AP1 ch 5

What are the primary effects of calcitriol on the body? Check all that apply. A) Increase blood concentration of calcium. B) Increase blood concentration of phosphorus. C) Decrease blood concentration of phosphorus. D) Decrease blood concentration of calcium.

A and B

________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow. A) Carotene B) Bilirubin C) Chlorophyll D) Hemoglobin E) Melanin

A) Carotene

Milk is produced by ________ glands. A) mammary B) eccrine sweat C) ceruminous D) merocrine sweat E) sebaceous

A) mammary

Name the two pigments contained in the epidermis. A) carotene and melatonin B) carotene and melanin C) creatinine and melatonin D) keratin and melanin E) carnitine and melanoma

B) carotene and melanin

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce A) hemoglobin. B) melanin. C) keratin. D) carotene. E) perspiration.

B) melanin

In the stratum basale, which specialized epithelial cells are sensitive to touch? A) dendritic cells B) keratinocytes C) Merkel cell D) melanocytes

C) Merkel cell

________ hairs are coarse pigmented hairs. A) Dense B) Follicular C) Terminal D) Keratinous E) Vellus

C) Terminal

The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers. A) 1; 2 B) 2; 3 C) 3; 4 D) 4; 5 E) 5; 6

D) 4; 5

Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

D) D

Which type of burn usually requires skin grafting? Why? A) Third-degree burns because the epidermis is damaged. B) First-degree burns because the epidermis is damaged. C) Second-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself. D) Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself. E) First-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.

D) Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called A) a lesion. B) a scab. C) granulation tissue. D) a keloid. E) a clot.

D) a keloid

With aging, hair turns gray or white due to which of the following causes? A) decreased hormone levels B) reduction in dendritic cells C) constriction of dermal blood vessels D) decreased melanocyte activity

D) decreased melanocyte activity

The terms thick and thin refer to the relative thickness of which structure? A) cutaneous membrane B) hypodermis C) dermis D) epidermis

D) epidermis

Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by melanocytes that are located at the __________. A) hair papilla B) cuticle C) hair root D) hair matrix

D) hair matrix

Each of the following statements concerning hair is true except A) The medulla is the soft core of the hair. B) the cortex of the hair is composed of hard keratin. C) terminal hairs are heavy and more darkly pigmented than other types of hair. D) scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life. E) club hair is hair that has ceased growing.

D) scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

The combination of fibrin clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called A) a scab. B) granulation tissue. C) a clot. D) a lesion. E) a keloid.

B) granulation tissue.

Scar tissue is the result of A) increased numbers of fibroblasts in the injured area. B) large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area. C) increased numbers of epidermal layers in the area of the injury. D) a lack of sebaceous glands in the injured area. E) a thickened stratum basale in the area of the injury.

B) large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.

Which sensory receptor is found in the deep layer of the dermis? A) tactile disc B) Merkel cell C) lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle D) tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle

C) lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

What type of burn results when the entire epidermis and part of the dermis are damaged? A) Third-degree burn B) xenograft C) second-degree burn D) first-degree burn

C) second-degree burn

Describe the layers of the dermis. A) The superficial papillary layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The deep reticular layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. B) The superficial reticular layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep papillary layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. C) The superficial papillary layer contains stratified squamous epithelial tissue. The deep reticular layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. D) The superficial reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The deep papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. E) The superficial papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

E) The superficial papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis. A) granulation cells B) dendritic cells C) muscle cells D) macrophages E) fibroblasts

E) fibroblasts

Identify the first stage in skin repair. A) migration B) scarring C) proliferation D) keloid formation E) inflammation

E) inflammation

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because A) cells of the stratum basale cannot migrate to other positions in the skin. B) fibroblasts in the dermis can give rise to new germinal cells in the epidermis. C) contraction in the area of the injury brings cells of adjacent strata together. D) the epidermis of the skin has a rich supply of small blood vessels. E) stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.

E) stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.

Identify the five layers of the epidermis (from superficial to deep). A) stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale, stratum spinosum B) stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum lucideum, stratum spinosum, stratum corneum C) stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum spinosum D) stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum E) stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

E) stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

What is the initial response of the skin to being exposed to the ultraviolet rays of sunlight? A) Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol. B) Epidermal cells produce calcitriol. C) Blood vessels in the dermis absorb Ca2+. D) Epidermal cells produce cholesterol.

A) Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol.

Rickets develops in growing children who are not exposed to sunlight and, therefore, have a deficiency of __________. A) cholecalciferol B) growth hormone C) glucocorticoids D) epidermal growth factor

A) cholecalciferol

All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it A) decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun. B) is produced by cells called melanocytes. C) protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation. D) is usually some shade of brown or black. E) is released through melanosomes.

A) decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.

At the base of a nail, keratinized skin called the cuticle is also called the A) eponychium. B) phalanx. C) cerumen. D) lunula. E) hyponychium.

A) eponychium

The nail body covers the A) nail bed. B) lunula. C) nail root. D) hyponychium. E) free edge.

A) nail bed.

Which is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis, from deep to superficial, in thick skin? A) stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucid, stratum basal B) stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corner C) stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum corner D) stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

B) stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corner

Distinguish among a first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burn. A) A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A third-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. B) A first-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A second-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A third-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. C) A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. D) A first-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A second-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. E) A first-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin.

C) A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer.

According to the textbook, which of the following organs is stimulated by calcitriol? A) Kidney B) Epidermis of the skin C) Small intestine D) Liver

C) Small intestine

Compare thin skin with thick skin. A) Thin skin has 4 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Thick skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. B) Thin skin has only 1 layer and contains only the epidermis. Thick skin has 2 layers made up of the epidermis and dermis. C) Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. D) Thin skin has only 1 layer and is found on lips, eyelids, and other delicate structures. Thick skin has hundreds of layers and is found all over the body except where thin skin is found. E) Thin skin contains the epidermis and dermis but not the subcutaneous layer. Thick skin contains the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer.

C) Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

The repair of the epidermis after a wound begins as basal cells produce new A) elastic fibers. B) dense connective tissue. C) epidermal cells. D) reticular fibers. E) collagen fibers.

C) epidermal cells.

The cutaneous membrane includes all the following except the __________. A) papillary layer of the dermis B) epidermis C) hypodermis D) reticular layer of the dermis

C) hypodermis

The substance called sebum is commonly known as A) regular sweat. B) milk. C) earwax. D) skin oil. E) odiferous sweat.

D) skin oil.

The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the A) stratum lucid. B) stratum spinosum. C) stratum corner. D) stratum basale. E) stratum granulosum.

D) stratum basale.