APA quiz 1
Student papers vs Professional Papers
7th edition: Designates two separate categories of papers: (pp. 9-10): Professional (for manuscript submissions) Student (allows for a bit more flexibility)
Typeface and font size
Use Times New Roman, 12-point font size.
Documenting Paraphrases
When you re-word someone else's work into your own words, document the author's name(s) and the publication year. APA encourages you to include page numbers, as well, but it is not required.
Quoting directly
Your in-text citation information must include the author's or authors' last name(s), date, and page number(s) from which the quotation was taken.
When the author is not mentioned as part of your text
If you don't mention the author's name as part of your writing in the body of your text, then include that information in parentheses such as in this paraphrase:
When the author is a group, organization, corporation
If the author is a group/organization/corporation, such as the National Institutes of Health, write out the group's full name the first time you cite it. Include its abbreviated name in brackets [ ] for a parenthetical citation but place the abbreviated name in parentheses ( ) if you have already mentioned the full group name as part of your text, followed by the year and date. You can then use the abbreviated name, NIH, only, in subsequent citations, although you are not obligated to do this.
One space
one space after a punctuation mark, including punctuation at the end of a sentence. Use one space between authors' initials. However, do not insert a space after periods for abbreviations that have internal periods, such as i.e., or e.g., etc.
Group / individual
The same guidelines apply when the authors are groups rather than individuals. For one or two group authors you mention their names whenever you cite them throughout your paper. If the work is authored by three or more groups, the in-text citation includes the name of the first group, only, plus the phrase, et al. throughout your paper.
Using "et al." When Citing In-Text
"et al." is used for three of more authors when citing in-text
The Running Head
A running head is no longer required anywhere on student papers (37).
When a work has three or more authors
For a work that has three or more authors include the name of the first author, only, followed by the phrase, et al. in every citation. Do not put a comma between the author's name and et al.
Citing Multiple Authors In-Text
Has simplified the categories for handling multiple authors in-text: One way for one or two authors and another for three or more authors (p. 266).
When to cite page numbers as well as author and date
If the information you are citing is a direct quote, always include the page number(s) in parentheses. When paraphrasing, APA recommends that you include page numbers, but it is not required.
Title page
Title of your paper should be bolded, centered, and typed in upper and lower case letters and positioned approximately 3-4 spaces down from the top margin of the paper. Capitalize the first letter of each major word in your title. The rest of the elements of your title page that follow below are not bolded. Your name Institutional affiliation Your course number and name Instructor's name Assignment due date Page number (title page is page one) in upper right corner
Listing Authors in a Reference Entry
Include the names of all authors for entries that have up to and including 20 authors; for entries with 21 or more authors, list the first 19, add an ellipsis and then add the final author's name (p.286).
Documenting a Quote
Incorporate quotations of fewer than 40 words right into the body of your text, enclosing the quote in double quotation marks. Always cite the author or authors' last name(s), publication year, and page number.
Block quotes
Place quotations of 40 or more words in a double-spaced free-standing block and do NOT use quotation marks. Start the block on a new line, indenting each line of the quote about ½ inches from the left margin. Handle author, year, and page or pages the same way that you would for shorter quotes. Double space the entire block quotation.
Abstract Page
Place the abstract on its own page following the title page. It will be page 2 of your paper. On the first line of the abstract page, center the word Abstract at the top of the page, bolded but not italicized, underlined, or with quotation marks around it. Double space and begin the next line, writing a concise summary of the key points of your paper. Do not indent. Your abstract should be a single paragraph, double-spaced, between 150 and 250 words in length.
Quotations
1) Put the author's or authors' last name(s), publication year, and page number all in the same parentheses. 2) Include the author's or authors' last name(s) as part of your own text, so then, you only need to put the year and page in parentheses. 3) Include the author's or authors' last name(s) as part of your text and place the year and page each in separate parentheses at different points in the quote.
Formatting a DOI in a Reference Entry
· Has standardized DOI formatting. A DOI should always be listed in a reference in hyperlink format. If the DOI is not already in hyperlink format on the article or document, convert it using the following format, https://doi.org/xx.xxxx/xxxxxxxx (Do not put a period at the end of the DOI hyperlink as it may be mistaken for part of the link when it really is not) (pp. 298-300). When an online resource has both a website URL and a DOI, only include the DOI (in hyperlink format) in the reference. Do not include the URL as well. If there is no DOI with an online resource, use the website URL.
Title page elements
No running head Title of the paper, bolded Student's name Student's institutional affiliation Course number and name Instructor's name Assignment due date Page number in upper right corner
Creating a title page for your paper
APA formatting requires that your paper include a title page containing the following elements, centered and positioned in the upper half of the page unless your instructor tells you differently (see the sample on the next page).
Plagiarism
Claiming the words and ideas of another as your own. Whether quoting or paraphrasing, you MUST give credit where credit is due.
When the author is mentioned as part of your text
If you mention the name of the author as part of your writing in the body of your text, simply place the year and page number of his/her work in parentheses after his/her name such as in this paraphrase:
How to Document the Sources You Use in the Body of Your Text
Document the sources you use by citing the author or authors' last name(s), publication year, and page number (when needed).
When a web document has no date
If you cannot find a date for when your document was written/posted use n.d. (abbreviation for no date), just as you would for print. Do not use the page numbers of the webpages you print out as different computers/printers may print the pages differently and your page numbers may not match up with those printed off by someone else on another computer.
Electronic resources
In general, include the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a reference to a print source and then add as much electronic retrieval information as is required by APA for others to locate the sources you cited. If you cannot find an example reference in this APA handout, the APA manual, online on Purdue OWL, etc., APA recommends that you select an example reference that is most like yours and follow that format. Sometimes you will need to combine elements from more than one reference format. Webpages and websites: Many types of works can be retrieved online, including articles, books, reports, and data sets, but only some works fall into the webpages and websites category. Use that category only when the work does not better fit within another category, e.g., a journal article. Some online works note when that work was last updated. It is acceptable to use this date when it is clearly attributable to the document you are using. Do not use the copyright date located at the bottom of the website page as this date may apply to the entire website and not your document. Also, do not use the date of last review as this is not the same thing as the last update date.
References page
Include only those items you have used and cited in your text (with the exception of personal communications, personal interviews, or unrecorded classroom lectures which are not included on the references page, just in-text). Do not include those items that you may have read as part of your research process, but that you did not actually use in your paper.
Reference List Sample Formats
Journal article titles are written in sentence format, capitalizing only the first word of the title and the first word following a colon or period if there is one. Journal article titles are not italicized. Journal titles are written with every major word in the title capitalized and are italicized, e.g., Critical Care Nursing. Book titles and website documents are italicized and written in sentence format, capitalizing only the first word of the title and the first word following a colon or a period if there is one. Author names: Provide the names of all the article's authors up to and including 20 authors. When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 names, then insert an ellipsis (...) but do not include an "and" sign (&) and then add the final author's name. APA recommends, when using electronic resources, that you include the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a reference to a fixed media/print source and add as much electronic retrieval information as is required by ANA for others to locate the source. Note - under some circumstances, you may not need to include electronic retrieval information, even though you obtained the material from an electronic source, depending on the type of source such as described in the first example below.
Citing in the text
Of your paper use the author's or authors' last name(s) or, if there is or are no author(s), use the first two or three words of words of the journal article or website document title, enclosed in quotation marks. If using a book title, italicize the first two or three words rather than putting quotes around them. You never use the entire journal title, the entire article title, or the entire book title when citing within the body of your paper. This is done only on the References page.
Numbering the pages
Of your paper, your title page is considered page number 1, and your References page at the end of your paper is also numbered. Numbers are placed in the upper right corner of the page.
Documenting Personal Communications
Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures, letters, memos, messages from non-archived discussion groups, etc. Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in your text only. Give the initials as well as the last of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible. Just as with citing journal articles, there are several ways you can incorporate personal communication citations into the body of your text depending on which works best for you, stylistically:
Sentence Punctuation Spacing
Requires only one space after punctuation at the end of a sentence
Journal Issue numbers in the Reference Entry
Requires that the journal issue number be included for all issues, regardless of pagination (p. 294).
Paraphrasing
Summarizing a passage, reordering sentences, or changing the words, but keeping the author's original meaning or idea. ** Remember - just because you change it into your own words does NOT now make it your own work. You must still cite it.
Documenting Secondary Sources
Sometimes when you are quoting or paraphrasing from the article you have read, the author of that article mentions work done by another author (whose article you have not read) that you may wish or need to include in your quote or paraphrase, A study by Jones (2003) on evidence-based nursing (as cited in Smith, 2009, p.12) mentions several key factors. A study on evidence-based nursing mentions several key factors (Jones, 2003, as cited in Smith, 2009, p. 12).
When a work has no author
Substitute the first few key words of the article, website document, or book title for the author, and include the year, as you would anyway. Place quotation marks around the words if they are from a journal article, a book chapter, or website document. Italicize the words if they are from the title of an entire book When a work has no author, do not substitute the word "anonymous"
Quoting
Taking from another's work, word-for-word, following the exact wording, spelling, and punctuation
Quoting and Paraphrasing
The text of your paper should be logically and clearly written with your own thoughts and ideas interwoven with the quotes and/or paraphrases of the experts you have chosen from the authoritative sources that support your ideas. APA recommends paraphrasing rather than using direct quotes (unless absolutely necessary) as this helps to maintain the flow of your paper in your own words.
When quoting directly from a webpage or website with no page numbers
There are several ways to do this, choose the one that will best help your readers to find the quotation. Provide a heading or section name Provide a paragraph number (count the paragraphs manually if they are not numbered) Provide an abbreviated heading or section name for an otherwise lengthy heading Provide a heading or section name in combination with a paragraph number
References page (things to remember)
Use only the author's or authors' last name and initials (do not write out full first or middle names). Do not include credentials such RN, PhD, MD, etc. after authors' names. However, you do include such designations as Jr., II, III after a name. (wrong-Smith, A. J., RN, MSN; right-Smith, A. J., Jr.). Capitalize the first word of an article title or edited book chapter title. Do not italicize the title or put quotes around it. All other words in the title are written in small letters (except for the first word that appears after a colon or period, if there is one) just as you would in an English sentence. Italicize a journal title, using uppercase letters for the first letter of each major word in the title. Italicize the volume number after the journal title, but not the issue number that immediately follows the volume number, in parentheses. Always include the issue number when there is one. Italicize a book or website document title unless it has been moved to the author position of the reference, then it is not italicized. Capitalize the first word of the title. All other words in the title are in small letters (except for the first word that appears after a colon or a period, if there is one), just like an English sentence. Include the issue number for all journals that have them, placing it in parentheses right after the journal volume number, e.g., 12(3). Put periods at the end of reference entries on your reference page. But, do not put a period after a website or DOI link if one follows at the end of the reference (the period will look like it is part of the link when it really is not). If the document includes a digital object identifier (DOI), you must include the DOI at the end of your reference, converted to hyperlink format. If an online work has both a DOI and a website URL include only the DOI at the end of the reference. Do not include the website URL as well. If there is no DOI, use the website URL.
When a web document has no author
Use the first couple of words of the document title just as you would for a print item If there is also no date for the document, use the abbreviation, n.d.)
Using the phrase "Retrieved from" in a reference entry
When a URL is included in a reference, the phrase "Retrieved from" no longer precedes the URL (except under very specific circumstances as described in various sections of the publication manual) (pp. 290, 319, 324-325, 350-352).
When an author is listed as anonymous
When a work has no author, do not substitute the word "anonymous"
When a work has no date
When a work has no date of publication use n.d. for "no date"
When a work has only one author
When a work has one author always mention the author's name whenever you cite his/her work throughout your paper:
When a work has two authors
When a work has two authors, always mention them both whenever you cite their work throughout your paper: When two authors are mentioned as part of your in-text writing, spell out the word and to connect the authors' names. If, however, you place the two authors' names in the parentheses, use the & sign to connect them.
When mentioning an entire web site
When mentioning an entire web site, in general, rather than citing from any document in particular on that web site, it is permissable to give the address of the site in your text (no reference list entry is needed). Provide the name of the website in the body of your text and include the URL in parentheses
Paraphrasing
Your in-text citation includes the author's or authors' last name(s) and date. APA also encourages you to include page or paragraph numbers when paraphrasing, but it is not required
Basic Elements of the Reference Page
· References are listed at the end of the paper, on a separate page. · The reference page is numbered along with all your other pages. · The word References is bolded and placed in the middle at the top of the page. Do not underline or italicize it or put quotation marks around it. · The first line of each reference is placed right up against the left margin of your page. · Additional lines of the entry are indented five spaces. · The lines of each reference are double-spaced and there is also a double-space between each reference. · References are listed alphabetically by the last name of the article, document, or book's first author or by the first key word of the title (when there is no author). If the source lists the author as Anonymous, consider this the author's name. · Only list the sources on the References list that are cited in your paper. If it is not in your paper, do not put it on the references list. · Put periods at the end of reference entries on your reference page, unless the entry ends with a DOI hyperlink or a web site URL. · If the article contains a DOI (digital object identifier) it must be included in the reference in hyperlink format. Note - If the DOI appears in the article without a hyperlink prefix, e.g., doi:10.1097/.01.NAJ.0000546381.04422.55, always convert it to a hyperlink by using the following format: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000546381.04422.55 · If an online work has both a DOI and a URL include only the DOI (making sure to convert it to hyperlink format, if needed). · If an online work has a URL but no DOI, include the URL in the reference.