AP World History - 4.3 Columbian Exchange Review

Activities like cattle ranching and coffee growing

were not possible without Columbian Exchange.

Nearly all of the European diseases were

communicable by air & touch.

Between 1500 and 1600, about

300,000 slaves were taken to the Americas.

Environmental Impacts of the Columbian Exchange

*Colonization ruptured many ecosystems, bringing in new organisms while eliminating others. The Europeans brought many diseases with them that decimated Native American populations. Colonists and Native Americans alike looked to new plants as possible medicinal resources. *The Columbian Exchange caused population growth in Europe by bringing new crops from the Americas and started Europe's economic shift towards capitalism. Colonization disrupted ecosystems, bringing in new organisms like pigs, while completely eliminating others like beavers.

There were several advantages in using Africans in the eyes of their slave owners:

*They had been exposed to European diseases *They had experience in farming *They had little knowledge of the land and there were no familiar tribes

What was the Middle Passage?

*This trade for slaves became the Atlantic Slave Trade *Between 1500 and 1600, about 300,000 slaves were taken to the Americas. *During the next 100 years, the number jumped to 1.5 million, and by 1870 the number was about 9.5 million

North American population fell from 2 million in 1492 to

500,000 in 1900

Causes of Columbian Exchange

*European exploration of the world *Quest for god, gold, and glory *Empire building *The discovery of the Americas *Colonization of the Americas by Spain & Portugal *Introduction of European culture, goods, people, diseases, and ideas.

Different Foods Exchanges Between The East & West

*Exchange of foods & animals had a dramatic impact on later societies. *Over time, crops native to the Americas became staples in the diets of Europeans. *Potatoes and corn became major food sources for Europeans allowing populations to increase greatly. *Foods provided nutrition, helped people live longer. *Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes--by 1600s, tomatoes were included in Italian cookbooks.

Consequences of The Atlantic Slave Trade

*In Africa, numerous cultures lost generations of their strongest members, both men and women. *The slave trade introduced guns to the African continent *African slaves contributed greatly to the cultural and economic development of the Americas. *Africans brought their culture to the Americas

Effects of the Columbian Exchange

*Millions of Native Americans died due to diseases *African slaves were brought to the Americas Example: Atlantic Slave Trade *The Economy changed Growth of sugarcane & plantations *Food choices expanded world wide *European culture changed language and religion of Latin America *Blending of Native American, European, and African ethnic groups and culture.

Effects of diseases

*Native American population dramatically decreases *Europeans need labor to cultivate new crops in the Americas, but there aren't many natives left *Social order in the Americas consisted of Europeans as the upper class, and Africans, American Indians, and others of mixed race as the lower class

The Effects on Africa

*Slavery was not new to African people. Various types of slavery were operated in different parts of the continent long before the Atlantic Slave Trade. Several kingdoms in Africa and also the Muslims treated Africans as slaves, forced them to work and exploited them as servants. People were captured to sell them as goods. *The Atlantic Slave Trade had various lasting effects on Africa. Its economy, society and its people suffered from the episode of forced migration.

Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade; Slaves were

*Some exchanged for goods; especially goods *Others were kidnapped on raids by traders *To Meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in forced labor in the Americas

Effects of Cultural Exchange

*Spread of European languages *Spread of Christianity *Spread of European culture *Destruction of native religions and cultures

Explaining The Middle Passage

*The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. *The Middle Passage was notorious for its brutality and for the overcrowded, unsanitary conditions on slave ships, in which hundreds of Africans were packed tightly into tiers below decks for a voyage of about 5,000 miles.

Historical Developments

*The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange. *European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas. *American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.

Before 1492 The World Was Separated Between The East & West Examples Include

*Two very different ecosystems *Two different types of diseases, and henceforth different immune systems *Two sets of culturally diverse people *Two different set of flora & fauna

Inca empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to

2 million in 1600.

Define Maize

A Central American cereal plant that yields large grains set in rows on a cob; corn. In the Columbian Exchange corn was life changing. Corn became a staple crop in many countries. This provided people with more jobs as farmers. ... Corn was an extremely beneficial as a food source, material, religious importance, and helping boost the economy.

Define Conquistadors

A conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century. The Spanish dispatched explorers and sailors who sought Asia by going around the Americas, even as they were also busy conquering the great empires of the Aztecs and Incas.

Define Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

A segment of the global slave trade that transported between 10 million and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century.

Define Cash Crops

Cash crops or profit crop is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm. The term is used to differentiate marketed crops from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family.

How is Christopher Columbus related the Columbain Exchange?

Christopher Columbus introduced horses, sugar plants, and disease to the New World, while facilitating the introduction of New World commodities like sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the Old World. The process by which commodities, people, and diseases crossed the Atlantic is known as the Columbian Exchange

Native Americans had no natural resistance to

European diseases their Population continued to decline for centuries

Learning Objective

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Setting the Stage for the Atlantic Slave Trade

New agricultural techniques created a need for more labor, and prisoners of war were put to use

Define Cacao

Seeds from a small tropical American evergreen tree, from which cocoa, cocoa butter, and chocolate are made. Chocolate During the time frame of 1450-1750, the Columbian Exchange was at its height of power and influence. One such influential product during this time period was the cacao, or more commonly known as chocolate.

Define Smallpox

Smallpox was one of the deadliest elements in the Columbian Exchange Indigenous populations in the Americas had never experienced the disease before the arrival of Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the late 15th Century and thus had no immunity.

Define African Diaspora

The African diaspora consists of the worldwide collection of communities descended from native Africans or people from Africa, predominantly in the Americas.

Traditional cuisines changed because of

The Columbian Exchange

Define Columbian Exchange

The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, named after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, the Old World, and West Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries.

How did the Columbian exchange make European states rich?

They tried to build wealth by increasing exports of goods from producers at home to colonial markets overseas. All of this economic activity created an immense trade network. The resulting exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas is known as the Columbian Exchange.

Slavery in Africa, as in other parts of the world, had

existed for ages

This social order was based on conquest and racism. Racism is the belief that some people are better than others because of

racial traits, such as skin color

Since African slaves had already developed immunity to European diseases, the colonists began to ship thousands of

slaves from Africa to the Americas

Indians, who were non-Christian were regarded as sinners and therefore

subject to illness as a punishment

Europeans look to Africa & begin to import African slaves to

the Americas.

Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and influenza were

the most common diseases exchanged.

Since most of the Native Americans that were used for labor had died

they turned to Africa for a new source of labor

Sugar plantations and tobacco farms required a large supply of

workers to make them profitable for their owners