AP World History Period 3 Objectives

• Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900. (5-10)

Rise of a new middle class. Rise of merchants, idea of where wealth equals power. Mercantilism to capitalism.

• Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900. (5-3)

1. Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals 2. Geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber. 3. Urbanization 4. Improved agricultural productivity 5. Legal protection of private property 6. Access to foreign resources. 7. Accumulation of capital.

• Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.

1. Economic Systems (politically or economically)/ideologies- Adam Smith proposed theories of laissez-faire capitalism during this period. This cause most European countries to stop using mercantilism and switch to capitalism where there is a free market. 2. Institutions (politically or economically)- banking corporations, joint-stock companies, multinational corporations Evidence: Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, United fruit Company (Banana Republic) 3. This increased the standards of living for people and increased the availability, affordability and variety of consumer goods.

• Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.

1. This lead to the emergence of the middle class and the industrial working class. The middle class were people who worked in offices and the industrial working class worked in factories. 2. Women and children who were in the working class held jobs that earned enough money to support their families. The women who did not have the privlege worked in the household. 3. Standards of living did not go very well with industrialization. There was pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.

• Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900. (6-5)

How did economics change the world. Example: Mercantilism to capitalism. Opium Wars. Britain was looking for trading Opium in China. After they refused, Britain and China fought in the Opium wars but China lost, giving Britain more trading influence in the region.

• Explain how technology shaped economic production over time. (5-5)

Machines such as the steam engine and industrial combustion engine made it easier to take advantage of both existing and vast resources of energy in fossil fuels. Coal helps the steam engine and the internal combustion engine used oil. Railroads and steamships helped make transportation much easier during this period, allowing goods to be transferred.

• Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900. (6-2)

1. Empires in this period focused on establishing colonies in Afro-Eurasia while other states with existing colonies strengthened their control. Certain empires shifted from indirect control to direct control by the government. a) The Dutch East Indies- administer the spice trades in Southeast Asia. b) The British East Indies- Maintained control of India in a period known as the Raj. 2. Japan and the U.S. also acquired lots of land during this period while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined. 3. Negotiated at the Berlin Conference, the Scramble for Africa was a major event as Europeans all claimed land in Africa. 4. Other Europeans established settler colonies. 5. U.S. manifest destiny- they sought resources by expanding westward.

• Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900. (6-7)

1. Most Migrants of this period were male, and this left women to take roles in home society that men would do. 2. Migrants created ethnic enclaves where they transplanted their culture. Evidence: Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the Americas. 3. Some receiving societies often disliked the ethnic enclaves created by migrant workers. Evidence: Chinese Exclusion Act.

• Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900. (5-2)

1. Rise of nationalism - people around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. 2. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of liberalism. 2. Americans started this with the American Revolution, which served as an inspiration for the others that followed. 3. Colonial powers lost their territories and led to the emergent of newly independent states. France, Britain, Spain and Portugal.

• Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900. (5-1)

1. The Enlightenment applied new methods of understanding and empiricist approaches to the world. 2. Philosophers in this period developed new political ideas regarding individual, natural rights, and the social contract. 3. The Scientific revolution in this period also challenged previously established traditions. 4. The spread of Enlightenment thought, which questioned traditional established traditions, often served as the basis for revolutions and rebellions against government. 5. Nationalism was also during this period and this served as the basis for some revolutions.

• Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.

Demanding change in industrial society. The abolitionist movement to get rid of slavery. In the states that were industrialized, workers found the working conditions to be unsatisfactory and organized themselves into labor unions. This was to improve the working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages.

• Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900. (6-6)

Examples: 1. Irish Potato Famine and new job opportunities in the U.S. 2. Indentured Servitude- this was after the abolition of slavery. 3. Manifest Destiny 4. Demographic (population) changes in industrialized and unindustrialized societies prompted migration. 5. New cheap and fast modes of transportation resulting from industrialization prompted many migrants to locate to cities. This also helped those who periodically return to their home societies.

• Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900. (6-1)

Factors such as Social Darwinism, nationalism, and the civilizing mission were factors that contributed to imperialism in this period. However, these were a justification of imperialism when the goal was to exploit indigenous populations (lesser peoples) for resources. Britain did actually civilize, educate, and Christianize but the U.S. did not. 1. Social Darwinism: the stronger people will survive. 2. Civilizing Mission: Europeans mainly did this to the "lesser peoples" and attempted to Westernize the indigenous with "assimilation". 3. Christianization: converting indigenous people to Christianity.

• Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time. (5-1)

It influenced various reform movements. 1. Expansion of Suffrage- eventually everyone had a right to vote. 2. Abolition of slavery- Gradually, maritime empires eliminated slavery. 3. Woman decided to also rise up and voice their role in society.

• Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900. (6-6)

People voluntary migrate to look for work. Evidence: Irish to the United States after the Irish Potatoes famine. They found new job opportunities in the U.S. Indentured servitude contributed to migration as that was the form of labor used in this period after the abolition of slavery.

• Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900. (6-8)

Positive: Civilizing Mission, spread of modern medicine, education science. Negative: Grouping people not based on tribes, culture, or resources. Borders drawn through them. Decolonization remained the borders and civil wars sometimes happen. Christianity also had religious effects but not as much.

• Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900. (6-4)

Raw materials and increased food supplies led to the extraction of natural resources and producing food and industrial crops (crops not for consumption). Export economies grew during this period and specialized in the commercial extraction of those resources. Evidence: -Cotton production in Egypt -Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo Basin -Palm oil trade in West Africa -Guano industries in Peru and Chile -Meat from Argentina and Uruguay -Diamonds from Africa Profits from these goods were used to purchase finished goods.

• Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires. (5-6)

The governments decided to industrialize. This was evident in Japan. There, U.S. and Europeans basically forced Japan to trade with them. This caused them to industrialize in a period known as the Meiji Era, after a long period of isolation. They industrialized quickly since they used some of the industrialization methods of Westerners. Egypt also industrialized under Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry.

• Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time. (5-4)

There was a development of a factory system and concentrated production in a single location instead of cottage industries. This helped make production more efficiently and ensure consistency in manufacturing. Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce goods but their share in global manufacturing declined. Now most production, such as textile production are in Europe and spread to other Parts of europe and the U.S. Evidence: Textile production in India and Egypt, Ironworks in India, Shipbuilding in India/SE Asia.

• Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900. (6-3)

There was resistance from the natives towards the colonial power. 1. There was direct resistance within the empire. Tupac Amaru II's Rebellion in Peru. !857 Rebellion in India (Sepoy Mutiny) 2. Also, creations of new states on the peripheries. Independent states in the Balkans, Zulu Kingdom. 3. Religious ideas came to influence resistance. Taiping Uprising.