia was created and and the artistic focus on architecture was emphasized with the Temple of heaven.ADditionally, the civil service exam was reestablished and tChina led the largest maritime expeditions the world had ever seen, this opened trade and many more economic and cultural opportunities.

What political and cultural differences stand out in the histories of 15th century China and Western Europe? What similarities are apparent?

The political and cultural differences that stand out in the histories of 15th century China and west europe are the governments and movements. Europe had become fragmented land divided while China was unified by the Ming dynasty which succeeded the mongol Yuan Dynasty. China also had a centralized government while Europe remained divided. The similarities that are apparent are the movements that happened. Europe experienced the renaissance while China had confucianism reemerge after mongol rule had faded. these two had a rebirth in thier culture

In what ways did European maritime voyages in the 15th century differ from that of China? What accounts for these differences?

The ways that Europenas maritime voyages in the 15th century differ from that of China are the motives and size. chinese voyages were much larger in size in comparison to Europe. European motives were for religion, power, and wealth. However the chinese did not emphasize these aspects, they focused on creating a tribute empire, specifically around the indian ocean. Additionally, European voyages started rising as soon as Chinese voyages started decreasing and came to a stop. The differences are largely accounted by their difference in religion and view of the world.

Mughal empire where

controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries

Mughal empire was

muslim but ruled over india and let india stay hindu

Mughal Empire was??

religiously tolerant