AP3 Part II

Most clotting factors are produced by the ________.

liver

Regarding SNS stimulation of bronchioles, Beta 2 receptors on smooth muscle of bronchioles respond to the neurotransmitter_________________

norepinephrine

The clotting process involves _____ plasma proteins called clotting factors.

13 hemophilia is def of clotting factor 8

The left lung has _____ lobes and the right lung has _____ lobes.

2, 3

Erythrocytes make up ____% of blood.

45 WBCs and thrombocytes are both less than 1%

Plasma makes up ____% of blood.

55% -the liquid part of your blood, not the blood cells

At sea level, total air pressure is _______.

760 mmHg

Globin chains are broken down into _______ that can be reused while the non-iron portion of heme is converted to _________.

Amino acids, bilirubin.

The lungs secrete _________, which helps to convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme(ACE)

Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in the _______ and _______ bodies and detect O2/CO2/H+ concentration in blood.

Aortic (near aortic arch) Carotid bodies (near carotid sinus)

On the ________ side, plasma leaks out of arterial capillaries into interstitial fluid.

Arterial more leakage, higher pressure.

Systemic circulation: Left Ventricle of Heart-> Aorta -> ___________ -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> __________ -> Veins-> Vena Cavas -> Right Atrium

Arteries, venule

Basic function of blood?

It transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, immune cells and enzymes throughout the body

Which vitamin is crucial for 4 of the clotting factors?

K

True or false: Type II pneumocytes are made of simple squamous tissue and aid in gas exchange.

False. Type II pneumocytes create surfactant.

True or false: a rise in body temp will decrease body temp.

False. Increase = increase in body temp. certain emotions can do the same.

The two proteins that bind to iron and store it in the marrow, liver or spleen are:

Ferritin and hemosiderin

____________ are cells that can develop into all types of blood cells, including myeloid-lineage and lymphoid-lineage cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) develop into RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Ventilation is mostly influenced by ____________.

bronchiole diameter

Tertiary bronchi give rise to _____ that have a layer of smooth muscle that is controlled by the ________.

bronchioles, Autonomic NS

What are the bones of the nasal septum?

ethmoid and vomer (inferior to ethmoid) (tip of nose is made of alar cartilage)

Fluid exchange in capillaries is dictated by:

hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure

Neutrophils are the most abundant and also 1st responders. They engage in ___________, which means that the cell membrane involutes to engulf foreign materials.

phagocytosis.

Anemia is a deficiency of healthy erythrocytes. What are 3 basic categories of anemia?

1). Hemorrhagic (usually d/t blood loss) 2). Inadequate production 3). Hemolysis

The larynx is made of 9 pieces of cartilage... What are they from superior to inferior?

1). Thyroid/Adam's apple 2). Epiglottis (covers glottis) 3). Cricoid (end of larynx)

the lungs are encased by a double membrane consisting of two layers called

1). visceral pleura (adheres to lung) 2). Parietal pleura (adheres to inner wall)

What are the two major controls over bronchiole diameter?

1. Autonomic Nervous System 2. CO2 Concentration in alveoli

Variables that lower hemoglobin's affinity for O2 at a given partial pressure are:

1. High CO2 concentration 2. High H+ concentration 3. Higher Temperature

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx

CO2(a by-product of cellular processes) diffuses out of cells thru interstitial fluid into the blood. What are the 3 possible methods of transport?

1. Remains dissolved in blood plasma 2. Binds with globin part of Hemoglobin on RBC 3. On RBC, will combine with water

steps in blood clotting process

1. blood vessel spasms 2. platelets plug "scab" 3. clotting (coagulation) begins

When the baroreceptor is stretched, it sends inhibitory signals to which two areas? Excitatory signals to where?

A. Cardioacceleratory Center and Vasomotor Center (HR & force increase) B. Cardioinhibitory Center (BP decreases)

_____________ released by parasympathetic neurons causes bronchial _______________.

Acetylcholine, constriction.

Epinephrine is released by the __________ and can cause HR, force of contraction, and vessel constriction to ________.

Adrenal medulla increase (raises BP)

True or false: Blood flow to capillary beds surrounding alveoli is controlled by concentration of CO2 diffusing into these capillaries

False O2 conc.

The lymphoid cell line gives rise to which two types of agranular cells?

B & T Cells. (sometimes NK cells)

___________ are located in arterial wall of Aortic Arch and Carotid Sinus, and other large arteries of neck and thorax. They are the main short-term BP regulators.

Baroreceptors

The phrenic nerves come from which nerves?

C3, C4, C5

Which cranial nerve's receptors pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

CN I Olfactory

Baroreceptor signals are sent along which 2 cranial nerves?

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus)

Cardiovascular center is located in the medulla oblongata and is which two centers?

Cardiac center & vasomotor center

_________ is the process in which plasma in the area goes from liquid to gel, filling in gaps in the platelet plug. The platelet plug gets covered with fibrin.

Coagulation

_____________ dictates direction of solute flow.

Concentration gradient.

True or false: Plasma can be reabsorbed from interstitial fluid on the arterial side.

False On the venous side, plasma can be reabsorbed from interstitial fluid.

______ destroy parasitic worms and are elevated in allergic reactions.

Eosinophils.

________ are biconcave discs that are filled with many __________ that help to transport O2 and some CO2 in the bloodstream.

Erythrocytes/RBCs, hemoglobin molecules

Osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid(OP-Int) would theoretically attract fluid out of capillaries into interstitial spaces and is very low since plasma proteins are too ____________ to enter interstitial fluid.

Large

The __________ is the home of the vocal cords.

Larynx

Air travels through pharynx and then is drawn anteriorly into the ________________.

Larynx/trachea

The lymphoid cell line is mostly found in tissue such as _____ & ____.

Lymph nodes, spleen

RBCs have a lifespan of 120 days, after which they are broken down by _____ in the ______. The iron is reused by the body.

Macrophages, spleen.

The eustachian tube runs from the _________ to the nasopharynx.

Middle ear. maintains pressure equilibrium on both sides of eardrum

Leukocytes have two cell lines... what are they?

Myeloid (granulocytes & agranulocytes), Lymphoid (agranular)

Granulocytes include __________, ___________, and ___________. Agranulocytes include monocytes.

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils

Mnemonic for white blood cells (most to least abundant):

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)

_____ is a universal donor whereas _____ is a universal recipient.

O Neg, AB+

The biggest factor in the strength of attraction of the attraction of O2 & hemoglobin is ______ in the surrounding area.

P(O2) (Partial pressure of O2) O2+Hb <-> OxyHb

___________ is a condition in which there are too many RBCs and makes blood too viscous so it will not flow properly and making clots more possible.

Polycythemia pathological- poss bone cancer, compensation for COPD

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by the ________ and helps to regulate body fluids by causing the kidney to reabsorb ________ water

Posterior pituitary glands (synth. in hypothalamus), more

Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney monitor blood volume/pressure; if they detect a drop in BP, then they secrete _______. This is a main long-term regulator of BP

Renin. P/o Renin/Angiotensin/Aldosterone Cycle

RBC exits the red bone marrow as a __________, which is an immature RBC that will take 1-2 days to mature.

Reticulocyte

What is the purpose of the vascular spasm?

Slow blood flow, mix up blood and cause platelets to stick to injured wall.

Boundaries of the internal nose: superior = ? Inferior = ? Posterior = ?

Superior= Ethmoid, sphenoid Inferior = Palate (hard- anterior, soft posterior) Posterior = Nasopharynx

The cardiac center controls the rate & force of heart contraction. The cardioacceleratory center is made of _______ neurons that control the rate and force whereas the cardioinhibitory center is made of ________.

Sympathetic paraympathetic

The vasomotor center is made of _______ only and innervates smooth muscle of blood cells.

Sympathetic constricts and raises BP

These lymphocytes attack and destroy diseased body cells... What are they?

T Killer cells (CD8 Lymphocytes) AKA cytotoxic T cells.

These lymphocytes mature in the thymus, are more regulatory and can stimulate other immune cells. What are they?

T-Helper cells (CD4 lymphocytes)

The rate of gas diffusion depends on which 4 things?

Thickness of respiratory membrane, surface area, concentration, partial pressure differences across respiratory membrane.

What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

Thrombus is a static clot and an embolus is a travelling clot and can lead to an embolism.

_________ is a plasma protein that transports iron in blood.

Transferrin from digestive organs to bone marrow.

True or false: Atmospheric pressure is the highest and intrapleural pressure is the lowest of the 3 (Alveoli, intrapleural, atmospheric).

True

True or false: The cerebral motor cortex is able to override all controls to consciously control breathing.

True

True or false: local control mechanisms are the ultimate authority to regulate blood flow to individual tissues and override other systemic control mechanisms.

True If certain cells need more blood, local arterioles dilate to let more blood into that area

True or false: There are 3 turbinates and meatuses. They help to warm & filter incoming air and trap expired water vapor.

True They are superior, middle and inferior meatus & turbinate

True or false: A platelet plug is formed when platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers and secrete substances that cause more platelets to stick.

True.

True or false: ANP is the only hormone that directly lowers BP or blood volume.

True.

True or false: Osmotic pressure is the pulling pressure that helps to resist hydrostatic force.

True.

True or false: Partial pressure is simply the pressure created by each individual gas molecule in a mixture

True: » Called Dalton's Law

Angiotensin II stimulates: 1. adrenals to release ____________2. Vasoconstriction, 3. ADH release, 4. _______ center in hypothalamus.

aldosterone (kd to absorb more Na+) Thirst center

The bronchioles give rise to the __________, where gas exchange occurs. Here, gas diffuses along the concentration gradient.

alveoli

B cells encounter pathogens and differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete _________ that bind to pathogens. Plasma cells are the mature and activated B cell.

antibodies, immunoglobulin

Blood type refers to the type of proteins, or ___, on red blood cells. For example, type a will have A antigens and will produce anti-B antibodies if exposed.

antigens

Pulmonary Circulation: Right Ventricle ->-> Pulmonary __________ -> Lungs (arterioles, capillaries, and venules within lung)-> Pulmonary ________ -> Left Atrium.

artery, vein

O2 partial pressure is higher in _______ than in "venous" blood within capillaries. CO2 partial pressure is higher in ________ blood within capillaries than in atmosphere.

atmosphere, "venous"

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released by the _________ and causes the kidneys to _________ more Na+ and water and causes vasodilation.

atria of the heart, excrete

All blood cells derive from red bone marrow in the cavities of _____ bones.

axial (sternum, vertebra epiphysis of femur & humerus)

Inadequate production of erythrocytes could indicate:

bone marrow failure or nutrient (iron) deficiency.

B cells emerge from the _______ ready to function and T cells must go to the ______ to mature.

bone marrow, thymus

Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries(HP-C) pushes fluid out of ________ into _________ spaces. Fluid will move from the side with higher pressure to side with lower pressure.

capillaries, interstitial

Solute and fluid exchange occurs between ________ and ______.

capillaries, interstitial fluid/spaces

In an average BP reading, the systolic pressure is mainly dependent on __________ and the systolic reading is dependent on ______________-

cardiac output peripheral resistance

The ______________ is a projection off the last cartilage and is a sensitive mucus membrane that will lead to violent coughing when irritated.

carina.

The peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the _______ & _______. These will send an AP to CH XI & CN X and ________ respiratory rate.

carotid and aortic bodies, increase

The trachea is made of 16-20 c shaped cartilage pieces and are lined with ________. It splits into two at _______.

cilia, T7

If concentration of O2 is too low or CO2/H+ is too high, action potential will be generated along CN IX and X. These impulses excite: 1. Vasomotor center causing ____________of vessels 2. Cardioacceleratory center leading to increased ___________.

constriction HR & Force

Food travels through pharynx and then is sent posteriorly into the ________.

esophagus Pharynx- food & air; larynx- air

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of

four globin (polypeptide chains) and four heme groups 2 alpha, 2 beta protein chains. 1 O2 binds to each molecule.

What are the 4 sinuses in the skull

frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid

Thrombocytes function

help clot blood

The oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve shows that the higher the partial pressure of O2, the _________ saturation of hemoglobin. It is the highest in the lungs.

higher. proportionate relationship.

The bronchi enter the lung at the ________.

hila

Basophils secrete ________.

histamine. internally-generated chemical that stimulates inflammation and causes local blood vessels to dilate and local capillaries to become more leaky (brings on swelling).

If there is too little stretch in the baroreceptors, then HR ________ and BP increases

increases, increases

At tissue level, O2 will disassociate from Hemoglobin and diffuse into ________ and be picked up by cells that need it.

interstitial fluid

Monocytes course through the bloodstream and become ____ when they get to a tissue.

macrophages largest of WBCs

The ventral respiratory group is located in the ____________ and is the respiratory pacemaker.

medulla oblongata

The central chemoreceptors are located in the ________ next to the VRG and they monitor H+ and CO2 concentration.

medulla oblongata If H+ & CO2 are high- AP sent to the VRG to increase respiration rate & depth.

What are the bones of the nose?

nasal, maxilla, frontal (part of)

HCO3- will diffuse out of the RBC, causing it to be more _____ and the blood plasma to be more _______. To prevent a charge from happening, _____ diffuses in to balance the charge.

positive, negative Cl- (chloride shift)

Hemolytic anemia is characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the ________ destruction of red blood cells.

premature

Osmotic pressure in capillaries(OP-C) attracts fluid to _______ in and/or enter the capillaries and is created largely by plasma proteins like _______.

remain, albumin (helps resist fluid movement) ~26mmHg

net effect on arterial side? net effect on venous side?

some leakage uptake of fluid from interstitial spaces

The pulse pressure is the difference between ___________ and ___________ pressures.

systolic diastolic

RBC production (Erythropoiesis) regulated by hormone called Erythropoietin, which is produced by _____________. This triggers the red bone marrow to make more RBCs if this organ senses that O2 levels are low.

the kidneys The kidneys grasp the qi of the lungs...