AP world unit 5 practice
D allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers
"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 24. A historian interpreting the decree would best understand the purpose of the "new legislation" referred to in the second paragraph as an attempt to A establish the Ottoman Empire as a European power by conquering territory in southern Europe B establish Ottoman colonies in sub-Saharan Africa to extract natural resources for factories C allow the Ottoman government to reconquer territories lost to the Safavid and Mughal empires D allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers
B The increasing growth of European empires
"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. . . . Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 27. The changes in Ottoman status alluded to in the passage were most directly the result of which of the following? A The continued expansion of the Mughal Empire B The increasing growth of European empires C The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade D The significant increase in overseas migration
C Development of nationalism
"And God gave unto the Polish kings and knights freedom, that all might be brothers, both the richest and the poorest. The king and the men of knightly rank received into their brotherhood still more people.... And the number of brothers became as great as a nation, and in no nation were there so many people free and calling each other brothers as in Poland." Adam Mickiewicz, poem, 1832, about Polish uprisings against Russia in 1830 and 1831 The passage above best reflects which of the following? A Marxist critiques of unequal distribution of wealth B Discontent with government bureaucracy C Development of nationalism D Criticism of religion's role in public life
A The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States
"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented." *a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community. Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909 5. The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century? A The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States B The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution C The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories D The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production
D Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives
"Eight hours' daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep." Robert Owen, British factory owner and reformer, 1833 The excerpt above emphasizes which of the following solutions to the exploitation of industrial laborers? A Radical changes to the socioeconomic structure of Europe B Abolition of the factory system and industrial wage labor C Free food, housing, and other necessities for factory workers D Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives
C A movement to convince workers that global capitalism would ultimately benefit them
"Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner." Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846 Marx's statement in the passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following responses to the development and spread of global capitalism in the nineteenth century? A A movement to gain higher wages and shorter hours for workers B A movement to articulate an alternative vision of society C A movement to convince workers that global capitalism would ultimately benefit them D A movement to celebrate the productive capacity of global capitalism
C The modernization of Japan's military
"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 31. The Meiji Restoration of the nineteenth century involved internal reforms that included which of the following? A The establishment of direct parliamentary rule B The strengthening of the samurai class C The modernization of Japan's military D The abolition of private property rights
C The Chinese government's attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening
"The [Qing] government sponsored a number of projects designed to bolster the navy. The idea was to adopt Western technology but not the values and philosophies that produced it—China would learn from the West, equal it, and then surpass it." Haiwang Yuan, editor, historian, This is China: The First 5,000 Years, 2010 The philosophy behind the late-nineteenth-century Chinese policy mentioned above was part of which of the following? A The increase in millenarian movements in the nineteenth century B The Chinese government's embrace of procolonial policies C The Chinese government's attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening D The increasing popularity of Communist thought in China
D The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance
"The fourth annual meeting of the shareholders of the British South Africa Company was held yesterday at the Cannon-street Hotel. The company's chairman, in his opening address, said, 'Twice during the past year we met when fighting with Africans was taking place in the company's territory, when financial arrangements of a complicated character were pending, and when the outlook of the enterprise seemed full of doubt and difficulty. Today, however, we are in a position far superior to any we had previously occupied and ever had hoped to attain. In founding the British South Africa Company, the shareholders undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa. Thus, because of the far-seeing action of a few men connected with the company, this enormous territory was secured for Great Britain. The perfectly legitimate objections of some people to chartered companies like ours were answered by the certainty that this vast territory—equal in extent to Central Europe—could not have been brought under British sway in any other way. Turning now to the development of railway communication in our territory, it is being pursued by building lines from the Cape Colony and joining them to other lines that will provide a route over Portuguese Mozambique and to the sea. Postal and telegraphic communications will closely follow, and in some cases already precede, the completion of the railroad. In addition, even before our mines have reached a stage of development great enough to cause a large inflow of population, the shareholders may congratulate themselves on the satisfactory outlook of our finances in Mashonaland*.'" *a region in northern Zimbabwe that contained extensive deposits of gold and other minerals and metals Report of Alexander Duff, chairman of the British South Africa Company, to company shareholders in London, recorded in the Mining Journal, Railway and Commercial Gazette, published in London, 1895 8. The economic success of businesses such as the British South Africa Company was in part dependent on which of the following developments in the late nineteenth century? A The migrations of indentured workers from Asia B The increasing availability and variety of consumer goods C The development of new technologies such as the telegraph D The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance
D The greater degree of labor specialization
14. The development of the factory system most directly explains which of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A The higher degree of educational achievement among workers B A decline in the diversity of consumer goods C Large increases in the prices of most consumer goods D The greater degree of labor specialization
D The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies
As described in the passage, the economic model of the British South Africa Company most directly differed from which of the following economic trends in the late nineteenth century? A The shift in Asian and African economies from manufacturing of finished goods to resource extraction B The shift from nation-based businesses and enterprises to transnational businesses and enterprises C The shift from heavy industry to industries centered on the production of consumer goods D The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies
A use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production
Great Britain's development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to A use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production B use natural resources from colonies to create finished products C use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods D take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition
B The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy
Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750 ? A The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy B The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy C The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution D The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing
C the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that A oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy B the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations C the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations D a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe's global economic dominance
A The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers.
The "objections" that the chairman refers to in the first paragraph can most directly be explained in relation to which of the following arguments commonly made by laissez-faire economists in the period 1750-1900 ? A The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers. B Granting government charters to joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company allowed too much free trade and hurt workers in home countries. C Government involvement in the business of companies such as the British South Africa Company inevitably led to deregulation that removed valuable protections for workers and consumers. D The creation of government-supported joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company excluded private investment.
A Revolutionary demands based on Enlightenment political ideas
The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following? A Revolutionary demands based on Enlightenment political ideas B Reliance on Christian teachings to define revolutionary demands C Industrial economies that permitted both areas to break free of European control D Political instability caused by constant warfare among the new states
C protection of private property
The United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for A physical elimination of the ruling class B confiscation of church property C protection of private property D preservation of the monarchy
B but only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions.
The creoles of Latin America were influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment A and hoped for the establishment of an egalitarian society like Haiti. B but only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions. C and hoped for tremendous social reform like that promoted by the French revolutionary Robespierre. D but wanted to carry these notions to their logical conclusion and grant equality to women.
B The emergence of social reform movements
The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain? A Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing B The emergence of social reform movements C The development of better transportation infrastructure D The increasing demand for consumer goods
C Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization
The decree's references to following the rules of Shari'a would best be interpreted as an attempt to appeal to A members of the Ottoman military establishment who supported the dissolution of elite units such as the Janissaries B Christian and Jewish merchants within Ottoman society who sought to benefit from economic liberalization C Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization D Shi'a communities in the Ottoman Empire that wanted a democratic Islamic republic
B The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties
The decree's statement regarding the change in the situation of the Ottoman Empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century? A The Russian Empire in the aftermath of its victory in the Napoleonic War B The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties C The Japanese Empire in the immediate aftermath of the Sino-Japanese War D The Mughal Empire in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion against the British
C weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States.
The goal of Simón Bolívar was to A form stable smaller South American states centered around distinct tribal or linguistic groups. B have the colonies of South America remained linked to Spain but attain a measure of self-government. C weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States. D bring about unification through a strict authoritarian form of government.
A low wages of workers in industrial societies
The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the A low wages of workers in industrial societies B resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers C persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices D decrease in family size associated with greater income
D A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states
The industrialization of Japan in the nineteenth century most directly led to Japan's adoption of which of the following foreign policies? A A policy of isolation that sought to limit foreign cultural, economic, and political influences B A policy of mediation that sought to prevent conflict among rival states C A policy of promoting regional prosperity through the negotiation of free-trade agreements with Western and Asian states D A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states
C The development of new class identities
The labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe? A The emergence of challenges to patriarchal gender norms B The decline in the popularity of organized religions C The development of new class identities D The growing influence of nationalism on state policy
A The modernization of the Ottoman Empire's economy and military
The new legislation mentioned in the passage was most directly meant to achieve which of the following? A The modernization of the Ottoman Empire's economy and military B An improvement in conditions for Ottoman industrial workers C The establishment of overseas Ottoman colonies D The creation of independent states in the Balkans
C The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism
The views expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes? A The modification of the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill in European universities B The desire to retain preindustrial forms of economic production by many imperial governments C The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism D The expansion of the middle classes in newly industrialized societies
A All the evils of industrial society would disappear.
What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believe would be the result when communism finally emerged as the dominant political and economic system? A All the evils of industrial society would disappear. B Citizens would own their individual homes and farms. C Other economic systems would slowly die or reform themselves. D Only two classes would exist in society.
D Europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.
Which of the following best describes a conclusion about the relationship between steamships and world trade in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? A North America had roughly twice the share of world trade as Latin America had because it possessed almost twice as many steamships. B Africa and Oceania's share of world trade was nearly equivalent to Latin America's share of world trade because all three regions had roughly the same number of steamships. C The fact that North America had only the third largest share of world trade by region roughly corresponds to its share of the total number of sailing vessels by region. D Europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.
B The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions.
Which of the following best describes an accurate comparison of the relationship between sailing vessels and steamships in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? A The total number of sailing vessels in North America was less than the total number of steamships in Europe. B The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions. C The total number of sailing vessels in all regions was declining in relationship to the total number of steamships in all regions. D The total number of sailing vessels in Asia was less than half the total number of steamships in North America.
D Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.
Which of the following describes a conclusion about Asia that is best supported by the data in the table? A Although Asia had a smaller number of vessels than Africa had, it had a far larger share of world trade. B Asia's percentage of world trade was only slightly less than that of Latin America, Africa, and Oceania combined. C Asia's total number of sailing vessels was nearly half that of Latin America and Europe. D Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.
A The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions.
Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century would most likely help explain the size and composition of the workforce at the Bayer plant as described in the second paragraph? A The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions. B The invention of steamships facilitated the migration of colonial subjects to imperial metropoles. C The invention of the telegraph made it easier for companies to recruit educated workers from across the world. D The discovery of electricity made rural communities more attractive places to live for wealthy urbanites.
A Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the economic development of Japan and the economic development of Russia in the nineteenth century? A Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process. B Both countries remained dependent on the West for their economic development. C Japan's economy remained predominantly agrarian, while Russia became a major industrial power. D Russia's industrialization occurred in the early 1800s, while Japan's industrialization occurred in the late 1800s.
B Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.
Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750-1900 ? A Because the nutritional quality of food greatly improved, more people were able to sustain the long working hours that factory labor required. B Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories. C Because farmers needed less land to produce the same amount of food, they could build textile factories on the excess land. D Because greater quantities of food could be sold at higher prices, governments could tax farmers at higher rates and use those revenues to build factories.
D Pressure from Western powers
Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government? A Pressure from an increasingly powerful China B Large-scale radical peasant rebellion C Economic instability and hyperinflation D Pressure from Western powers
C A decline in Asian countries' share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports
Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in the images? A A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal B The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries C A decline in Asian countries' share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports D The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification